Objectives:

At the end of this lesson you should be able to:

- Describe the properties of liquids and vapours.

- Recall the Definition of dryness fraction.

- Determine the properties of water and vapour using steam

table.
 What is VAPOUR?

Is defined as a gaseous substance close to the temperature at which it will condense

back into a liquid. In this state it cannot be considered as a perfect gas.
 Review Terminologies:

Saturation temperature
• Temperature at which liquid boils
into its vapour phase.
• For water the boiling point is 100 C
O

at 1 atm pressure.
Saturation pressure
• Pressure at which a given liquid
and its vapour can coexist in
equilibrium at a given temperature.
• For water the saturation pressure
is 1 atm at 100 C.
O
 ENERGY OF LIQUIDS

Sensible energy of liquids

• Heat that can be sensed as a result of
temperature change.
• Example, adding heat to water until the
point of boiling.
• Its denoted as or
Latent heat
• Heat that is required to change phase.
• Temperature does not change. For
example, during melting and boiling.
• Energy is simply added to change the
state of matter but temperature itself
does not increase or decrease
 Review Terminologies: T- v diagram for water at constant pressure.

Diagram shows the specific volume of

water represented as a function of
temperature and pressure
• Compressed or sub-cooled liquid
(Between state 1 & 2).
• Saturated Liquid (state 2)
• Saturated liquid-steam or wet steam
region (Between State 2 & 3).
• Saturated Steam (state 3)
• Superheated steam (to the right of state
3)
 Review Terminologies: T-v diagram at different pressures.

• Observe that:
• The experiment is repeated at different
pressures.
• As pressure increases the saturation
temperature also increases.
• The amount of heat energy (latent heat)
needed to convert the saturated liquid to
saturated vapour becomes less.
• Eventually, a critical point is reached where no
saturation line exist, that is, no latent heat is
required to change from liquid to steam. Both
liquid and vapour has the same specific
volume. Both will be indistinguishable- they
have same properties.
• For steam, the critical point occurs at 221.2 bar
and 374.15 oC
 Review Terminologies: T-v diagram of a pure substance.

• If we connect the points (saturation fluid and saturation vapour) at different

pressures we obtain a diagram which allows easy identification of the distinct
region.
 T-”A” diagrams for steam
Property “A” could be any property used to describe a fluid or vapour. Like: Enthalpy (H), Entropy (S), Specific Volume (v) and
internal energy (U).
T-”A” diagram- Dryness fraction
T-”A” diagram- Dryness fraction
 Importance of Dryness Fraction
• In Steam, steam dryness fraction is used to quantify the amount of water within steam. If
steam contains 10% water by mass, it's said to be 90% dry, or have a dryness fraction of 0.9

• Steam dryness is important because it has a direct effect on the total amount of transferable
energy contained within the steam (usually just latent heat), which affects heating efficiency
and quality. For example, saturated steam (100% dry) contains 100% of the latent heat
available at that pressure. Saturated water, which has no latent heat and therefore 0%
dryness, will only contain sensible heat.
• Pressure enthalpy diagrams take advantage of dryness fraction help explain how certain
thermodynamic systems operate, like:
A butane lighter, a pressure cooker, compressor pumps in refrigerators where substance exist
in both liquid and vapour. (SEE VIDEOS)
 The uses of Steam Tables
• Steam tables are available for a wide variety of substances which normally exist in the vapour
phase (e.g., steam, ammonia, butane, freon, etc.). They provide numerical values for various
types of thermodynamic diagrams shown earlier.
• We will emphasize on steam table for steam. Some of the most common properties (“A”) and
their units are:
 Energy contained in dry saturated vapour
• and
•

• The energy contained in 1 kg of dry saturated vapour must be the

sum of the sensible( hf/ uf) and latent energy

• Denoted as and respectively

 Calculating the Total Heat of wet steam
• Steam tables contain values such as enthalpy (h), specific volume (ν), entropy (s), etc. for
saturated steam (100% dry) and for saturated water (0% dryness), but typically not for wet
steam.

• These can be calculated by simply considering the ratio of steam to water, as described in
the equations below:

Specific Volume (ν) of Wet Steam

where:
• X = Dryness (% / 100)
• νf = Specific Volume of Saturated Water
• νg = Specific Volume of Saturated Steam
 Specific Enthalpy (h) of Wet Steam

H
where:
• X = Dryness (% / 100)
• hf = Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Water
• hfg = Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Steam - Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Water

• Specific Entropy (s) of Wet Steam

where:
• X = Dryness (% / 100)
• sf = Specific Entropy of Saturated Water
• sfg = Specific Entropy of Saturated Steam - Specific Entropy of Saturated Water
Steam Tables
Temperature Based Steam Table
Example 1
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4: Pressure Based Steam Table
Super Heated Steam Table
Example 5: Super Heated Steam Table
Example 5: Super Heated Steam Table
 Calculation example
Example #6:

• Determine using steam tables, the volume occupied by 2kg of steam at

500kPa, under the following conditions and specify the state of steam.
a. Pure liquid state
b. When it is in a pure vapour state
c. 20% moisture content
d. 20% dry.
 SOLUTION – Question 1
P

500 151.86 0.00109 0.3749 640.23 2,749 1.8607 6.8213

:From the steam table and

a.) when pure liquid :

b.) when it is saturated vapour :

c.) The steam is obviously in its wet phase: X=0.8

d.) The steam is obviously in its wet phase: X=0.2

 Modern day calculations

• Free online site or steam and vapour calculations

http://www.steamtablesonline.com/steam97web.aspx

http://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/steam-table-pressure.html

http://www.tlv.com/global/TI/steam-theory/piping-erosion.html#
 References:
• Video 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VREtGyUJ_Ic
• Video 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDVsypmpTKo
• Video 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDY-NIyXMzo
• Video 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3ixfkzqfMM
• https://www.slideshare.net/nhaikalhassan/jj207-thermodynamics-i-
chapter-2