DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CH8351-PROCESS CALCULATION
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
TWO MARKS WITH ANSWERS

UNIT-I

1. In multiple effect evaporator system, the second effect is maintained

under vacuum of 475 torr . Find the absolute pressure in kPa.
Solution :
1 torr = 1 mmHg
Vacuum Pressure = 475 torr (or)475 mmHg
Absolute pressure= Atmospheric pressure-Vacuum pressure
Take Atmospheric pressure= 1 atm=760 mmHg
So Absolute pressure= 760-475 = 285 mmHg
1 mmHg= 0.133 KPa
285 mmHg = (0.133*285)=37.9 KPa

2. How many moles of H2SO4 will contain 64 kg of S?

Solution :
Molecular weight of H2SO4 = 98
1mol of Sulphur = 1 mol of H2SO4
32 kg of sulphur = 98 Kg of H 2SO4
64 Kg of Sulphur = (98*64)/32 = 196 Kg
Moles of H2SO4 = Weight of H2SO4/ Molecular weight of H2SO4
= 196/98 = 2 kmol Moles of H2SO4 = 2 kmol

3. The volumetric flow rate of a liquid of specific gravity 0.8 is 120 ft3/
min .Find the mass flow rate in kg/sec.
Solution:
S=0.8
ρ = 0.8* 1000=800 Kg/ m3
Q=120 ft3/min
1 ft3 = (0.3048^3) m3
1 min = 60 sec
Q= 120 ft3/min =120*( 0.3048^3)/60 Q=0.056 m3/sec
Mass flow rate= Q * ρ
= 0.056*800
=45.30 Kg/sec
4. Lead chloride is dissolved in water to form a saturated
solution .What is the degrees of freedom according to phase rule?
Lead chloride is dissolved in water to form a saturated solution so degrees
of freedom 3.

5. Give four examples of process simulators.

 CHEMCAD
 ASPEN
 HYSYS
 PROSIM
 HTRI

6. How the concentration of trace impurities is expressed?(or)Define the

various methods expressing the composition of mixtures.
 Weight percentage
 Volume percentage
 Mole percentage
 Parts per Million (ppm)

7. Find the molar mass of KMnO4

Molecular weight ofKMnO4 = (1*39)+(1*55)+(4*16) = 158
Valence= 05
Equivalent weight (or) Molar mass= Molecular weight/valence
=158/5
=31.6

8. What are fundamental and derived quantities?

Fundamental Quantities are the base units in a given measurement system.
They can also be directly measured.
Example : Mass, Length, Time
Derived Quantities : Derived ones must be calculated from fundamental
quantities.
Example : Density ,Acceleration ,Velocity

9. Mention is the relationship between equivalent weight and

molecular weight ?
Molecular weight: the combined weight of all the atoms in a molecular put
together constitutes molecular weight.
Equivalent weight: Molecular weight divided by valency of atoms is called
equivalent weight
[Molecular weight / valency]

10. Its necessary to store 1 kgmole of methane at a temperature of 50 oC

and a pressure of 600 atm. What is the volume of the vessel that must be
provided?
Solution:
n = 1 Kmol
T = 50 oC = 323 K
P= 600 atm
V= nRT/P = (1* 0.082*323)/600
= 0.044 m3

11. Calculate the volume of 15 kg of chlorine at a pressure of 0.9 bar and

293 K assuming ideal gas law.
Solution:
W = 15 kg
n = W/M =15/71 =0.211 kmol T = 293 K
1 bar = 0.98 atm
P= 0.9 bar= 0.88 atm
V= nRT/P = (0.211* 0.082*293)/0.88
= 5.76m3

12. What is the value of gas constant R .

13. Explain intensive and extensive property with an example.

Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of
matter being measured. Intensive properties, such as density and color, do
not depend on the amount of the substance present.

14. What will be the % Na2O content of lye containing 80% caustic soda.
Basis : 100 Kg of lye
Weight of NaOH = 80 Kg

2 NaOH Na2O + H2O

2. kmol NaOH = 1 kmol of Na2O

80 Kg of NaOH = 62 Kg of Na2O
80 Kg of NaOH = (80*62)/80=62 kg Weight of Na2O content of lye = 62 Kg
Weight % of Na2O content of lye =(62/100)*100=62

15. Define weight fraction and mole fraction .If 2.925 g of NaCl and
19.1 g of sugar are dissolved in 100 ml water .calculate the number of moles
of NaCl and C12H22O11.
Mass fraction (weight fraction) is the ratio of the mass of one
component of a solution to the total mass of the solution.
Mole fraction is a unit of concentration, defined to be equal to the number of
moles of a component divided by the total number of moles of a
solution:
W NaCl=2.925 g
nNacl=WNacl/M=2.925/58.5=0.05 mol
Wsugar = 19.1 g
n sugar = W sugar/M = 19.1/342 = 0.05 mol

16. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 34.2 g of

sucrose C12H22O11 in water to give 400 ml solution.
Solution:
W sucrose = 34.2 g
V= 400 ml = 400*10-3 litre
Gm moles of sucrose = weight of sucrose/M= 34.2/342=0.1 mol
Molarity = gm moles of sucrose/Volume of solution in litre
= 0.1/ (400*10-3)
=0.25

17. Find the composition of air in weight percentage.

Air composition Oxygen = 21 kmol Nitrogen = 79 kmol
Weight Percentage
Weight of oxygen = No of moles of oxygen * Molecular weight
= 21 * 32 = 672 kg
Weight of Air = No of moles of air * Molecular weight
= 79 * 28 =2212 kg
Total weight = Weight of oxygen + Weight of air
= 672+ 2212 = 2884 kg
Weight percentage of oxygen= weight of oxygen/Total weight
= (672/2884 )*100=23.33
Weight percentage of air = weight of air/Total weight
= (2212/2884)*100=76.69

18. Define specific volume and specific gravity

Specific volume
Specific volume of a substance is the ratio of the substances volume to its mass.Its
the reciprocal of density.
specific gravity
Specific gravity, also called relative density, is the ratio of the density of a
substance to the density of a reference substance.

19.230g of NaCl is present in 1 litre solution at 25 oC .Density of solution is

1.148 g/cc .calculate the composition in weight percent.
Solution:
W NaCl =230 g
V= 1 lit = 10 -3 m3 T= 25oC = 298 K
ρ= 1.148 g/cc= 1.148*10^6 g/ m3
Wsoln= Vsoln * ρ= 10 -3 * 1.148*10^6 =1148 g
Wsoln = W NaCl +W H2O
W H2O=Wsoln - W NaCl
=1148- 230
= 918 g
Weight percentage of NaCl = W NaCl/ Wsoln =(230/1148 )*100=20
Weight percentage of H2O =W H2O/ Wsoln =(918/1148)*100 = 80

20. How are moisture contents in a solid defined?

%Moisture = (mw/msample)*100
Where mw is the mass of the water and msample is the mass of the sample.
The mass of water is related to the number of water molecules (nW) by the
following expression: mw = nwMw/NA,
where Mw is the molecular weight of water (18.0 g per mole)
and NA is Avadagro's number (6.02*10 23 molecules per mole)

21. What is weight of 1 litre of methane at NTP?

Solution:
V=1 lit = 10-3 m3
NTP is P= 1 atm , T= 20oC = 293 K
n = PV/RT =(1* 10-3 )/(0.082*293)= 0.0000416 kmol
W= n*M = 0.0000416* 16= 6.656*10^-4 kg

22. A solution of NaCl in water contains 230g of NaCl per litre of solution
.The density of solution is 1.148 g/cc .Find the molality.
Solution:
W NaCl =230 g
V= 1 lit = 10 -3 m3 T= 25oC = 298 K
ρ= 1.148 g/cc= 1.148*10^6 g/ m3
Wsoln= Vsoln * ρ= 10 -3 * 1.148*10^6 =1148 g
Wsoln = W NaCl +W H2O
W H2O=Wsoln - W NaCl
=1148- 230
= 918 g
Molality =gm moles of NaCl/Vol of solution in litre
= 230/1
= 230
 UNIT-2

1. Give the Vander Waal’s equation and explain the terms.

The van der Waals equation was proposed in the year 1873. It was a first
step towards taking into account interaction forces which are acting between
real gases molecules. The equation of state of the perfect gas refers to a gas
consisting of point like items which do not interact with one another.

2. State kopp’s rule and its uses.

It states that the molecular heat capacity of a solid compound is the sum of
the atomic heat capacities of the elements composing it; the elements having
atomic heat capacities lower than those required by the Dulong–Petit law
retain these lower values in their compounds. Its used to Estimate the heat
capacity of solid.

3. Indicate recycle, bypass and purging operation in a chemical

manufacturing scheme.
Bypass operations:
In these operations a fraction of the feed stream to a process unit is diverted
around and combined with the output.
Purging operations:
A purge stream is one that is bled off to remove an accumulation of inerts or
unwanted impurities that might otherwise build up in the recycle stream.
Purging is used in the production of NH3.In the synthesis step, some of the
gas stream must be purged to prevent build of argon and methane.
Recycle operations
A Recycle stream is a process stream that returns material leaving a process
unit back to the entrance of the same unit.Recycle carried out under steady-rate
conditions. In these operations these is no build-up or material takes place
inside the process or in the recycle stream.

4. Define selectivity and yield.

Selectivity may be defined as the conversion of the reactant to the desirable
product divided by the overall conversion of the reactant. It may also be
stated as the rate of conversion of the feed to the desired product divided by
the overall conversion rate of the feed.
Yield is the percentage of theoretical maximum for each product, so if you
isolate 10% of your material as your desired product, it's 10% yield.

5. Define the terms excess and limiting reactants. give examples

In a chemical reaction, reactants that are not used up when the reaction is
finished are called excess reagents. The reagent that is completely used up or
reacted is called the limiting reagent, because its quantity limits the amount
of products formed.
Examples:
If more than 6 moles of O 2 are available per mole of C 6H12O6, the oxygen is in
excess and glucose is the limiting reactant. If less than 6 moles of oxygen
are available per mole of glucose, oxygen is the limiting reactant.

6. Explain the process of crystallisation and give few examples.

A separation technique to separate solids from a solution. On adding a solid
substance in a liquid and stirring it, the solid dissolves in the fluid. But when
added more and more solid to the liquid, a point comes after which no more
solid dissolves in the liquid.
Examples: Water and Honey

7. What is the use of material and energy balances?

Material and Energy balance: Facility as an energy system, Methods for
preparing process flow, Material and energy balance diagrams. Material
and energy balances are very important in an industry. Material balances
are fundamental to the control of processing, particularly in the control of
yields of the products.

8. State three reasons for using a recycle stream in a chemical

process.
Recycling operations have several advantages given below:
To utilize the valuable reactants to their maximum and avoid wastage.
To utilize the heat being lost in the outgoing stream. To improve the
performance of the equipment’s.
To control the operating variables such as composition, pressure,
temperature, etc. in a reaction.
To improve the selectivity of a product.

9. Define recycle,purge and combined feed ratio.

Recycle ratio is defined ratio between recycle feed to fresh feed(R.R=R/F)
10. Define conversion.
Conversion is the amount of starting material that has reacted, regardless of
what product it goes to.

11. Define partial pressure. How its related with total pressure.
The partial pressure is the pressure the gas if the gas were in the same volume
and temperature by itself.
The total pressure of a mixture of gases can be defined as the sum of the
pressures of each individual gas: Ptotal=P1+P2+…+Pn. ...
The partial pressure of an individual gas is equal to the total pressure
multiplied by the mole fraction of that gas.

12. State amagats law.

Amagat's law states that the extensive volume V = N. According to
Amagat's law of partial volume, the total volume of a non- reacting mixture of
gases at constant temperature and pressure should be equal to the sum of
the individual partial volumes of the constituent gases.

13. Define vapour pressure.

Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure
exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases
at a given temperature in a closed system. The equilibrium vapor pressure is
an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate.

14. Explain pure component volume for a gas in a mixture

Pure Component Volume: This is the volume, vi, that the moles of pure gas
i would occupy at the total pressure P and temperature T of the mixture.
Therefore, the partial pressure of gas i in an ideal gas mixture can be
calculated from the total pressure P and its mole fraction yi.

15. Define fresh feed conversion

The percentage of the limiting reactant in the combined reactor feed that is
converted and disappears.

16. Define average molecular weight for mixture gases.

When a sample under some process is a mixture of 2 or more gases, the
average mol weight is calculated by adopting a unit molal quantity of the
mixture as basis of calculation. The weight of this molar quantity is then
calculated and represents average molecular weight.

17. Give the difference between steady state and unsteady state
operations.
Under Steady state conditions the temperature within the system does not
change with time. Conversely, under unsteady state conditions the
temperature with in the system changes with time.

19. What you understand by the term degrees of freedom?

The Degrees of Freedom in general, can be defined as the total number of
observations minus the number of independent constraints imposed on the
observations.

20. State Kays rule

Pseudo critical property
of component in the mixture = mole fraction of the component
* Critical Property of the component
 UNIT -III

1. What is wet bulb temperature?

The wet-bulb temperature (WBT) is the temperature read by a thermometer covered
in water-soaked cloth (wet-bulb thermometer) over which air is passed. At 100%
relative humidity, the wet-bulb temperature is equal to the air temperature (dry-bulb
temperature) and it is lower at lower humidity.

2. Define absolute humidity.

It’s the ratio between kg of water vapour and kg of dry air.Its denoted as H.

3. Define relative and percentage humidity.

Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air divided by the
maximum amount that the air could contain at that temperature. Relative
humidity is expressed as a percentage. The relative humidity is 100% if the air is
saturated with water vapor and 0% if no water vapor is present in the air at all.
Percentage Humidity is the ratio of the weight of water vapor in a pound of dry air
to the weight of water vapor that would be present if the same weight of air were
saturated; the ratio is expressed as a percentage.

4. Define adiabatic saturation temperature.

Adiabatic saturation temperature refers to a temperature at which water converts
into air by the process of evaporation adiabatically. When air comes in contact with
water, heat and mass transformation takes place.

5. What is meant by adiabatic reaction temperature? (or)Define

adiabatic flame temperature.
When a combustion reaction takes place energy is released to the combustion
products. If no heat is lost in this process, the temperature of the combustion
products is known as the "Adiabatic Flame Temperature." .

6. Define humidification.
The process in which the moisture or water vapor or humidity is added to the air
without changing its dry bulb (DBT) temperature is called as humidification process.

7. What is saturation mixture?

A saturated solution is a chemical solution containing the maximum concentration of
a solute dissolved in the solvent . example - adding sugar to water until it no longer
dissolves creates a saturated solution.

8. State the uses of humidity chart.

Psychrometric charts show temperature vs. humidity, and can be used to express
human thermal comfort, design strategies, and energy requirements for those
strategies. Every psychrometric chart includes vertical lines that represent the dry
bulb temperatures. Air temperature increases from left to right.
9. Define molal humidity.
It’s the ratio between kmol of water vapour to kmol of dry air.Its denoted as
Hm.

10. What is bubble and dew point .

The bubble point is the point at which the first drop of a liquid mixture begins to
vaporize. The dew point is the point at which the first drop of a gaseous mixture
begins to condense.

11. What is dehumidification.

The process in which the moisture or water vapor or the humidity is removed from
the air keeping its dry bulb (DBT) temperature constant is called as
the dehumidification process.

12. Define percentage saturation.

Percentage saturation is defined as the ratio of the specific humidity of air to the
specific humidity of saturated air at the same temperature.

13. Define wet bulb depression?

The wet bulb depression is the difference between the dry-bulb temperature(Air
temperature) and the wet-bulb temperature. It is measured by a psychrometer . If
there is 100% humidity, dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures are identical, making
the wet-bulb depression equal to zero in such conditions.

14. What is dry bulb temperature.?

The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely
exposed to the air, but shielded from radiation and moisture.

15. Define psychrometric chart.

Psychrometric charts are complex graphs that can be used to assess the physical and
thermodynamic properties of gas-vapour mixtures at a constant pressure. They are
often used to assess the properties of moist air.

16. Define humid volume.

Humid volume is defined as ,volume occupied by unit mass of dry gas and its
associated vapor . This is also sometimes called as specific volume and is simply
reciprocal of density. Humid volume increases as the temperature or water vapor
content increases.

17. What is humid heat.

Ratio of the increase in total heat per kilogram of dry air to the rise in temperature,
with constant pressure and humidity ratio.
18. List the types of humidifier.
 central humidifiers.
 evaporators.
 impeller humidifiers.
 steam vaporizers.
 ultrasonic humidifiers.
19. Define condensation.
Condensation is the process when water vapor (water in its gas form) turns into
liquid. It happens when molecules of water vapor cool and collect together as liquid
water. Water vapor can be found on the outside of cold glasses, the warm side of
windows, and in the clouds up in the air.

20. What type of humidifier is best?

Portable/Tabletop Humidifiers are the least expensive and best for a single room like
a bedroom. These tabletop humidifiers require the most frequent refilling and are
available in ultrasonic cool mist humidifier choices.
 UNIT –IV

1. Calculate the energy required for the heating of 1 litre of

water from 35 oC to 65 oC .
Solution:
Volume=1 lit = 10-3 m3
Q=m× Cp ×ΔT
For water, the value of Cp is 4.186 J/g°C
m= Density*Volume
=1000*10-3 =1 kg
m = 1 kg =1000g
Q= 1000*4.186*(65-35)
=125580

2. Define heat of formation .

Heat of formation is the heat released or absorbed (enthalpy change) during
the formation of a pure substance from its elements at constant pressure (in their
standard states). Heat of formation is usually denoted by ΔHf. It is typically expressed
in units of kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

3. How will you calculate the enthalpy of ideal liquid solution.

 Amount of energy released or absorbed is calculated. q = m × Cg × ΔT. q = amount of

energy released or absorbed. ...
 calculate moles of solute. n = m ÷ M.
 Amount of energy (heat) released or absorbed per mole of solute is calculated.
ΔHsoln = q ÷ n.

4. Calculate the standard heat of reaction as follows :

4 NH3 + 5O2 4 NO + 6H2O
(g) (g) (g) (g)

Data:

Component ∆H f O(Kj/ m o l ) a t
298.15 K

NH3 -45.94
NO 90.25
H2O -241.82
Solution:
∆H R
o = (∆H f O)Products- (∆H f O)Reactants
= ((4* 90.25)+(6*-241.82))+((4*-45.94)+(5*0))
= - 1273.68 Kj/ m o l
5. Compare sensible heat and latent heat.
Latent and sensible heat are types of energy released or absorbed in
the atmosphere. Latent heat is related to changes in phase between liquids, gases,
and solids. Sensible heat is related to changes in temperature of a gas or object with
no change in phase.
6. What you understand by the term internal energy of a
system? how its related to the enthalpy of the system.
The change in the internal energy of a system is the sum of the heat transferred and
the work done. At constant pressure, heat flow (q) and internal energy (E)
are related to the system's enthalpy (H). The heat flow is equal to the change in
the internal energy of the system plus the PV work done.
E=H=q

7. What are the different methods used for calculating the heat
of reaction.
 Standard heat of formation
 Standard heat of combustion

8. Define standard heat of reaction.

The standard enthalpy of reaction (or standard heat of reaction) is the change
in enthalpy of a chemical reaction under standard conditions.

9. What is meant by the term heat capacity of gases.

Heat Capacity of gases. Specific and molar heat capacity of gases. Specific
heat (or heat capacity) of a substance may be defined as the quantity of heat required
to raise the temperature of 1 g of that substance by . it is expressed in calories or
joules.
10. Write about exothermic and endothermic reaction.
An exothermic process releases heat, causing the temperature of the immediate
surroundings to rise. An endothermic process absorbs heat and cools the
surroundings.”
11. Define heat of combustion and Give the significance of heat
of combustion.
The heat of combustion is defined to be the heat released for the
complete combustion of a compound in its standard state to form stable products in
their standard states.
Significance
Heat of combustion is a measure of the amount of heat energy released when
a given fuel is burned. The larger the number the more heat energy that is released in
the burning process. The more heat energy released the faster a substance being
heated will increase in temperature.
12. Define heat capacity.
Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of a given quantity of matter by one degree Celsius. Heat capacity for a
given matter depends on its size or quantity and hence it is an extensive property.
The unit of heat capacity is joule per Kelvin or joule per degree Celsius.

13. What you understand by the term specific heat ?why specific
heat of plastics are higher than metals.
The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the
temperature by one degree Celsius.
This is due to the fact that a higher thermal conductivity will allow the metal rod
to heat up faster. So even though it expands less than plastic with the same change
in temperature, the fact that it is at a higher temperature means that it could
potentially expand more.

14. What is the heat formation of sulphur?

Elemental sulfur is a solid at standard state so the standard enthalpy of formation is
equal to 0.
15. What is the law of conservation of energy?
This law means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only
be transformed or transferred from one form to another.
16. What is the purpose of material and energy balance?
Material and Energy balance: Facility as an energy system, Methods for preparing
process flow, Material and energy balance diagrams. ... Material and energy
balances are very important in an industry. Material balances are fundamental to the
control of processing, particularly in the control of yields of the products.

17. What is Hess’s law?

Hess' law states that the change of enthalpy in a chemical reaction (i.e. the heat of
reaction at constant pressure) is independent of the pathway between the initial and final
states. If a chemical change takes place by several different routes, the overall enthalpy
change is the same, regardless of the route by which the chemical change occurs (provided
the initial and final condition are the same.
18. What is trouton’s rule?
Trouton’s rule states that the entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about
85–88 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points. The entropy of
vaporization is defined as the ratio between the enthalpy of vaporization and the
boiling temperature.

19. State Kopp’s rule.

Kopp found "that the molecular heat capacity of a solid compound is the sum of the
atomic heat capacities of the elements composing it; the elements having atomic heat
capacities lower than those required by the Dulong–Petit law retain these lower
values in their compounds."

20. How is heat of combustion of white petrol is determined?

American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) methods

 UNIT -V

1. Name the lists of tests for proximate analysis.

 sulfur
 moisture
 volatile matter
 ash
 fixed carbon

2. Differentiate flue gas analysis from orsat analysis

The term 'flue gas' refers to the hot gas emissions that are generated during the
combustion process and emitted via a building's chimney or flue.
An Orsat gas analyser is a piece of laboratory equipment used to analyse a gas
sample (typically fossil fuel flue gas) for its oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide content

3. Classify fuels with examples

Solid : Ex.Coal
Liquid : Ex.Petrol
Gas : Ex.Natural Gas

4. What are the things that would be found from proximate analysis of
coal?

Proximate analysis is one of the first analyses performed on coal after mining. The
test involves heating the coal under various conditions for variable amounts of time
to determine moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash yield

5. What are ultimate analysis of coal.

Ultimate analysis, which is more comprehensive, is dependent on

quantitative analysis of various elements present in the coal sample, such as carbon,
hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.

6. How calorific value of fuels are evaluated?

Calorific value is defined as the amount of calories generated when a unit amount of
substance is completely oxidized and is determined using the bomb calorimeter.

7. Give some examples for liquid fuels.

 Petrol
 Diesel
 Kerosene
 Crude oil

8. Why is calorific value is important?

The calorific value of the fuel is also called as the heat value of the fuel. It is defined
as the amount of heat released by burning of unit quantity of the fuel. The
calorific value is an important characteristic of the fuel .

9. What is theoretical oxygen?

Theoretical oxygen demand is the calculated amount of oxygen required to oxidize a
compound to its final oxidation products.

10. Define combustion.

Combustion reactions occur when oxygen reacts with another substance and gives
off heat and light. Burning coal, methane gas, and sparklers are all
common examples of combustion reactions

11. List the types of combustion.

 Complete combustion

 Incomplete combustion

12. What are the types of calorific value?

 Gross calorific value
 Net calorific value

13. Define latent heat.

Latent heat, energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its
physical state (phase) that occurs without changing its temperature. ... The latent
heat is normally expressed as the amount of heat (in units of joules or calories) per
mole or unit mass of the substance undergoing a change of state.

14. List the types of coal.

Coal is a nonrenewable resource known as a fossil fuel. It's the most abundant fossil
fuel we have. The four types of coal include peat, lignite, bituminous, and anthracite,
with anthracite being most desirable due to its high heat content.

15. What is stack gas?

Flue gas—the emitted material produced when fossil fuels such as coal, oil,
natural gas, or wood are burned for heat or power—may contain pollutants such as
particulates, sulfur dioxide, mercury, and carbon dioxide. Most flue gas, however,
consists of nitrogen oxides

16. Is LPG is better than CNG.

CNG is Compressed Natural Gas, which is mainly methane compressed at a pressure
of 200 to 248 bars. LPG is Liquefied Petroleum Gas, a mixture of propane and butane
liquefied at 15 °C and a pressure of 1.7 - 7.5 bar. ... CNG is cheaper and cleaner,
but LPG has a higher calorific value.

17. What is the calorific value of CNG?

LPG got higher calorific value, 90 to 95 MJ/m3 Calorific value of CNG vary between
35 to 40 MJ/m3. Biogas got the least calorific value among three.. Biogas
and CNG have variable thermal values depending on the mix of gases.
18. Why hydrogen has the highest calorific value?
Although hydrogen has the highest calorific value, it is not used as a domestic fuel.
It is because hydrogen is a highly combustible and it reacts explosively when it comes
in contact with air. ... So, even though hydrogen has the highest calorific value,
it is not used as a domestic fuel

19. What is the process of making coal?

Coal is formed if dead plant matter decays into peat and over millions of years the
heat and pressure of deep burial converts the peat into coal. ... Some iron and
steel making and other industrial processes burn coal.

20. What are the four stages of coal formation?

There are four stages in coal formation: peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite.
The stage depends upon the conditions to which the plant remains are subjected
after they were buried – the greater the pressure and heat, the higher the rank
of coal.