Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Science

Ch 5 Energy Analysis of Closed

System
NTHU PME 2022
 Textbook and lecture notes
Recommended text/reference books:

1. Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala, Afshin J. Ghajar,

Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences 6th Edition,
McGraw Hill
2. M. C. Potter and E. P. Scott, Thermal sciences: an
introduction to thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat
transfer, Thomson Brooks Cole, Cengage Learning
3. M. J. Moran, H. N. Shaprino, B. R. Munson, and D. P. DeWitt,
Introduction to Thermal Systems Engineering, Wiley
4. Y. A. Çengel, and M. Boles, Thermodynamics: An engineering
approach, McGraw Hill
5. K. A. Kroos and M. C. Potter, Thermodynamics for Engineers,
Cengage Learning

• Lecture notes are prepared by 葉冠廷(David Yeh) on the basis of Y. A. Çengel’s

book and other reference materials
 Overview
• System properties at
equilibrium
𝑥2

𝑥1
• Assumed quasi-equilibrium
on process path

• During process path,

there’s energy exchange,
∆𝑇 affecting the temperature
and pressure
∆𝑃 work
Calculation
heat
 5-1 Moving Boundary Work

Area under the P-v curve is

𝛿𝑊𝑏 = 𝐹𝑑𝑠 = 𝑃𝐴𝑑𝑠 = 𝑃𝑑V
the boundary work
2 The value can be determined once the
𝑊b = න 𝑃 𝑑V kJ path is given
1
 Examples of different processes on the P-V diagram

Ex 5-1 Ex 5-2 Ex 5-3 Ex 5-4

spring Polytropic
No change Constant
in volume Pressure process
 5-2 Energy Balance for Closed System

𝑄net,in − 𝑊net,out = Δ𝐸system

A more “general” energy balance:

 Enthalpy

ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣
For a constant
pressure process: 𝑄net,in − 𝑊other − 𝑊𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = Δ𝐸system

𝑊𝑏 = 𝑝0 V2 − V1

𝑄 − 𝑊other − 𝑃0 V2 − V1 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1

𝑃0 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 → 𝑄 − 𝑊other = 𝑈2 + 𝑃2 V2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑃1 V1

𝑄 − 𝑊other = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1 kJ
 Specific Heat

• The relationship between energy change and temperature

Definition:
2
𝜕𝑢
𝑐𝜐 = Δ𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = න 𝑐v (𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝜕𝑇 𝜐 1

2
𝜕ℎ
𝑐𝑝 = Δℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = න 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝜕𝑇 𝑝
1
 Specific Heat
2 2

Δ𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = න 𝑐v (𝑇)𝑑𝑇 Δℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = න 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇)𝑑𝑇
1 1

Specific heat varies with

temperature

Usually we use average

value for approximation
𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = 𝑐v,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑐𝑝,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
 Calculus approach
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑣, 𝑇) 𝑑𝑢 = ቚ 𝑑𝑇 + ቚ 𝑑𝑣
𝜕𝑇 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑇

𝐶𝑝 0……why?
𝜕𝑢
ቚ = 0 for ideal gas
𝜕𝑣 𝑇

In the textbook:
Joule’s experiment

Release the valve, temperature

doesn’t change after equilibrium
Relationship between Cp and Cv (of ideal gas)

ℎ = 𝑢 + P𝑣

ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑅𝑇

𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑅𝑑𝑇

𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶𝑣 + 𝑅
 Examples of finding energy change in a system

Ex 5-7 Ex 5-8 Ex 5-9

Compare different Constant Constant
method of finding ∆𝑢 Volume Pressure

1. Properties table
∆𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
∆𝐸 = ∆𝑈 ∆𝐸 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊𝑏 = ∆𝐻
2. Integration
∆𝑢 = ‫𝑇𝑑 𝑣𝑐 ׬‬
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) ∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
3. Average Cv

∆𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
5-5 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of
Solids and Liquids

1. No difference between Cp and Cv

𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐

2. Are incompressible, so dV=0

Δℎ = Δ𝑢 + vΔ𝑃 ≅ 𝑐avg Δ𝑇 + vΔ𝑃

3. Further simplification(constant T or P)
Δ𝑃 = 0 : Δℎ = Δ𝑢 ≅ 𝑐avg Δ𝑇
Δ𝑇 = 0 : Δℎ = vΔ𝑃
 Cp, Cv relation

Solid and
liquid region
 Summary

𝑊b = න 𝑃 𝑑V
1
work First law
Closed System

𝑄net,in − 𝑊net,out = Δ𝐸system

heat

u, h all functions of temperature,

How does heat affect the system properties? proven qualitatively and
mathematically
Constant volume
𝜕𝑢 𝐶𝑝, 𝐶𝑣 properties:
𝑐𝜐 =
𝜕𝑇 𝜐
Specific Heat Constant pressure
1. 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠

𝜕ℎ 2. 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑

𝑐𝑝 =
𝜕𝑇 𝑝