ES 3002: Mass Transfer D Term, 2017

Assignment 1: Due Monday, March 20, 2017

Task 1: Read WWR 24.1 – 24.2 (p 431 – 452), and RH_01, RH_02, RH_03

Problem 1: Assuming air to be composed exclusively of O2 and N2, with their partial pressures in the ratio of
0.21:0.79, what are their mass fractions?

𝑃 𝑂2 0.21
Given: 𝑃 = 0.79 Find: 𝑚𝑂2 , 𝑚𝑁2
𝑁2

First, we know that the mass fraction, 𝑚𝑖 , is defined as:

𝜌𝑖
𝑚𝑖 =
𝜌

And the densities for gas phase species, 𝜌𝑖 , in terms of their molar masses, 𝑀𝑖 , are:

𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑂2 𝑃𝑁2
𝜌𝑖 = 𝐶𝑖 ∗ 𝑀𝑖 = 𝑀, 𝜌𝑂2 = 𝑀 , 𝜌𝑁2 = 𝑀
𝑅𝑇 𝑖 𝑅𝑇 𝑂2 𝑅𝑇 𝑁2

And the total density, 𝜌 is:

𝑃𝑂2 𝑀𝑂2 + 𝑃𝑁2 𝑀𝑁2

𝜌 = ∑ 𝐶𝑖 𝑀𝑖 = 𝐶𝑂2 𝑀𝑂2 + 𝐶𝑁2 𝑀𝑁2 =
𝑅𝑇
𝑖
𝑃𝑂 𝑃𝑁 𝑃𝑁 𝑃𝑂
= 2 (𝑀𝑂2 + ( 2 ) 𝑀𝑁2 ) = 2 (( 2 ) 𝑀𝑂2 + 𝑀𝑁2 )
𝑅𝑇 𝑃𝑂2 𝑅𝑇 𝑃𝑁2

Substituting back in to 𝑚𝑖 , we are left with:

𝑃𝑂
[ 𝑅𝑇2 𝑀𝑂2 ] 1 1
𝑚𝑂2 = = = = 0.233
𝑃𝑂 𝑃𝑁 𝑃𝑁 𝑀𝑁 0.79 28
[ 𝑅𝑇2 (𝑀𝑂2 + (𝑃 2 ) 𝑀𝑁2 )] 1 + (𝑃 2 ) (𝑀 2 ) 1 + (0.21) (32)
𝑂2 𝑂2 𝑂2

𝑃𝑁
[ 𝑅𝑇2 𝑀𝑁2 ] 1 1
𝑚𝑁2 = = = = 0.767
𝑃𝑁 𝑃𝑂 𝑃𝑂2 𝑀𝑂2 0.21 32
[ 𝑅𝑇2 ((𝑃 2 ) 𝑀𝑂2 + 𝑀𝑁2 )] (𝑃 ) (𝑀 ) + 1 1 + ( ) ( )
𝑁2 𝑁2 0.79 28
𝑁2
ES 3002: Mass Transfer D Term, 2017

Problem 2: A He-Xe mixture containing 0.75 mole fraction of helium is used for cooling of electronics in an
avionics application. At a temperature of 300 K and atmospheric pressure, calculate the mass fraction of
helium and the mass density, molar concentration, and molecular weight of the mixture. If the cooling system
capacity is 10 liters, what is the mass of the coolant?

Given: 𝜒𝐻𝑒 = 0.75, 𝑇 = 300 𝐾, 𝑃𝑇 = 1 atm

Relationships:
𝐶𝑖 𝑃𝑖
𝜒𝑖 = , 𝐶𝑖 = , ∑ 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑇 , ∑ 𝜒𝑖 = 1, 𝜌𝑖 = 𝐶𝑖 ∗ 𝑀𝑖 , ∑ 𝜌𝑖 = 𝜌
𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑇
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
Mass fraction of He:
𝜌𝐻𝑒 [𝐶𝐻𝑒 𝑀𝐻𝑒 ] [𝐶𝑇 𝜒𝐻𝑒 𝑀𝐻𝑒 ] 𝜒𝐻𝑒 𝑀𝐻𝑒
𝑚𝐻𝑒 = = = =
𝜌 [𝐶𝐻𝑒 𝑀𝐻𝑒 + 𝐶𝑋𝑒 𝑀𝑋𝑒 ] [𝐶𝑇 (𝜒𝐻𝑒 𝑀𝐻𝑒 + 𝜒𝑋𝑒 𝑀𝑋𝑒 )] 𝜒𝐻𝑒 (𝑀𝐻𝑒 − 𝑀𝑋𝑒 ) + 𝑀𝑋𝑒

(0.75)(4.00)
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟕
(0.75)(4.00 − 131.29) + (131.29)

Mass density of the mixture (two identical approaches):

𝜌𝐻𝑒 𝑃𝐻𝑒 1 (0.75)(1 𝑎𝑡𝑚) 𝑔 1 𝒈

𝜌= = 𝑀𝐻𝑒 = (4.00 ) = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔
𝑚𝐻𝑒 𝑅𝑇 𝑚𝐻𝑒 (0.08206 𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ) (300 𝐾) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.0837 𝑳
𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑃𝑇
𝜌 = 𝜌𝐻𝑒 + 𝜌𝑋𝑒 = 𝐶𝐻𝑒 𝑀𝐻𝑒 + 𝐶𝑋𝑒 𝑀𝑋𝑒 = 𝐶𝑇 (𝜒𝐻𝑒 𝑀𝐻𝑒 + 𝜒𝑋𝑒 𝑀𝑋𝑒 ) = (𝜒 𝑀 + 𝜒𝑋𝑒 𝑀𝑋𝑒 )
𝑅𝑇 𝐻𝑒 𝐻𝑒

(1 𝑎𝑡𝑚) 𝑔 𝑔 𝒈
= [(0.75) (4.00 ) + (0.25) (35.82 )] = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔
𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑳
(0.08206 ) (300 𝐾)
𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Molar concentration of the mixture:

𝑃 (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚) 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝐶𝑇 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟔
𝑅𝑇 (0.08206 𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ) (300 𝐾) 𝑳
𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Average molecular weight of He/Xe mixture (two identical approaches):

𝑔
𝜌 1.4552 𝐿 𝒈
𝑀̅𝑇 = = = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟐
𝐶𝑇 0.040621 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝐿
𝐶𝑇 (𝜒𝐻𝑒 𝑀𝐻𝑒 + 𝜒𝑋𝑒 𝑀𝑋𝑒 ) 𝒈
= 𝜒𝐻𝑒 (𝑀𝐻𝑒 − 𝑀𝑋𝑒 ) + 𝑀𝑋𝑒 = (0.75)(4.00 − 131.29) + 131.29 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟐
𝐶𝑇 𝒎𝒐𝒍

Mass of coolant with 𝑉 = 10 𝐿

𝑃𝑉 (1atm)(10 L) g
̅𝑇 ) =
𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑉 ∗ (𝐶𝑇 𝑀 ̅𝑇 =
𝑀 (35.82 ) = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐠
𝑅𝑇 atm L mol
(0.08206 ) (300 K)
mol K
ES 3002: Mass Transfer D Term, 2017

Problem 3: A 100-mm long, hollow iron cylinder is exposed to a 1000 °C carburizing gas (a mixture of CO
and CO2) at its inner and outer surfaces of radii 4.30 and 5.70 mm, respectively. Consider steady-state
conditions for which carbon diffuses from the inner surface of the iron wall to the outer surface and the total
transport amounts to 3.6*10-3 kg of carbon over 100 hours. The variation of the carbon composition (weight %
carbon) with radius is tabulated for selected radii.

r (mm) 4.49 4.66 4.79 4.91 5.16 5.27 5.40 5.53

Wt.C (%) 1.42 1.32 1.20 1.09 0.82 0.65 0.46 0.28

a.) Beginning with Fick’s law and the assumption of a constant diffusion coefficient, DC-Fe, show that
dρC/d(ln r) is a constant. Sketch the carbon mass density, ρC(r), as a function of ln(r) for such a diffusion
process.

r1

r
r2
ℓ

𝑟1 = 4.30 𝑚𝑚, 𝑟2 = 5.70 𝑚𝑚, ℓ = 100 𝑚𝑚,

𝑚 𝑇 = 3.6 ∗ 10−3 𝑘𝑔 𝐶, 𝑡 = 100 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

Fick’s Law:

𝑗𝐶 = −𝜌𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 ∇𝑚𝐶

In the radial direction only for the domain 𝑟1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟2

𝑗𝐶 = −𝜌𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 ∇r 𝑚𝐶

For constant 𝜌

𝑑𝜌𝑐
𝑗𝐶 = −𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒
𝑑𝑟
Chain rule:
𝑑𝜌𝑐 𝑑(ln(𝑟)) 𝑑𝜌𝐶 1
𝑗𝐶 = −𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 = −𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒
𝑑(ln(𝑟)) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑(ln(𝑟)) 𝑟

We also know that at steady state,

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 3.6 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔
𝑗𝐶 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 100 ℎ𝑟 × 𝐴
ES 3002: Mass Transfer D Term, 2017

where 𝐴 is the area overwhich the 3.6 × 10−3 kg is transferred over the hour

Note, this area (and corresponding flux) changes with 𝑟

This is the area of the cylinder with radius 𝑟

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℓ

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 3.6 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔

𝑗𝐶 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 100 ℎ𝑟 × 2𝜋𝑟ℓ

Combining the two flux expressions,

𝑑𝜌𝐶 1 3.6 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔

−𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 =
𝑑(ln(𝑟)) 𝑟 100 ℎ𝑟 × 2𝜋𝑟ℓ

𝑑𝜌𝐶 3.6 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔 𝑟

= ( )
𝑑(ln(𝑟)) 100 ℎ𝑟 × 2𝜋𝑟(0.1 𝑚) −𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒

𝑑𝜌𝐶 3.6 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔

= ( )
𝑑(ln(𝑟)) 100 ℎ𝑟 × 2𝜋(0.1𝑚)(−𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 )

Note, all values on the right hand side are constant.

Q.E.D.

b.) The foregoing table corresponds to measured distributions of the carbon mass density. Is DC-Fe a
constant for this diffusion process? If not, does DC-Fe increase or decrease with an increasing carbon
concentration?
12000

10000

8000
ρC (kg/m3)

6000

4000

2000

0
8.350 8.400 8.450 8.500 8.550 8.600 8.650
ln(r [=] m )
ES 3002: Mass Transfer D Term, 2017

From the equation in part (a), we know that 𝑑𝜌𝐶 ⁄𝑑 ln(𝑟) is constant if 𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 is constant.
From the plot of 𝜌𝐶 vs. ln(𝑟), we can see that the slope (𝑑𝜌𝐶 ⁄𝑑 ln(𝑟)) is NOT constant,
therefore 𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 is not constant.

From the plot, we see that the magnitude of the slope, 𝑑𝜌𝐶 ⁄𝑑 ln(𝑟), decreases (becomes less
negative) with an increase in carbon concentration (concave down). Because the slope is
directly proportional to 𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 , the diffusivity must be INCREASING such that their product
remains constant.

c.) Using the experimental data, calculate and tabulate DC-Fe for selected carbon compositions.

𝑑𝜌𝑐 𝑑𝜌𝐶 1
𝑗𝐶 = −𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 = −𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒
𝑑𝑟 𝑑(ln(𝑟)) 𝑟

From (a),

𝑑𝜌𝐶 3.6 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔

= ( )
𝑑(ln(𝑟)) 100 ℎ𝑟 × 2𝜋ℓ(−𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 )
Rearranging:
−1
−3.6 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝜌𝐶
𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 = ( )
100 ℎ𝑟 × 2𝜋 × 0.1 𝑚 𝑑(ln(𝑟))
−1
−5
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝜌𝐶
𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 = (−5.73 × 10 )( )
ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑚 𝑑(ln(𝑟))

𝑘𝑔 Δ(ln(𝑟))
𝐷𝐶−𝐹𝑒 ≅ (−5.73 × 10−5 )( )
ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑚 ΔρC

r ρC-Fe ln(r) Δrho/Δln(r) DC-Fe

m kg/m3 ln(m) kg/m3 m2/h
4490 11147 8.410
4660 10362 8.447 -21123 2.71E-7
4790 9420 8.474 -34236 1.67E-7
4910 8557 8.499 -34898 1.64E-7
5160 6437 8.549 -42678 1.34E-7
5270 5103 8.570 -63265 9.06E-8
5400 3611 8.594 -61206 9.36E-8
5530 2198 8.618 -59398 9.65E-8