Chapter 2: Properties of Pure Substances

• A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called Pure

substance.
• A pure substance doesn’t have to be a single chemical element or compound as long
as the chemical composition is the same.

• N2 (single chemical molecule) and air(composition of different molecules) are some

examples of pure substances. Which is pure substance u think? Is a mixture of liquid
and vapor air OR a mixture of liquid and vapor water is Pure substance WHY?
 Phase Change processes of Pure substance

• As we can see above, successive Phase-change will occur if we

continuously apply heat to (a) in order to get vapor phase of the
substance at (c). But in the subsequent sections, we will see liquid
and vapor phase region as well as liquid-vapor mixture region.
 Cont…

Compressed liquid and Saturated liquid

Consider a piston-cylinder device containing water at 20oc with 1atm.(state 1
as below)
At state 1; Compressed liquid will constantly
be heated to reach state 2 while the
pressure is constant but the specific volume
increases

At state 2; the liquid reaches on the verge of

evaporation ,i.e Any further heat addition will
vaporize the water
 Cont…

Saturated vapor and Superheated vapor

• Once boiling starts, the temperature stops rising until the liquid
vaporizes. That’s the temperature is constant in the phase-change
process if the pressure is held constant.
As heat addition continues, the entire liquid in
the cylinder will be vaporized and heat loss from
this vapor leads to condensation of vapor

At state 4; the vapor that’s about to condense is

called saturated vapor .
 Cont…

• Once phase-change process is completed, temperature will increase,

let’s say like 300oc

Vapor that’s not about

to condense is superheated vapor.
 Cont…

• At a given pressure, the temperature at which pure substance changes

phases is called Saturation Temperature; likewise
• At a given temperature, the pressure at which pure substance changes
phases is called Saturation Pressure
• For water at a pressure of 101.325kPa, Tsat is 99.97oc
Property diagrams for Phase-change processes

1. T-ʋ Diagram(water)
 Cont…

• Line that connect the saturated liquid states is

saturated liquid line. All the compressed liquid
states are located to the left of this line.
• Line that connect the saturated vapor states is
saturated vapor line. All the superheated vapor
states are located to the right of this line.
• All states that are found in between
compressed and superheated vapor(inside the
doom) is saturated liquid-vapor mixture region.
 Cont…

2. P-ʋ Diagram(water)
 Cont…

Example 1. A rigid tank contains 50kg of saturated liquid water at 90oc. Determine
the pressure in the tank and volume of the tank.
First plot the T- ʋ Diagram schematically for simplicity

Son since saturation condition exists, the pressure must be the saturation pressure at
90oc.
From table P=Psat @90oc=70.13kPa
ʋ= ʋf@90oc =0.001036m3/kg
Therefore Volume of the tank=V=m* ʋ=50kg*0.001036m3/kg=0.0518m3
 Cont…

Example 2. A mass of 200g of saturated liquid water is completely vaporized at a

constant pressure of 100kPa. Determine a) The Volume change and b) The amount
of energy transferred to the water
First schematic of P- ʋ for simplicity
 Cont…

Son The volume change per unit mass during vaporization process is ʋfg ,
which is the difference between ʋg and ʋf and read from table @100kpa
will give us
 Cont…

Saturated Liquid-Vapor mixture

• During vaporization process, a substance exists as part liquid and part
vapor which is a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor.
• To analyze the mixture properly, we need to know the exact proportion of
the liquid and the vapor phases in the mixture by introducing the property
called Quality( Dryness fraction) which is given by
 Cont…

Consider a tank that contains a saturated liquid vapor mixture. The volume
occupied by the saturated liquid is ʋf and volume occupied by the
saturated vapor is ʋg. The total volume of the mixture will be
 Cont…

The analysis given above can be used for all

other properties and summarized with single
equation as below

Where y is ʋ, u, or h.
Example 3. A rigid tank contains 10kg of water at
90oc. If 8kg of water is in liquid form and the rest
are in vapor form, Determine a) the pressure in
the tank b) the volume of the tank
 Cont…

Example 4. An 80L vessel contains 4kg of refrigerant 134a at a pressure of 160kPa.

Determine
a) the temperature
b) the Quality
c) the enthalpy of the refrigerant
d)the volume occupied by the vapor phase
Son since we don’t know at which state is the refrigerant from the given information,
we first calculate the specific volume from known parameters
 Cont…
Superheated Vapor
• is found to the right of saturated vapor line at
temperature.
• are characterized by
1. lower pressure( P<Psat, at a given temp)
2. higher temperature(T>Tsat, at a given press.)
3. higher specific volume(ʋ>ʋsat, at a given P
or T)
4. higher enthalpy(h>hsat, at a given P or T)
 Cont…

Example 5. Determine the temperature of water

at a state of P=0.5Mpa and h=2890kJ/Kg
 Cont…

Characteristics of compressed liquid

• Higher pressures(P>Psat , at a given T)
• Lower temperatures(T<Tsat , at a given P)
• low specific volumes(ʋ<ʋsat, at a given P or T)
• lower enthalpy(h<hsat, at a given P or T)
• lower internal energy(u<usat, at a given p or T)
N.B unlike superheated region, the compressed liquid properties
are not much different from the corresponding saturated
liquids.
Example 6. Determine the internal energy at 80oc and 5Mpa
Cont…
 Cont…

Example 6. For a specific volume of 0.2 m3/kg,

find the quality of steam if the absolute
pressure is
• (a) 40 kPa
• (b) 630 kPa.
What is the temperature of each case?
 Cont…

At a) P=40kPa=0.4bar, we have
ʋf= ʋf + x(ʋg - ʋf)
0.2 = 0.001 + (3.993 - 0.001) :. x = 0.050015 and T=75.87oc
At b)P=630kPa=6.3bar
Since we don’t find 6.3bar directly from pressure table, we’ll go for interpolation
ʋf@6bar=0.0001106m3/kg , ʋf@7bar=0.0001108m3/kg
ʋf@6.3bar =ʋf@6bar+(ʋf@7bar -ʋf@6bar )*(P@6.3bar-P@6bar)/(P@7bar -P@6bar)
ʋf@6.3bar =0.0011m3/kg
ʋg@6bar =0.3157m3/kg, ʋg@7bar =0.2729m3/kg
ʋg@6.3bar =ʋg@6bar+(ʋg@7bar -ʋg@6bar )*(P@6.3bar-P@6bar)/(P@7bar -P@6bar)
ʋg@6.3bar =0.3042m3/kg
Therefore ʋ= ʋf@6.3bar +x(ʋg@6.3bar - ʋf@6.3bar )
X=0.6558 and CHECK T=160oc
 Cont…

The ideal gas equation of a state

• Any equation that relates pressure,
temperature and specific volume is called
equation of state.
 Quiz 1
1. What do you mean by saturation temperature
and saturation pressure? Show that with plot
by considering water as pure substance.
2. Show that the temperature of vapor region is
greater than tsat for a given pressure of 1bar
with plot.`