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The humidity ratio of moist air is the ratio of the mass of water vapour mw to
the mass of dry air ma contained in the mixture of the moist air, in lb/lb (kg/kg).
mw 0.622 pv
ma Pat pv
Ws
0.622 ps
Pat ps
2. Relative Humidity
The relative humidity of moist air, or RH, is defined as the ratio of the mole
fraction of water vapour xv in a moist air sample to the mole fraction of the water
vapour in a saturated moist air sample xs at the same temperature and pressure.
xv
p
v
xs T ,p ps
3. Degree of Saturation
The degree of saturation is defined as the ratio of the humidity ratio of moist
air W to the humidity ratio of the saturated moist air Ws, at the same
temperature and pressure.
P p
W
at s
Ws T,p
Pat pv
4. Dew Point
The dew point td is the temperature of saturated moist air at the same pressure
and humidity ratio as the given mixture.
Ws Pat ,td W
5. Enthalpy
The enthalpy h of a mixture of perfect gases is equal to the sum of the
enthalpies of each constituents,
h ha Whv
And for the air-water vapour mixture is usually referenced to the mass of dry air.
ig
,
at 0 F is 1061.2 Btu/lbm.
1
ig
at 0 C is 2501.3 kJ/kg.
6. Moist Volume
The moist volume of moist air v, ft3/lb (m3/kg), is defined as the volume of the
mixture of the dry air and water vapour when the mass of the dry air is exactly
equal to 1 lb (1 kg), that is,
V
ma
Where,
Then,
V RaTR 1 1.6078W
ma
Pat
ma 1
V v
9. Adiabatic Saturation
Or
W1
Ws*2
0.622 pv2
P2 pv2
pv2 = ps2 at t*2 the enthalpy of vaporization h *fg2 depends only on t*2; the enthalpy
of the vapour hv1 is a function of t1; and h*w is a function of t*2. Therefore, the
humidity ratio of an air-water vapour mixture can be determined from the
entering and leaving temperatures and pressures of the adiabatic saturator.
Example No. 1
The pressure entering and leaving an adiabatic saturator is 14.696 lbf/in. 2, the
entering temperature is 80 F, and the leaving temperature is 64 F. Compute the
humidity ratio W1 and the relative humidity 1.
Given:
Pressure = 14.696 lbf/in2.
Entering temperature = 80 F
Leaving temperature = 64 F
Required:
t2* 64 F
pv2 ps2
t2*
at
Ws*2
W1
=0.299 lbf/in.2
0.622pv2
0.622 0.299
Using Table A-1a, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, 5 th Edition. F.C.
McQuiston et al. (Properties of Water-Steam)
at 80 F
*
fg2
at 64 F
0.24 64 80 0.0129 1057 .1
W1
0.0092 lbmvlbma
1096 32
Then solving for pv1 we have,
4
W1
0.6219 pv1
0.0092 lbmvlbma
14.696 pv1
Finally,
p
0.2142
v1
0.423 42.3%
ps1 0.507
10.Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb Temperatures
The temperature of an air-vapour mixture read with a dry thermometer is
called the dry-bulb temperature. If the bulb of the thermometer is surrounded by
a wet fabric, liquid is evaporated as air is blown over it causing the temperature
to drop in a process similar to the adiabatic saturation process. This lower
reading when properly taken, is called the wet-bulb temperature. One of the
common instruments is a sling psychrometer, which consists of two
thermometers, one dry bulb and one wet bulb, attached to a handle so that they
may be easily whirl about the axis of the handle. The amount by which the
moisture on the fabric is cooled, td tw, is called the wet bulb depression.
11.Sensible Heat and Latent Heat
Sensible heat is that heat energy associated with the change of air temperature
between two state points. The enthalpy of moist air calculated at a datum state
0 F(-17.8 C) can be divided into two parts:
h cpa WcpvT Whfg
The first term on the right-hand side indicates the sensible heat. It depends on
P a bH
5
a
Table 1. Constants
Constant
b
and
H 4000 ft or1220 m
H 4000 ft or1220 m
IP
29.92
SI
101.325
IP
29.42
SI
99.436
-0.001025
-0.01153
-0.0009
-0.010
13.SAMPLE PROBLEMS
13.1 Calculate values of humidity ratio, enthalpy, and specific volume for
saturated air at one standard atmosphere using perfect gas relations for
temperatures of (a) 20 C and (b) 20 F .
Given:
Saturated air at standard atmosphere and (a) 20 C and (b) 20 F.
Required:
Humidity ratio
Enthalpy
Specific volume
Solution:
(a) In SI units, t = 20 C
Humidity Ratio:
p
p
Ws 0.622 s 0.622 s
pa
P ps
at t = 20 C, ps = 0.00234 MPa = 2.34 kPa
P = 101.325 kPa
2.34
Ws 0.622
101 .325 2.34
= 0.0147 kgv/kga
h 1.0t W 2501 .3 1.86t
kJ/kga
h 1.0 20 0.0147 2501 .3 1.86 20
= 57.3 kJ/kga
Specific Volume:
Ra = 287 J/kg.K
RT RT
v a a
pa P ps
287 20 273.15
101.325 2.34 1000
= 0.85 m3/kga
= 12.14 ft3/lbma
13.2 Air with a dry bulb temperature of 70 F and wet bulb temperature of 65 F is at
a barometric pressure of 29.92 in. Hg. Without making use of psychrometric
chart, find (a) the relative humidity of the air, (b) the vapor density, (c) the dew
point, (d) the humidity ratio, and (e) the volume occupied by the mixture
associated with a pound mass of dry air.
Given:
Dry bulb = 70 F
Wet bulb = 65 F
Barometric pressure = 29.92 in Hg
Required:
a. Relative humidity
b. Vapour density
c. Dew point
d. Humidity ratio
e. Volume occupied per pound mass of dry air.
Solution:
t1
= 70 F
7
t2
= 65 F
Ws2
Solving for
pv2
ps2
=
at 65 F = 0.3095 psia
P2 P1
= 29.92 in Hg = 14.696 psia
pv2
0.3095
Ws2 0.622
0.622
P2 pv2
14.696 0.3095
= 0.01338 lbmv/lbma
W1
Solving for
, Eq. (3-21c)
hfg2
hfg
=
hf
hw
at 65 F = 1056.5 Btu/lbm
at 65 F = 33 Btu/lbm
hg
hv1
at 70 F = 1091.7 Btu/lbm
0.24 65 70 0.01338 1056 .5
W1
1091 .7 33
= 0.012219 lbmv/lbma
pv 1
Solving for
W1 0.622
pv1
P1 pv1
0.012219 0.622
pv1
14.696 pv1
pv1
= 0.2832 psia
ps1
at 70 F,
= 0.363 psia
(a)
Relative Humidity
p
0.2832
v1
ps1 0.363
= 0.78 or 78 %
(b) Vapor Density
pv
0.2832 144
(c)
Dew Point
pv1
At
= 0.2832 psia
tdp
= 62.54 F
Humidity Ratio
m
W v W1
a
m
= 0.012218 lbmv/lbma
(e)
Volume occupied by mixture per pound of mass of dry air.
R T 53.352 70 459 .67
v a
pa 14.696 0.2832 144
= 13.62 ft3/lbma
(d)
End -