+

CHE531
CHEMICAL PROCESS
PRINCIPLES II

Energy Balance on
Nonreactive
System
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Elements of energy balance calculations

Changes in pressure at constant
temperature
Changes in temperature
Procedure for energy balance calculations
Sensible heat and heat capacity
Balances on phase operation
Estimation & correlation of latent heat
Psychometric chart
Enthalpy concentration charts- single
liquid phase
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS

On a psychrometric chart (or humidity chart), several properties of

gas – vapor mixture are cross – plotted, providing a concise
compilation of a large quantity of physical property data. *Note: Refer
Felder pp. 384

A psychrometric chart in SI unit for Air – water system at 1 atm is

shown in Figure 8.4-1, Felder pp 385.

Dry – bulb temperature, T – the abscissa of the chart. This is the air
temperature as measured by a thermometer, thermocouple, or other
conventional temperature measuring instrument.
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS

Absolute humidity, ha [kg H2O (v)/kg DA)] (called moisture content

on Figure 8.4-1) – the ordinate of the chart. Refer Felder pp. 384

Relative humidity, hr = [100 x p H O / p* H O (T)].

2 2

Curve on the psychrometric chart correspond to specified values of hr.

The curve that forms the left boundary of the chart is 100% relative
humidity curve, also known as saturation curve.

Dew point, Tdp – the temperature at which humid air becomes

saturated if it is cooled at constant pressure. Refer Felder pp. 387

Humid volume, VH – the volume occupied by 1 kg of dry air plus the

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PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS

Wet bulb temperature, Twb – if the air is saturated (100% relative

humidity), the wet bulb and dry bulb temperature would be same.
Refer Felder pp. 388

Specific enthalpy of saturated air and Enthalpy deviation – Refer

Felder pp. 388

How to use Psychrometric Chart? ?

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Example – The psychrometric chart (Felder pp389)

.
Use a psychrometric chart to estimate:
(1) The absolute humidity, wet bulb temperature, humid volume,
dew point, and specific enthalpy of humid air at 410C and 10%
relative humidity
(2) The amount of water in 150 m3 of air at these condition

HOW???

Analyze the information….

Tdb = 410C hr = 10%

Tdb = 41oC
hr = 10%

ha = 0.0048 kg H2O/kg DA
19oC
Twb =
0.895 m3/kg
VH = o
3C 54
DP
V̂ = 54okJ/kg DA 0.880 m3/kg
19 C
o
H =
0.90 m3/kg

10 % rh

0.0048

3oC
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Wet bulb temperature, Twb = 190C

Dew point temperature, Tdp = 30C
Absolute humidity, ha = 0.0048 kg / kg DA
Humid volume, VH = 0.895 m3/kg DA
Specific enthalpy, H = 54 kJ/kg DA
Since the point corresponding to 410C and 10% relative humidity
falls roughly between enthalpy deviation curves corresponding
to -0.6 kJ/kg and -0.8 kJ/kg, we may calculate H as:
^
H   54  0.7  kJ/kg DA
^
H  53.3 kJ/kg DA
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Amount of water

Given volume of air, V  150 m 3

V  ha
Amount of water 
VH
kg H 2O kg DA
Amount of water  150 m 3  0.0048 
kg DA 0.895 m 3
Amount of water  0.804 kg H 2O
+Example 1:
Air at 29oC, 20% hr, cooled at constant pressure move
horizontally to the saturation curve, 100% hr the Tdp
is 4oC.

Example 2:
Calculate volume occupied by 150 kg of humid air at T
= 30oC, hr = 30%. Refer Figure 8.4.1.
Determine the ha and vH then calculate the volume for
150 kg humid air
+Example 3:
Determine specific enthalpy of saturated air at 25oC,
1 atm with ha = 0.0202 kg H2O/kg DA……

 The specific enthalpy can be calculated using Table B-

2 and B-5. (another method)

Example 4:
 Air at 35oC, hr =10%, specific enthalpy 45kJ/kg DA
and the enthalpy deviation is -0.52 kJ/kg DA.
Therefore the specific enthalpy at the given condition
is (45-0.52) = 44.5 kJ/kg DA

Try Example 8.4-5 and 8.4-6 …

 
+ 13

ADIABATIC SATURATION
TEMPERATURE
Inlet Gas, Outlet Gas, HS,
H, T TS

Gas is contacted with spray

of liquid water. Adiabatic
process.

The temperature of the water

being recirculated reaches a
Make-up steady state temperature
water, TS called the adiabatic saturation
temperature, TS when a large
amount of water is contacted
by the entering gas (the
contact is enough to bring the
gas and liquid to equilibrium).
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ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE

If the contact between the entering gas and

spray of droplets is enough (sufficiently long
time) to bring the gas and liquid to
equilibrium, the leaving air is saturated at TS
and HS.

Read TS and HS on 100% saturation curve.

If contact is not sufficient, the leaving mixture
will be at percentage saturation less than
100% but on the same line.
+ 15

Test yourself 1
 If the amount of water vapor in the air stays the same,
but the air temperature increases, what happens to the
relative humidity?
 The relative humidity would decrease.

 What is the difference between humidity and dew

point?
 Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the
air. Dew point is the temperature at which water vapor
condenses & the R.H. would be 100% (air is saturated).
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+ Test yourself 2
16

 What is the dewpoint when the dry-bulb

temperature is 24°C and the wet-bulb
temperature is 15°C?
 8.6oC

 Ifthe air temperature were 76oF and the

dewpoint were 56oF, what is the relative
humidity?
 50.5%

 Ifair temperature were 62oF and the relative

humidity were 80%, what is the dewpoint?
 55.6OF
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Example – Material and Energy Balance on an Air Conditioner (Felder
pp390)
.
Air at 800F and 80% relative humidity is cooled to 510F at a constant
pressure of 1 atm. Use the psychrometric chart to calculate the fraction
of the water that condenses and the rate at which heat must be
removed to deliver 1000 ft3/min of humid air at final condition.

HOW???

Analyze the information….

Tdb in = 800F hr in = 80%

Tdb out = 510F
V = 1000 ft3/min
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Do basis of calculation: 1 lbm of dry air (DA)

Flow chart of process:

1lbm
HumidDA
air

mm22(lbm
(lbm HH2O(v))
2O (v))
0
T=51T=52
o
F F
HH 2 (Btu/lbm)
2(Btu/lbm)
HumidDA
1lbm air

m1 (lbm H2O (v))

T=800F, hr=80%
H1 (Btu/lbm)
m3 (lbm H2O (l))

T=51 o
F 0F
T=52
HH3(Btu/lbm)
3 (Btu/lbm)
Q (Btu)
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At Tdb = 800F hr in = 80%

Absolute humidity, ha = 0.01762 lbm H2O/ kg DA

Specific enthalpy, H1 = 38.6 Btu/ lbm DA

Amount of water, m1  ha  mass of DA

lbm H 2O
m1  0.018
0.01762  1 lbm DA
lbm DA
m1  0.018
0.01762 lb
m H 2O
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At Tdb = 510F hr out = 100% (saturated)

Absolute humidity, ha = 0.008 lbm H2O/ kg DA

Specific enthalpy, H2 = 20.82 Btu/ lbm DA

Amount of water, m2  ha  mass of DA

lbm H 2O
m2  0.0079
0.008  1 lbm DA
lbm DA
m2  0.0079
0.008 lbm H 2O
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Amount of liquid water, m3

m1  m2  m3
m3  m1  m2  0.018  0.0079
0.01762 - 0.008

m3  0.0101
0.00962 lbm H 2O condensed

Fraction of H2O condensed

0.010 H 2O condensed 0.55

0.00962
Fraction of H 2O condensed   0.555
0.018
0.01762 lb fed
m
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Enthalpy of condensate, H3

Reference condition for water in chart = 320F

Use the same reference to calculate H3


H 2O l,320 F  
 H 2O l,510 F 
Btu
Given the C p of liquid water is 1.0
lbm 0 F
Btu
 
^ ^
Δ H  H 3  1.0 510
F  320
F
lbm  F
0

^ Btu
H 3  19.0
lbm H 2 0
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Energy balance

Open system → Q = H

Choose reference state: DA → 00F, 1 atm, gas

: water → 320F, 1 atm, liq

Construct inlet – outlet enthalpy data

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Construct inlet – outlet enthalpy data

Reference: DA (g,00F, 1 atm), water(l,320F, 1 atm)

Comp. Flow in Flow out

min Hin mout Hout
Humid air 1.0 lbm DA 38.6 Btu/ lbm DA 1.0 lbm DA 20.82 Btu/ lbm DA

H2O (l) - - 0.00962 19 Btu/ lbm H2O

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For overall process

ΔH   ni H i  n H i i
final initial

 Btu Btu  
 1.0 lbm DA  20.9 0.00962 O  19.0  
20.86
0.01 lblbmmHH2O
2

 lbm DA lbm H 2O  out 

Q 

  1.0 lb DA  38.8 Btu  

38.6  0 
  m
lbm DA  in 
Q   20.9
20.86+ 0.19
0.183  38.8 Btu
- 38.6

Q  17.71
17.6 Btu
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To calculate the cooling requirement of 1000 ft3/min of delivered air,

we must first determine the volume of delivered air corresponding to
our assumed basis and scale the calculated value of Q by the ratio
(1000 ft3/min)/(Vbasis). From psychrometric chart,

For saturated air at T = 510F, Humid volume, VH = 13.025 ft3/lbm DA

Vbasis  Amount of air  V H

ft 3
Vbasis  1.0 lbm DA 13.025
13.0
lbm DA
Vbasis  13.0ft
13.025 3ft3

From calculatio n, 13.0ft 3  - 17.6

17.71 Btu
ft 3
ft 3 1000  -17.71
17.6 Btu
min Btu
If V  1000  Q  Q  1362.3
1351.2
min 13.0ft 3
13.025 min