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Laboratory Handout

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Radiation Heat Transfer Set (HT-380) SPEC LIST

NO Component Brand Component Type
1 DELTA Radiometer
2 DELTA Propagation Sensor
3 DELTA 5” LCD HMI
4 TESLA Radiator [70W]
5 - Metric Ruler
6 - Material Plates (4pcs)
Color Plates (4pcs)

A) Experiment No: ME302.01.01

B) Experiment Name: Stefan Boltzmann Rule

C) Purpose of the Experiment: To emphasize/prove that the radiation intensity varies with the
difference of 4th powers of heat source temperature and receiver temperature; that is Stefan-
Boltzmann Rule. In implementing the experiment, the experiment table is first set with an
intermediary element (plate), then adjusting the distance between the source (that is, plates of
varying materials) and the radiometer, investigated if Stefan-Boltzmann rule holds, and how
drastic a relative error there is. The sources of error is then discussed in the comments section of
this report.

D) Necessary Equipment and Method:

 The HMI,
 Resistance Heater,
 Radiometer,
 Plates of Different Physical Properties (Matte-black Steel, Galvanized, Copper etc.),
 Ruler.

E) Implementation:

1. Activate radiant heater, adjust to 100% capacity

2. Locate the Copper-alloy Plate (1) flush to the original heat source (resistance heater),
3. Locate radiometer to the closest distance to the plate,
4. Wait until the system reaches steady state (15-16min),
5. Read the first value of radiometer reading,
6. Write down the reading in the Table-1,
7. Increase distance between the plate and resistance heater gradually,
8. Wait until radiometer reading displays near-steady readings (usually takes 3-4mins),
9. Write down each reading in the Table-1,
10. Repeat steps (3-9) for following plates. Use Table-2 and 3.
11. Verify the reading against Stefan-Boltzmann Law predictions.
12. Calculate the Relative Error [%].
13. Suggest an actual correlation number for each material.
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E) Providing an Experiment Report:

Please answer the following 9 questions in your report, based on the theoretical session
conducted on the topic and your own insights. The answers and calculations together will form
the score you’ll get from this report…

Note: There is no template to this report, the student is free to use the same format as the booklet.

Note 2: Please explain properly and add tables/calculations given below to your report. Use your
own words and expressions. Otherwise, your report will be rendered as plagiarism, causing your
scores to split evenly with your “contributors”. You’re told!

(a) What is Heat Radiation?

(b) On what basis the heat propagation via radiation occurs?
(c) What is Stefan-Boltzmann Law?
(d) What does Stefan-Boltzmann Law give us?
(e) What is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant?
(f) How do you think the scientists determined the Stefan-Boltzmann constant?
(g) Having calculated the relative errors for each measurement, what kind of parameters do you
think cause the excessive errors in this experiment?
(h) Please calculate the actual correlation (in place of “5.59”) number that verifies Stefan-
Boltzmann Law. Do this for each material with which the experiment was conducted.
(i) Do you think the physical properties of material affect the nature of heat emission? How?
Please explain briefly.

Remember the due date is 23 March 2021…

Table 1: Indirect (Plate) Source Radiation Heat Transfer Calculation-Comparison

Plate Material: Copper-alloyed Actual
Distance Radiometer Ts Ta qb=5.59xR qb= 𝜎𝜎(Ts4-Ta4) Rel. Error Corr.
Source-Target (R) Factor
[mm] [W/m2] [℃] [℃] [W/m2] [W/m2] [%]
0 248 114.4 16.5
100 220 116.5 16.8
200 95 118.7 17.0
300 36 119.7 17.1
400 14 120.0 17.1
500 1 120.7 17.3

Table 2: Indirect (Plate) Source Radiation Heat Transfer Calculation-Comparison

Plate Material: Aluminum Actual
Distance Radiometer Ts Ta qb=5.59xR qb= 𝜎𝜎(Ts4-Ta4) Rel. Error Corr.
Source-Target Factor
[mm] [W/m2] [℃] [℃] [W/m2] [W/m2] [%]
0 222 102.4 17.5
100 203 103.6 17.5
200 96 104.5 17.6
300 43 105.1 17.5
400 17 105.5 17.4
500 1 105.6 17.5
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Table 3: Indirect (Plate) Source Radiation Heat Transfer Calculation-Comparison

Plate Material: Brass-alloyed Actual
Distance Radiometer Ts Ta qb=5.59xR qb= 𝜎𝜎(Ts4-Ta4) Rel. Error Corr.
Source-Target Factor
[mm] [W/m2] [℃] [℃] [W/m2] [W/m2] [%]
0 506 138.2 17.5
100 350 140.5 17.5
200 123 141.9 17.5
300 53 142.5 17.5
400 25 142.6 17.6
500 8 142.4 17.7

where;
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 = ⋯ ℃ and 𝑲𝑲 = ℃ + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant 𝜎𝜎 = 5.67𝑥𝑥10−8 𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚2 𝐾𝐾 4
𝑞𝑞𝑏𝑏 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚 2 )