DMMMSU-MLUC

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

LESSON 2: Additional
Thermodynamic
Properties, Property
Diagrams,
Thermodynamic
Properties of States,
Steam Tables
MODULE 3: PROPERTIES OF
PURE SUBSTANCES

Prepared by:
Akiah Shaira Tumbaga
 Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

a. identify the additional thermodynamic properties of a
pure substance, particularly that of water;
b. draw the different diagrams of a pure substance;
c. analyze and interpret the different property diagram;
d. describe thermodynamic properties of a pure
substance, particularly that of water;
e. determine the properties of water using steam tables;
REVIEW
TIME!
It is a substance that is
homogeneous in composition
and homogeneous and
invariable in chemical
aggregation.
Freezing
Freezing
Freezing
Freezing
Melting
Freezing
Melting
Freezing
Melting
HEATING COOLING
FUSION FREEZING

VAPORIZATION CONDENSATION

SUBLIMATION DEPOSITION
What is the
significance of
critical point
on the
diagram?
Examine, identify and describe each state.
 Examine, identify and describe each state.

Subcooled Saturated Liquid-vapor Superheated

Saturated
liquid liquid mixture/ wet vapor
vapor
steam
LESSON PROPER!
2 Additional
Thermodynamic
Properties
 What can you observe on the picture
presented on the screen?
A B

ENTROPY
 Examine the pictures and give an
observation.

enthalpy
change HEAT

HEAT

HEAT THE COMING IN HEAT THE COMING OUT

 2 Additional Thermodynamic
Properties
Pressure, Temperature,
Specific Volume, and Quality

ENTROPY enthalpy
change

2 closed container and each
container composed of 4
gas molecules inside
In box A it has smaller
available space than box B
which has larger available
space.
Gas molecules in box A are moving freely in the
small space compare to the gas molecules in box B.

ENTROPY
It defines the measure
of microscopic
disorder of the
molecules of the
substance.
ENTROPY
Less available More available
space space
Less disorder More disorder

Less disorder More disorder

Less Entropy More Entropy
ENTROPY is the measure of the
irreversibility of the system or
substance
For example, a block
of ice placed on a hot
stove surely melts,
while the stove grows
cooler.
ENTROPY remains constant in an
adiabatic process.
Q (heat)= 0

Take note: Entropy always

accompanies heat transfer.
∆𝑆 = 0
 Symbol for change in entropy: ∆𝑺
𝑸
Formula for entropy: ∆𝑺 = 𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏 =
Where: 𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒔
𝒌𝑱
∆𝑺= change in entropy in , Btu/R
𝑲
𝑺𝟐 = 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒚
𝑺𝟏 = 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒚
𝑸 = 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑹 𝒐𝒓 𝑲
 Hot will be Cold will be
SYSTEM A SYSTEM B

T1 T2
Now System A will loss Now heat (Q), from
heat (Q), and transfer it system A will gain by
with System B System B
Entropy formula Entropy formula
of System A: The entropy of hot object The entropy of cold of System b:
𝑸 is S1 object is S2 𝑄
𝑺𝟏 = − 𝑆2 = +
𝑻𝟏 𝑇1
∆𝑺 = 𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏
System A System B
𝑇1 = 60 K 𝑇2 = 30 K
𝑄=300 J 𝑄= 300 J

𝑸
∆𝑺 = 𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏 =
𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒔
𝑸𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟎 𝑱 𝟓 𝑱
∆𝑺 = − ∆𝑺 = −
𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝑲 𝑲
𝟓𝑱
∆𝑺 =
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑱 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑱 𝑲
∆𝑺 = −
𝟑𝟎 𝑲 𝟔𝟎 𝑲 Convert to
𝒌𝑱
so
𝟓𝑱
it will become
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑱
𝑲 𝑲 𝑲
When a process takes
place at constant
pressure, the heat
absorbed or released
is equal to the
Enthalpy change.
 is often referred to as “heat
ENTHALPY
content”.
Greek word, enthalpein, meaning "to warm"

H = E + PV
 ∆𝐻 = 𝑞 + 𝑤 + ∆ 𝑃𝑉

∆𝐻 = 𝑞 + 𝑤 + 𝑃∆𝑉
First pressure is constant at 1 atm.
Second is that work is only done in the system.
W is equal to -𝑃∆𝑉
∆𝐻 = 𝑞 + −𝑃∆𝑉 + 𝑃∆𝑉 ∆𝐻 = 𝑞
 LESSON PROPER!
Property Diagrams
 5 Basic Thermodynamics Properties

❑ pressure (P)
❑ temperature (T)
❑ specific volume (u)
❑ specific enthalpy (h)
❑ specific entropy (s)
sixth property, quality (x),
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS

shows the relationship between

the phases of a substance and
the variation of properties
during phase change processes.
 Properties of ice, water, and
steam are related….
at standard atmospheric pressure
It exists as steam temperature above 212°F;

It exists as a liquid at temperatures between

32°F and 212°F;
It exists as ice at temperatures below 32°F or
lower than 0 C.
 Why does saturated steam has a different
specific volume at any temperature and
pressure?
Saturated Steam at
steam at 544°F and
212°F and 1000 psia
standard pressure, its
atmospheric specific
pressure has volume is
a specific 0.488
volume of
ft3/lbm.
26.8 ft3/lbm.
Boyle's Law. This law
states that pressure of
a gas is inversely
proportional to
its volume at a given
temperature.
6 Property tables

I. Pressure-Temperature (P-T) diagrams

II.Pressure-Specific Volume (P-v) diagrams
III.Pressure-Enthalpy (P-h) diagrams
IV.Enthalpy-Temperature (h-T) diagrams
V.Temperature entropy (T-s) diagrams
VI.Enthalpy-Entropy (h-s) or Mollier diagrams
Pressure-Temperature (P-T) diagrams
• What do you call the line that
separates the solid and vapor
phases?
• What is the line that separates the
solid and liquid phases?
• What is line that separates the
liquid and vapor phases?
• What do you call the point where
the three lines meet?
• This is the point where the
vaporization line ends?
 at standard pressure

as temperature increases, most substances

change from solid to liquid to gas

at standard temperature

as pressure increases, most substances

change from gas to liquid to solid
Pressure-Specific Volume (P-v)
diagrams
Pressure-Specific Volume (P-v)
diagrams
In P-v diagram, there are
regions which two phases
exist together during
vaporization. This is
located in the liquid-vapor
region, in which water and
steam exist together known
as saturated liquid‐vapor
mixture
Pressure -Specific Volume (P-v)
diagrams
Pressure-Specific Volume (P-v) diagrams
The quality can be found using the following relationship:
𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒗𝒇𝒈
𝒗 − 𝒗𝒇 𝒗 − 𝒗𝒇
𝒙= 𝒐𝒓
𝒗𝒈− 𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒇𝒈
Where:
𝑓𝑡 3
V= specific volume of the mixture
𝑙𝑏𝑚
x= quality of the mixture (no units)
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 𝑣𝑔− 𝑣𝑓 (Difference between vg and vf)
 𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒗𝒇𝒈
𝑨𝒈 = Property A at Saturated Vapor State
𝑨𝒇 = Property A at Saturated Liquid State
𝑨𝒇𝒈 = difference between 𝑨𝒈 and 𝑨𝒇
 𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒗𝒇𝒈
𝑨𝒈 = Property A at Saturated Vapor State
𝑨𝒇 = Property A at Saturated Liquid State
𝑨𝒇𝒈 = difference between 𝑨𝒈 and 𝑨𝒇
 𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒗𝒇𝒈

𝒎 = 𝒎𝒇 + 𝒎𝒈
Dryness fraction 𝒎 𝒎𝒇 Wetness fraction
𝒈 𝒎𝒈
𝒙= = =𝟏−𝒙
𝒎𝒇 + 𝒎𝒈 𝒎 𝒎
𝑽 = 𝒗𝒈 + 𝒗𝒇
𝑽 𝒗𝒈 + 𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒈 𝒗𝒇
𝒗= =𝒗= = +
𝒎 𝒎 𝒎 𝒎
𝒎𝒈 +𝒗𝒈 𝒎𝒇 +𝒗𝒇 𝒎𝒈 𝒎𝒇
𝒗= + 𝒗= 𝒗𝒈 + 𝒗𝒇
𝒎 𝒎 𝒎 𝒎
𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒗𝒇
 𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒗𝒇𝒈

𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒗𝒇

𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒇 𝒙

𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 +𝒙𝒗𝒈 −𝒙𝒗𝒇

𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 +𝒙(𝒗𝒈 −𝒗𝒇 )
Note that (𝒗𝒈 −𝒗𝒇 ) = 𝒗𝒈𝒇
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙𝒗𝒈𝒇
Pressure-Specific Volume (P-v) diagrams
The quality can be found using the following relationship:
𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒗𝒇𝒈
𝒗 − 𝒗𝒇 𝒗 − 𝒗𝒇
𝒙= 𝒐𝒓
𝒗𝒈− 𝒗𝒇 𝒗𝒇𝒈
Where:
𝑓𝑡 3
V= specific volume of the mixture
𝑙𝑏𝑚
x= quality of the mixture (no units)
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑣𝑔 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 𝑣𝑔− 𝑣𝑓 (Difference between vg and vf)
 𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒗𝒇𝒈

𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒗𝒇 Solving for x:

𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙𝒗𝒈𝒇
𝒗 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈 + 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒇 𝒙
𝒗 − 𝒗𝒇 = 𝒙𝒗𝒈𝒇
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 +𝒙𝒗𝒈 −𝒙𝒗𝒇
𝒗 − 𝒗𝒇 𝒙𝒗𝒈𝒇
=
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 +𝒙(𝒗𝒈 −𝒗𝒇 ) 𝒗𝒈𝒇 𝒗𝒈𝒇
𝒗 − 𝒗𝒇
Note that (𝒗𝒈 −𝒗𝒇 ) = 𝒗𝒈𝒇 𝒙=
𝒗𝒈𝒇
𝒗 − 𝒗𝒇 𝒗 − 𝒗𝒇
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙𝒗𝒈𝒇 𝒙=
𝒗𝒈− 𝒗𝒇
𝒐𝒓
𝒗𝒇𝒈
 Pressure-Enthalpy (P-h) diagrams
no additional
pressure will
Like the P-v diagram, there
change the vapor are regions on a P-h diagram
into a liquid.
in which two phases exist
together. The unit of enthalpy is
in Btu/lb and pressure
is in units of pounds
per square inch (psi).

The upside-down U figure shown

on the diagram designates the
points at which the water
changes phase.
The quality of the mixture at any point in the liquid-vapor
region can be found using the following relationship:
ℎ = 𝑥ℎ𝑔 + 1 − 𝑥 ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥 ℎ𝑓𝑔
ℎ − ℎ𝑓 ℎ − ℎ𝑓
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟
ℎ𝑔− ℎ𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑔
Where:
𝐵𝑡𝑢
h= specific enthalpy of the mixture
𝑙𝑏𝑚
x= quality of the mixture (no units)
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑔 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑙𝑏𝑚
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = ℎ𝑔− ℎ𝑓 (Difference between vg and hf)
Enthalpy- Temperature (h-T) diagrams
What is the vertical distance
between the two saturation
lines?
LATENT HEAT OF
VAPORIZATION.

Water would alter phase from a

saturated liquid to a saturated
vapor, whereas maintaining a
constant temperature
Enthalpy- Temperature (h-T) diagrams
The quality of the mixture at any point in the
liquid-vapor region can be found using the same
relationship as with the P-h diagram.

𝒉 − 𝒉𝒇
𝒙=
𝒉𝒇𝒈
Temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams
A Temperature-entropy
diagram (T-s diagram) is the
type of diagram most
frequently used to analyze
energy transfer system cycles.
How does T-s diagram exhibit the same
features as P-v diagrams?
Quality of the mixture at any point in the liquid-vapor
region can be found using the following relationship:
𝑠 = 𝑥𝑠𝑔 + 1 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑓 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑓𝑔
𝒔 − 𝒔𝒇 𝒔 − 𝒔𝒇
𝒙= 𝒐𝒓
𝒔𝒈− 𝒔𝒇 𝒔𝒇𝒈
Where:
𝐵𝑡𝑢
s= specific entropy of the mixture
𝑙𝑏 𝑅
x= quality of the mixture (no units)
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑠𝑔 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝑙𝑏 𝑅
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑠𝑓 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑙𝑏 𝑅
𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 𝑠𝑔− 𝑠𝑓 (Difference between sg and sf)
Enthalpy-Entropy (h-s)
or Mollier diagrams
enthalpy (h) versus entropy
(s) is plotted.
• constant temperature lines
• constant pressure lines
• constant moisture or quality
lines
• constant superheat lines
 LESSON PROPER!
Thermodynamic
Properties of State
Subcooled or Compressed Liquid
Subcooled or compressed
liquid is a liquid that
which is not about to boil
or vaporize
T < Tsat
 Subcooled or Compressed Liquid

The saturation
temperature of water is
100 ℃ at 1 atm
pressure. In which the
water will start to boil.
Values of properties for subcooled liquid must be lower
than the properties of saturated liquid.
 Subcooled or Compressed Liquid

• Quality, x, is negative.
is never used to describe compressed
 Saturated Liquid
• To obtain the properties, the given property is
either pressure or temperature

T = Tsat
 Saturated Liquid

Temperature is equal to
the saturation
temperature
corresponding to the
existing pressure.

Temperature of water is 100 ℃ at 1 atm

pressure
 Saturated Liquid

• Quality, x, is zero
The ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the
mixture.
 Saturated Liquid

• Quality, x, is zero
The ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the
mixture.

• Moisture content μ = 100%.

The ratio of the mass of the liquid to the total mass of
both liquid and vapor.
 Saturated Liquid

• Values of properties of saturated liquid are lower than the

properties of wet vapor and are higher than the properties of
subcooled liquid.
 WET VAPOR OR WET STEAM
• To obtain the properties, the given property is
either pressure or temperature and quality of
vapor may have been given
WET VAPOR OR WET STEAM

Temperature of wet vapor must be

equal to the saturation temperature
corresponding to the existing
pressure.
The temperature of water is 100 ℃
at 1 atm pressure.
 WET VAPOR OR WET STEAM
• Quality, x, is within the range: 0 < x <100%.
They are different in
quality since liquid-vapor
mixture consist of 2 phases
which are liquid and vapor.

• Moisture content 100% < μ < 0.

 WET VAPOR OR WET STEAM
Properties of wet vapor maybe computed using the following equations:
Specific volume 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒗𝒇𝒈
𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣𝑓
Internal energy 𝒖 = 𝒖𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒖𝒇𝒈
𝑢𝑓𝑔 = 𝑢𝑔 − 𝑢𝑓
Enthalpy 𝒉 = 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒉𝒇𝒈
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓
Entropy 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒔𝒇𝒈
𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 𝑠𝑔 − 𝑠𝑓
 Saturated vapor
• To obtain the properties, the
given property is either pressure
or temperature may have been
given.
 Saturated vapor

• Quality, x = 100%.
A quality of 0 indicates 100 % liquid, while a steam
quality of 100 indicates 100 % steam.

• Moisture content μ = 0.
Superheated vapor The temperature
must be higher than
the saturation
temperature
corresponding to the
existing pressure

T>T sat at 1 at Psat

 Superheated vapor

• Quality, x > 100%

• Values of properties of superheated
vapor must always be higher than the
properties of saturated vapor.
LESSON PROPER!

STEAM TABLES
 STEAM TABLES
Steam tables is defined as the tabulations of the
values of properties of water for different
conditions.

IDENTIFY THE IMPORTANT

PARTS OF A STEAM TABLE.
Different properties; Properties (let, A)
𝑘𝐽
Enthalpy (h) with a unit of . 𝑨𝒈 = Property A at Saturated
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
Vapor State
𝑘𝐽
Entropy (s) with a unit of .
𝑨𝒇 = Property A at Saturated
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
Specific Volume (v) with a unit Liquid State
𝑘𝐽
of . 𝑨𝒇𝒈 = change in Property A
𝑘𝑔
while changing phase from
Internal energy (u) with a unit
𝑘𝐽
saturated liquid to saturated
of . vapor
𝑘𝑔

Temperature ℃ P𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝒎𝑷𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑲𝒑𝒂

 STEAM TABLES

Saturated steam table superheated steam table

Temperature- pressure-
based steam based steam
table table
It is a steam table in
which temperature
shows and as an
independent variable
and other properties
can be can be obtained
against it for saturated
steam.
 Let’s try to
use
temperature-
based STEAM
TABLES
What is the specific volume of saturated
vapor at 40 ℃?
What is the specific volume of saturated
vapor at 40 ℃?
𝒎𝟑
𝒗g = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟐𝟑
𝒌𝒈

What is the enthalpy of saturated liquid at

120 ℃?
What is the specific volume of saturated
vapor at 40 ℃?
𝒎𝟑
𝒗g = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟐𝟑
𝒌𝒈

What is the enthalpy of saturated liquid at

120 ℃?
𝒌𝑱
𝒉f = 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟔𝟗
𝒌𝒈
 STEAM TABLES

Saturated steam table superheated steam table

Temperature- pressure-
based steam based steam
table table
It is a steam table in It is a steam table in
which temperature which temperature
shows and as an shows and as an
independent variable independent variable
and other properties and other properties
can be can be obtained can be can be obtained
against it for saturated against it for saturated
steam. steam.
 Let’s try to
use pressure-
based STEAM
TABLES
What is the internal energy of saturated liquid
at 30 mPa? And what is its saturation
temperature?
What is the internal energy of saturated liquid
at 30 mPa? And what is its saturation
temperature?
𝒌𝑱
𝒖f = 𝟐𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟖
𝒌𝒈
What is the internal energy of saturated liquid
at 30 mPa? And what is its saturation
temperature?
𝒌𝑱
𝒖f = 𝟐𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟖
𝒌𝒈

𝑻 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟏𝟎℃
 STEAM TABLES

Saturated steam table superheated steam table

Temperature- pressure- Steam table in which pressure

based steam based steam and temperature two
table table independent variable and
It is a steam table in It is a steam table in properties of superheated
which temperature which temperature steam that can be obtained
shows and as an shows and as an against these variables
independent variable independent variable
and other properties and other properties
can be can be obtained can be can be obtained
against it for saturated against it for saturated
steam. steam.
Let’s try to
use STEAM
TABLES
What is the internal
energy, enthalpy,
specific volume and
entropy of
superheated steam Specific internal
at 5 mPa and 200 Volume energy Enthalpy Entropy

℃?
 Pressure-based ST
Temperature-based ST

Superheated ST
 Find the specific volume at 2 mPa and 90%
P=2 mPa
X=90% or .90
𝒎𝟑
𝒗𝒇 = 0.001001
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝟑
𝒗𝒈 = 67.004
𝒌𝒈
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒗𝒇𝒈
𝒗 = 0.001001 + (.90) 67.004 − 0.001001
𝒗 = 0.001001 + (.90) 67. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝒗 = 0.001001 + 60.3026991
𝒎𝟑
𝒗 = 60.3037001
𝒌𝒈
Dryness Fraction
𝒗 − 𝒗𝒇
𝒙=
𝒗𝒈− 𝒗𝒇

60.3037001 − 0.001001
𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 =
67.004 − 0.001001
60.3026991
𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 =
67. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
 Find the specific volume at 2 mPa and 90%
P=2 mPa
X=90% or .90
𝒎𝟑
𝒗𝒇 = 0.001001
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝟑
𝒗𝒈 = 67.004
𝒌𝒈
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒇 + 𝒙 𝒗𝒇𝒈
𝒗 = 0.001001 + (.90) 67.004 − 0.001001
𝒗 = 0.001001 + (.90) 67. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝒗 = 0.001001 + 60.3026991
𝒎𝟑
𝒗 = 60.3037001
𝒌𝒈
 End of LESSON 2
MODULE 3: PURE SUBSTANCES