LESSON III

Properties of Pure Substance

Instructor:
Engr. Raymond S. Abesamis, ME
DEFINITION & USEFUL INFORMATION
 A pure substance is a substance that is homogenous in composition and homogenous and
invariable in chemical aggregation. (Faires, 1978)
 A substance is said to be a pure substance if its chemical composition does not change in
solid, liquid, or gaseous phase. An example is water that has two atoms of hydrogen and
one atom of oxygen as it is in solid, liquid, gaseous state.
 State of pure substance or system refers to its condition as quantified or identifies through
the thermodynamic properties of substance.
 Phase is a quantity of substance that is homogenous throughout
ADDITIONAL THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
1. Enthalpy – is a thermodynamic property with the following definitions:
 For a closed system, it means the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure
and specific volume, and given by the relation:

where:
h – enthalpy, kJ/kg, Btu/lb
p – pressure, kPaa, psia
v – specific volume, m³/kg, ft³/lb
 For an open system, enthalpy means the sum of internal energy and the flow energy or
flow work, and given by the relation:

where:
H – total enthalpy, kJ, kW, Btu, Btu/min
U - total internal energy, kJ, kW, Btu, Btu/min
- flow energy or flow work, kJ, kW, Btu, Btu/min
2. Entropy is a thermodynamic property first introduced by Clausius in 1865 and could be
defined as follows:
 Entropy is the measure of the microscopic disorder of the molecules of a substance
 It is a thermodynamic property that remains constant in an adiabatic reversible process
 The change of entropy in an irreversible process is the measure of the unavailable energy
 Entropy is also defined as the measure of the irreversibility of the system or substance
 The change of entropy for a reversible process is given by the following relation:

where:
∆s – change of entropy, kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb-°R
- initial entropy, kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb-°R
- final entropy, kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb-°R
Q – heat transfer during the process, kJ, Btu
T – absolute temperature, K, °R
Three Phases of Matter or Pure Substance
1. Solid Phase
2. Liquid Phase
3. Vapor or Gaseous Phase

Manners of Changing the Phases

 Melting or fusion is the change of phase from solid to liquid
 Freezing or solidifying is the change of phase from liquid to solid
 Vaporization is the change of phase from liquid to gaseous phase
 Condensation is the change of phase from vapor to liquid; during the process it is also
called as condensing
 Sublimation is the change of phase from solid to vapor or vice versa
DIAGRAM

 Point sc is subcooled liquid condition

 Point f is saturated liquid
 Point x is wet vapor condition
 Point g is saturated vapor condition
 Point sh is superheated vapor condition
 Point cp is critical point condition
QUALITY OF VAPOR/STEAM
 Quality of vapor or dryness factor is the ratio of the mass of vapor content in the mixture to
that of the mass of the mixture of vapor and liquid
(100%)
where:
– mass of saturated liquid content, kg
- mass of saturated vapor content, kg
x – quality of vapor or steam or dryness factor, %
 Moisture content is the amount of saturated liquid in the mixture of saturated vapor and
saturated liquid; it is the ratio of the mass of saturated liquid to that of the mass of the
mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor
(100%)
where:
– mass of saturated liquid content, kg
- mass of saturated vapor content, kg
y – moisture content, %
Note:
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF EACH STATE
For subcolled liquid
 To obtain the properties v, u, h, and s, p and t must be given
 Properties are obtained from steam tables if the given substance is water
 Values of properties for subcooled liquid must be lower than the properties of saturated
liquid as indicated in the following relations:

 Subcooled temperature, t, is lower than the saturation temperature corresponding to the

existing pressure, p. (
 Quality, x, if computed is negative
For saturated liquid
 To obtain the properties, the given property is either pressure or temperature
 Properties to be obtained are identified as follows: ,
 Temperature is equal to the saturation temperature corresponding to an existing pressure
 The quality of vapor,
 Moisture content,
 Values of properties of saturated liquid are lower than the properties of wet vapor, and are
higher than the properties of subcooled liquid
For wet vapor or wet steam
 To obtain the properties, properties of either pressure and quality of vapor, or temperature
and quality of vapor may have been given
 Properties to be obtained are
 Temperature of wet vapor must be equal to the saturation temperature corresponding to an
existing pressure
 The quality is within the range:
 Moisture content is within the range:
 Values of properties are in accordance with the following relations:
 Properties of wet vapor may be computed using the following equations:

)
)
)
Note: Values of properties for water are to be obtained directly from steam tables except for .

 Quality of vapor may also be obtained in terms of properties as indicated in the following
relations:

Note: Where the properties are wet vapor.

For saturated vapor
 To obtain the properties of saturated vapor, properties of either pressure or temperature
may have been given
 The properties to be obtained are indicated by
 The temperature of saturated vapor must be equal to the saturation temperature
corresponding to the existing pressure; and also equal to the temperature of saturated liquid
and wet vapor
 The quality saturated vapor is
 The moisture content is
 The properties of saturated vapor are lower than the properties of superheated vapor and
higher than the properties of wet vapor as indicated in the following relations:
For superheated vapor
 To obtain properties pressure and temperature must be given
 The given temperature must be higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to the
existing pressure or given pressure
 Values of properties of superheated vapor must always be higher than the properties of
saturated vapor as indicated by the following relations:

 If quality x is computed,
STEAM TABLES
 Steam tables are tabulations of the values properties of water for different conditions
 To obtain the properties of water, the following tables are to be used:
Table 1. Saturation: Temperatures
If the given property is temperature, use this table to determine the values of properties
Table 2. Saturation: Pressures
If the given property is pressure, use this table to determine the values of properties.
Table 3. Vapor
Use this table to determine the properties of superheated steam. With the given properties are
obtained
Table 4. Liquid
Use this table to determine the properties of subcooled and compressed liquid. With the given
properties are obtained
Table 5. Critical Region
Use this table if the given conditions are in critical region.
Ex. 1] Determine the properties of water for the following conditions:
a.) p = 0.5-MPaa
b.) t = 200°C
c.) p = 2.0-MPaa & x = 90%
d.) t = 200°C & x = 80%
e.) t = 103.6°C & x = 90°C
f.) p = 1-MPaa & t = 300°C
g.) p = 0.535-MPaa & t = 300°C
(solution to be discussed by instructor)
Ex. 2] Specify the condition of water, whether subcooled liquid, saturated liquid, wet vapor,
saturated vapor, or superheated vapor. Justify your answer
a.) t = 250°C and h = 1235.65 kJ/kg
b.) p = 250-kPaa and u = 1000 kJ/kg
c.) p = 5-MPaa and t = 200°C
d.) p = 900-kPaa and t = 300°C
e.) p = 4-MPaa and s = 5.897 kJ/kg-K
(solution to be discussed by instructor)
Ex. 3] For water as a pure substance and using steam tables, determine the:
a.) p and u if t = 200°C and h = 852.45 kJ/kg
b.) t and h if p = 150-kPaa and u = 1000 kJ/kg
c.) u and h if p = 800-kPaa and t = 300°C
d.) t and h if p = 300-kPaa and
(solution to be discussed by instructor)
Ex. 4] A 100-liter tank contains a mixture of saturated liquid water and saturated steam at
370°C. Find (a) the mass of each phase if their volumes are equal and (b) the volume occupied
by each phase if their masses are equal.
(solution to be discussed by instructor)
Ex. 5] Determine the volume occupied by 2.25-kg steam at 8-MPaa and 60% quality.
(solution to be discussed by instructor)
Ex. 6] A rigid container with a volume of 2000-liters contains 4-kg mixture of saturated water
and steam at 120°C. The mixture slowly heated until the liquid content is completely
vaporized. Determine (a) the quality of vapor at the initial condition and (b) the temperature of
water after heating.
(solution to be discussed by instructor)
Ex. 7] A piston-cylinder arrangement contains 100-liters of saturated water and 900-liters of
saturated steam in equilibrium at 1-MPaa. Heat is added at constant pressure until the
temperature becomes 300°C. Determine (a) the initial temperature, (b) the total mass, (c) the
quality of vapor at initial condition, (d) the final volume; and (e) the work done during the
process.
(solution to be discussed by instructor)