MODULE N.

2:
FORMULAS
 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
− =
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐸ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 0, for steady state
𝑑𝑡
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊𝑖𝑛 − 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 + (𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

∆𝐸 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸

∆𝑈 = 𝑚(𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )

1
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚(𝑉22 − 𝑉12 )
2

∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )

𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 = 𝜼 =
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭
 Amount of heat released during combustion Q
𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = =
Heating value of the fuel burned HHV

Net shaft work output of the turbine Wሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐

𝜂𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 = =
Heat input to the working fluid HHV ∙ 𝑚ሶ 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

Mechanical energy output Emech,out

𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = =
Mechanical energy input Emech,𝑖𝑛

Mechanical energy increse of the fluid ΔEሶ mech,fluid

𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = =
Mechanical energy input Wሶ shaft, 𝑖𝑛

Mechanical energy output Wሶ shaft, 𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = =
Mechanical energy decrease of the fluid ΔEሶ mech,𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

Mechanical power output Wሶ shaft,𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
Electric power input Wሶ elect, 𝑖𝑛

Electric power output Wሶ elect, 𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
Mechanical power input Wሶ shaft, 𝑖𝑛
 ΔEሶ mech, fluid
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝−𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
Wሶ elect, 𝑖𝑛
Wሶ elect, 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒−𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
ΔEሶ mech, fluid
Wnet,out Q out
Heat engine: 𝜂𝑡ℎ = =1 − η𝑡ℎ,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 1 − 𝑇𝐿 /𝑇𝐻
Qin Qin

𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿 1 1
Refrigerator: COPR = = = COP𝑅,𝑟𝑒𝑣 =
W𝑛𝑒𝑡,in 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐻 /𝑄𝐿 −1 𝑇𝐻 /𝑇𝐿 −1

𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻 1 1
Heat pump: COPHP = = = COPHP,𝑟𝑒𝑣 =
W𝑛𝑒𝑡,in 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 1 − 𝑄𝐿 /𝑄𝐻 1 − 𝑇𝐿 /𝑇𝐻

COPHP = COPR + 1
 𝑄
Internally reversible isothermal heat transfer processes Δ𝑆 =
𝑇0
2
𝛿𝑄
Δ𝑆 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = න + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
1 𝑇

𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = Δ𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Δ𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 + Δ𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ≥ 0

Cost of energy input

Unit cost of utlized energy =
Efficiency

Excess initial cost

Simple payback period =
Annual cost savings