ANJUMAN COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Sadar, Nagpur
 DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 A
Presentation on

“PROPERTIES OF STEAM”

Name of Subject Teacher: Prof. Nafees P. Khan

Name of Subject: Engg. Thermodynamics
Semester: 4th Sem B.E (Mechanical Engg)
 CO attended

CO402T.4: Relate various steam properties, and

analyze the various types of processes using steam
as working fluid to determine the energy transfer
in terms of heat and work.
Contents
 Basic terms
 Steam Thermodynamics
 P–V Diagram, T–s Diagram, h–s
Diagram and P–s Diagram
 Steam Generation
 Steam types
 Measurement of dryness fraction of
steam
 Mollar’s diagram (h-s chart)
 References
 Basic terms
•Steam Enthalpy (h)
Enthalpy is a general measure of the internal stored energy
per mass unit of a flowing stream. It is expressed in kJ/Kg (SI
units). It is usually represented with letter h.

•Steam Entropy (S)

Entropy, is a measure of the thermodynamic potential of a
flowing stream in the units of energy per mass unit and
absolute temperature. It is expressed in kJ/kgK (SI units). It is
usually represented with letter S.

Specific Volume (v)

As its name implies, specific volume is a measure of the
volume of a flowing stream per mass unit. It is expressed in
m3/kg (SI units). It is usually represented with letter v.
• Sensible Heat:
The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of water from 0 oC to
saturation temperature at a given pressure is known a s sensible heat of water.

• Latent Heat
The amount of heat required to convert 1 kg of water at saturation temperature for a
given pressure into dry saturated steam at that temperature and pressure is known as
latent heat of vaporization.

• Dryness Fraction: Dryness fraction is defined as the mass of dry steam per kg of wet
steam. It is represented by x.
x = ms / (ms + mw),
where: ms is the mass of steam and
mw is the mass of water
 Steam Thermodynamics
• Steam is the gaseous phase of water. It utilizes
• heat during the process and carries large
• quantities of heat later.

• Hence, it could be used as a working substance for

steam engines. Steam is generated in boilers at
constant pressure.

• Generally, steam may be obtained starting from ice or

straight away from the water by adding heat to it.
Under superheated or subcooled conditions, properties such as
enthalpy, entropy and specific volume are dependent on
temperature and pressure. However, at saturated conditions where
a mixture of steam and water coexist, an additional parameter,
steam quality, needs to be defined.
Steam quality (i.e. dryness fraction), usually represented with letter
x.
Steam quality is frequently recorded as a percentage of steam by
weight after being multiplied by 100%
The mixture enthalpy, entropy and specific volume of a steam-
water mixture can then be easily defined as follows:
h = hf + x * hfg where, hfg= (hg-hf)
S = sf + x* sfg sfg = (sg-sf)
v = vf + x*vg
where subscripts f (from fluid) and g (from gas) refer to properties
at saturated liquid and vapour conditions respectively.
P–V Diagram, T–s Diagram,
h–s Diagram and P–s Diagram
Steam Generation
• Enthalpy Change in Generation of Steam from 0°C at 0°C

• 0°C to Saturation Temperature

• Entropy of Steam
 Steam Types
Wet Steam: Wet steam contains partly water as
suspended in it and partly steam

Dry saturated Steam A steam at the saturation

temprature corresponding to a given pressure and having
no water molecules in it is known as dry saturated steam
or dry steam.
Since the dry saturated steam does not contain any water
molecules in it, its dryness fraction will be unity.

Superheated steam:
When a dry saturated steam is heated further at the given
constant pressure, its temperature rise beyond its
saturation temperature. The steam in this state is said to
be superheated.
 Enthalpy of Steam

1. Enthalpy of liquid:
hf=Cpw (tf-0)

2. Enthalpy of Dry saturated steam:

hg=hf + hfg

3. Enthalpy of Wet steam:

h=hf + x.hfg

4. Enthalpy of Superheated steam:

hsup= hg+ Cps(Tsup –Tsat)
Specific Volume of Steam (v)
1. Specific volume of saturated water:
v = vf

2. Specific volume of dry saturated steam:

v =vg

3. Specific volume of wet steam:

v= x.vg

4. Specific volume of superheated steam:

v =Vg (Tsup/Tsat)
 Entropy of Steam (S)

1. Entropy of liquid:
S= Sf

2. Entropy of Dry saturated steam:

S= Sg
3. Enthalpy of Wet steam:
S = Sf + x. Sfg

4. Enthalpy of Superheated steam:

S = Sg + Cpsup log (Tsup/Tsat)
 Measurement of dryness
fraction (x) of steam by:

1. Throttling calorimeter

2. Separating and Throttling Calorimeter

1. Throttling Calorimeter
2.Separating and Throttling
Calorimeter
Mollier Diagram or h–S Chart
 References
1. Engineering Thermodynamics, P. K. Nag, Tata McGraw-Hill Publications

2. Engineering Thermodynamics, S.S. Khandare, Charotar Publication House

3. Thermal Engineering, P. L. Ballani, Khanna Publications

4. https://www.ohio.edu/mechanical/thermo/property_tab es/H2O/

5. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/saturated-steam-properties d273.html

6. http

://www.uniklinger.com/ask-the-expert/steam-engineering-guideline/basic-of-

steam/properties-of-steam