HUMIDIFICATION/

DEHUMIDIFICATION
PSYCHROMETRY

• Primarily concerned on the determination of the properties of gas-vapor mixtures,

wherein the most common system is air-water vapor systems.
• NOTE: for other systems, the same underlying principle applies on the determination of
the psychrometric properties for air-water vapor systems except for the psychrometric
ratio.
TERMINOLOGIES

• The Humidity or Absolute Humidity (H) of an air-water vapor mixture is defined

as the kg water vapor contained in 1 kg of dry air.

Wherein P = total pressure and p = partial pressure of water vapor

TERMINOLOGIES

• The Saturation Humidity (Hs) of an air-water vapor mixture is

Wherein P = total pressure and pS = vapor pressure of water vapor

TERMINOLOGIES

• The Percentage Humidity (Hp) of an air-water vapor mixture is

TERMINOLOGIES

• The Percentage Relative Humidity (RH) of an air-water vapor mixture is

TERMINOLOGIES

• The Dew Point (Td) is the temperature at which the given air and
water vapor will be saturated.
• The Humid Heat (cs) of an air-water vapor mixture pertains to the
necessary amount of heat in J (or kJ) to raise the temperature of 1 kg
of dry air plus the water vapor present by 1 K or 1 oC.
TERMINOLOGIES

• The Humid Volume (vH) of an air-water vapor mixture pertains to the

the total volume in cubic meter of 1kg of dry air plus the vapor it
contains at the absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa and the given gas
temperature.
TERMINOLOGIES

•The Adiabatic Saturation Temperature is the steady-state equilibrium attained

when a large amount of water is contacted by the entering gas.

•If the entering gas at T has H < HS, then TS < T.

•If equilibrium is attained, the leaving air is saturated at TS with H = HS.

TERMINOLOGIES

● The Wet-Bulb Temperature is the steady-state non-equilibrium

temperature reached when a small amount of water is contacted under
adiabatic conditions by a continuous stream of gas.
● Normally used for the determination of the humidity of the air-water
vapor mixture.
TERMINOLOGIES

● PSYCHROMETRIC RATIO (PR): ratio of heat-transfer coefficient to

the product of mass-transfer coefficient and humid heat.
 PROBLEM 1.
HUMIDIFICATION/DEHUMIDIFICATION
100 kg/h of wet air (dry-bulb temperature = 60oC; wet-bulb temperature = 40oC) is to be fed
continuously to a large-scale evaporative cooling system. The system exhausts the cold air at
48oC. This exhaust is fed to a dehumidifying system to condense 40% of the moisture. Determine
the following:
a) Humid volume, VH and dew-point temperature of the air fed to the evaporative cooling
system.
b) %RH, H, humid volume, and dew-point temperature of the exhaust air from the evaporative
cooling system.
c) c. The total change in moisture content of the air in the evaporative cooling system.
d) d. H and the final temperature of the air after condensation in the dehumidifying system.
REQUIRED:

a) -Humid volume, VH, dew-point temperature (Tdp) of the air fed

to the evaporative cooling system.
b) %RH, H, humid volume (VH), and dew-point temperature of the
exhaust air from the evaporative cooling system.
c) The total change in moisture content (ΔH) of the air in the
evaporative cooling system.
d) Humidity (H) and the final temperature of the air after
condensation in the dehumidifying system.
a) From figure 12-1 psychrometric
chart for air-water system

From the figure:

From figure 12-1 psychrometric chart for air-water system

From the figure:

c.) The total change in moisture content (ΔH) of the air in the evaporative cooling system.

d.) Humidity (H) and the final temperature of the air after condensation in the dehumidifying system.

In the condensed liquid, 40% of the inlet moisture

   

 
 
CRYSTALLIZATION
CRYSTALLIZATION

• Process where solid particles are formed from homogenous phase.

• Solid-Liquid Separation.
• To be able to control the following:
• size and shape of the crystals
• purity of the crystals
• yield of the crystals
CRYSTALLIZATION PROGRESSION
HELPFUL SOLUBILITY CURVES REFERENCES

•
Fig. 18-56 (Perry’s CHE Handbook, 7th Ed.) – Solubility of MgSO4×xH2O in water at
1 atm
•
Fig. 12.11-1 (Geankoplis, 4th Ed.) – Solubility of Na2S2O3 in water at 1 atm
•
Fig. 19.27 (Foust et al., 2nd Ed.) – Solubility of Na2SO4 in water at 1atm
•
Fig. 19.28 (Foust et al., 2nd Ed.) – Enthalpy-concentration diagram for the Na2SO4 -
H2O system at 1 atm
•
Fig. 19.29 (Foust et al., 2nd Ed.) – Enthalpy concentration diagram for the CaCl2 -
H2O system at 1 atm
CRYSTALLIZATION

• SOLUTE BALANCE

● TOTAL BALANCE
CRYSTALLIZATION

C = mass of crystals in the product magma per unit time

Ma = molecular weight of anhydrous salt or crystal
Mh = molecular weight of hydrated crystal
xF = mass fraction of anhydrous solute in feed
S’ = solubility of the anhydrous solute at product temperature
= expressed as a weight ratio of anhydrous salt to solvent
F = total mass of feed solution per unit time
V = evaporation rate in mass of solvent per unit time
S = mass of saturated solution produced per unit time
M = total mass of product magma produced per unit time
= mass of crystals formed + saturated solution
CRYSTALLIZATION

• HEAT BALANCE

q = total heat absorbed in the crystallization/evaporation process

HF = total enthalpy of entering solution at TF, which is read off
enthalpy-concentration diagram
HM = total enthalpy of the crystals and saturated solution in the
product magma at the final temperature, TL
HV = total enthalpy of the vapor

HC = total heat of crystallization

= positive if crystallization is exothermic
= evaluated as the negative of the heat of solution
HEAT BALANCE IN CRYSTALLIZERS

Heat Balance in Crystallization. A feed solution of 10 000 lbm at 130°F

containing 47.0 lb FeSO4/100 lb total water is cooled to 80°F, where
FeSO4∙7H2O crystals are removed. The solubility of the salt is 30.5 lb
FeSO4/100 lb total water (P1). The average heat capacity of the feed
solution is 0.70 btu/ lbm∙°F. The heat of solution at 18°C is -4.4 kcal/gmol (-
18.4 kJ/mol) FeSO4∙7H2O (P1). Calculate the yield of crystals and make a
heat balance. Assume that no water is vaporized.

Source: Problem 12.11-4 (Geankoplis)

 

MOTHER
FEED
LIQUOR
F = 10 000 lbm TL = 80°F
TF = 130°F

CRYSTALS
(FeSO4∙7H2O)
 
  

MOTHER
FEED
LIQUOR
F = 10 000 lbm TL = 80°F
TF = 130°F

CRYSTALS
(FeSO4∙7H2O)

 
Solution:

a. Yield of crystals

OMB: F=L+C
10000 = L + C

SB: FxF = LxL + CxC

1000(0.3197) = L(0.2337) + C(0.5465)

L = 7250.287 lbm

C = 2749.713 lbm FeSO4∙7H2O crystals