ILLUMINATION- maybe defined as the light of proper color, quantity and so directed as to

allow quick and accurate vision without discomfort to eyes.

TERMS & DEFINITION

1. Luminous Flux (ϕ∨F ) – is the light energy radiated out per second from the luminous
body in the form of light waves. Its unit is lumen (lm), one lumen is defined as the flux
emitted per unit solid angle from a standard candle.

Δ ϕ=I (Δω) where: Δ ω a solid angle subtended at the center of the sphere in steradian

Δϕ = l ( ΔΑr ) in lm : Δ ω = ΔΑ¿ rea

2
¿
= 4 πsr (for isotropic source)

Δ ϕ = 4πl

2. Luminous intensity (l) (cd) – or candle power of the source in any direction is given by
the luminous flux radiated out per sec. on its unit solid angle in that direction. Its unit is
candela (cd), one candela is defined as one lumen per steradian.

Δϕ
l= in candela note: l candle power (older unit of l) = 0.981 candela
Δω

3. Mean Spherical Candle Power (MSCP)

ϕ lumen
MSCP = in or cd
4π Sr

4. Mean Hemispherical Candle Power (MHSCP)

ϕ lumen
MHSCP = in or cd
2π Sr

5. Illuminance (ILLUMINATION)(E) – is a measure of how light falls on unit area of the

surface.

lumen lumen lumen

1 lux(lx) = 1 2 ; 1 foot candle(fc) = 1 2 ; 1 phot (ph) = 1 2
m ft m

thus: 1 fc = 10.76 lux & 1 phot = 10,000 lux

ϕ
E= in lux, phot or fc
Α

6. Specific Output (Efficacy) – is the ratio of luminous flux to the power intake “W”

lm 4 πM . S . C . P
=
w watts

7. Principle of Photometry – the illumination (E) due to point source decreases inversely as
the square of the distance from the source.

I I2 I2
Eα 2 ; 2 = 2 ⟶ inverse square law
r r 1 r2

For Horizontal surface: For Vertical surface:

lcosθ lsinθ
E= 2 E= 2
d d
 h s
but cos θ = but sin θ =
d d
lh ls
E= 3 lux or fc E= 3 lux or fc
d d

8. The space/height ratio is given by:

horizontal distance between lamps

=
mounting height of lamps

9. The utilization factor or coefficient of utilization (η ¿

lumens actually received on working plane

η=
lumens emitted by thelight source

Factors:
a) kinds of light
b) surface where light is coming (walls, ceilings, etc.,)
c) color of the surface and surrounding

It varies from: 0.10 to 0.60 depending upon the nature of light

a) 0.10 to 0.40 for indirect lighting system
b) 0.10 to 0.60 for direct lighting system

10. Maintenance Factor or Depreciation Factor ( ρ )

sometimes called Light Loss Factor

illumination under actual condition

ρ=
illumination when everything is perfectly clean

Factors:
a) Because of dust, dirt, etc.
b) Blacking of filament, the light emitted decreases

It varies from: 0.60 to 0.80

also ρ = LLD x LDD x RSDD x LBO

where:
LLD = lamp lumen depreciation
LDD = luminaire dirt depreciation factor
RSDD = room surface dirt depreciation factor
LBO = lamp burnout (only for 2 or more luminaires)

LIGHTING DESIGN
Lighting design is a combination of applied art and applied science

GOALS OF LIGHTING DESIGN:

1. Lighting levels should be adequate for efficient seeing of the particular task involved.
2. Lighting equipment should be unobstructive, but not necessarily invisible.
3. Lighting must have the properly quality.
4. Lighting design must be accomplished efficiently in terms of capital and energy resources.

METHODS USED FOR LIGHTING DESIGN:

1. Illumination Methods (Point-by-Point method)

a. General Lighting – this is a system designed to give uniform and generally, through not
necessarily. Diffuse lighting throughout the area under consideration.
b. Local and supplementary – these are two terms that are used interchangeably but have
slightly different meanings, “Local Lighting” provides a small, high-level area without
contributing to the general lighting. “Supplementary lighting” also provides a restricted
area of high intensity, but supplements the general lighting.

c. Combined General and Local Lighting – is used in space where general visual task is
low, but supplementary lighting is required in a limited area of particular task.

2. Lumens (Flux) Method

Lumen methods of calculation is a procedure for determining the average maintained
illumination on the working plane in a room. The method presupposed that luminaire will be
spread so that uniformity of illumination is provided.

ZONAL CAVITY METHOD

In this method coefficient of utilization was determine through different tables related to
luminaires light distribution characteristic, to room size and its surface reflectance, to its
mounting height and its relationship to the working plane (i.e., Cavity Ratios)

RCR = 5h RC [ ]
l+w
lxw
=¿ room cavity ratio

CCR = 5hCC [ ]
l+w
lxw
=¿ ceiling cavity ratio

FCR = 5h FC [ ]
l+w
lxw
=¿ floor cavity ratio

Where:
h RC = height of room cavity
hCC = height of ceiling cavity
h FC = height of floor cavity

3. Flood Lighting – it means “flooding” of large surface with the help of light from powerful
projectors. Its uses are for aesthetics, advertising and industrial/commercial lighting schemes.

FLOOD LIGHTING DESIGN (2x – 4x rule)

(b) Interior poles (a) Perimeter poles

DISTINCTION BETWEEN TUNGSTEN FILAMENT LAMP & FLOURESCENT TUBE:

TUNGSTEN FILAMENT LAMP FLOURESCENT FILAMENT LAMP

1. Its light is close to the natural light
2. Actual color can be judged
3. Initial cost is low
4. Life is about 1000 hrs.
5. Maintenance cost is more
6. Brightness is more
7. Light output is reduced with time
8. Heat radiation loss is there
1. Its light is not close to natural light
2. Actual color cannot be judged
3. Initial cost is high
4. Life is about 4000 hrs.
5. Maintenance cost is low
6. Its light is cool and pleasant
7. Light output is also reduced but very less
8. As the temperature is less so less radiation losses
9. Less Lumen output per watt 9. More lumen output per watt(40lm/watt)
10. Lumen efficiency is poor because 10. The color of light depends upon the glass in
of colored glass the case of colored lamp
11. No stroboscopic effect 11. It has stroboscopic effect

ILLUMINATION, R.A.7920, IRR & R.A. 9136 REVIEW PROBLEMS

1. Which of the following instruments is used for the comparison of candle powers of
different sources?
A. Radiometer C. Photometer
B. Bunsen meter D. Candle meter

2. Cavity factor is applied in which field?

A. Video system C. Audio system
B. Computer D. Illumination system

3. A lamp gives an average output of 628 lumens. What is the M.S.C.P.?

A. 45 C. 50
B. 48 D. 40

4. A street lamp 7m above sidewalk dissipates 200 Watts and has a luminous efficiency of 60
lumens per watt. If the source is assumed to be isotropic, find the illuminance at a point on
the sidewalk 10 m from the base of the lamp .
A.3.68 lux C. 4.521ux
B. 6.42 lux D. 5.681ux

5. A 100 candela lamp emits light uniformly in all directions and is suspended 2 m above
center of a working plane of a table which is 3m square. The illumination at each
corner of table in foot candle is?
A.0.67 C. 0.75
B.1.00 D. 1.65

6. A road illuminated by two 500 cd lamps placed 6.1 m above the centerline of the road and
18.3 m apart. Find the illumination produced on the surface of the road at a point on the
centerline midway between the lamps.
A. 2.3 lux C. 4.6 lux
B. 3.4 lux D. 6.8 lux

7. A roam 20ft x 30ft is illuminated by five 200-Watt, 3700 lumen incandescent lamps. The
average illumination intensity at the working plane as measured by a foot-candle meter is 10
lumens/sq. ft. Calculate the utilization factor of the lamps.
A.0.32 C. 0.23
B.0.45 D. 0.56

8. A room with dimension 75 ft x 36 ft x13 ft requires 50 foot-candle, lamp lumen output

3200 maintenance factor is 0.7, coefficient of utilization is 0.48. Arranged in 4 rows and 4
bays. How many lamps in bays?
A. 8 C. 4
B. 6 D.10

9. A room measures 4ft by 60 ft needs 80 foot-candles of illumination. Each lamp has an

output of 3300 lumens. Depreciation and maintenance factor are 0.6 and 0.7 respectively. If
the lamp consumes 53 watts, power factor is 75%, what is feeder current. Take supply
voltage of 220 volts single phase.
A. 36 Amperes C. 44 Amperes
B. 22 Amperes D. 26 Amperes
10. The illumination on a certain object 2.5 m from light source is 6,648 lux, using the same
light source, what is the illumination on the object at 5 m?
A. 1,226 lux C. 1,662 lux
B. 3,324 lux D. 4,7001ux

11. How much should a 100-Watt lamp be lowered to double the illumination on the object
which is 70 cm under it?
A. 20.5 cm C. 49.5cm
B. 16.7 cm D. 2.42cm

12. A 150 candela lamp at a distance of 12.37 m gives a sufficient illumination on a certain
working plain. How far a 250-candela lamp be placed to have the same illumination?
A. 9.58 m C. 49.5 m
B. 15.97 m D. 8.95 m

13. Two lamps of 20 cd 40 cd are 10 m apart. At what point between them will the
illumination produced by them be equal?
A. 5.86 m from 20 cd lamp C. 4.14 m from 20 cd lamp
B. 4.14 m from 40 cd lamp D. at midpoint

14. A classroom 15 ft x 20 ft x 10 ft height, having 2 ft ceiling cavity and 3 ft floor cavity.

What is the height of the room cavity for the said classroom?
A. 300 sq. ft. C. 5ft
B. 3,000 cu. ft D. 3ft

15. A classroom 6m x 8m x 3.70m height, having 1.0m ceiling cavity and 0.75 m floor
cavity. What is the floor cavity ratio of the said classroom?
A. 1.95 C. 1.09
B. 1.46 D. 2.84

16. Prior to staring of fluorescent, heating of electrode is done by ___.

A. Ballast C. Starter
B. Heater D. Filament

17. A choke coil (ballast) is generally used in series with the tube in the fluorescent lamp
circuit in order to____.
A. prevent flickering C. suppress radio interference
B. limit current to a proper value D. improve overall power factor

18. In some fluorescent lamp installations, wheels of rotating machinery appear to be

stationary due to___.
A. phosphorescence C. poor circuit power factor
B. stroboscopic effect D. fluctuating electric supply

19. What do you call the interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is greater
than 7.6 m (25 ft) above floor level?
A. High pressure sodium (HPS) C. High Bay
B. High Intensity discharge (HID) D. High Ballast

20. It is desired to flood-light the front of a building 42 m wide and 16 m high. Projectors of
300 beam spread and 1,000-Watt lamp giving 20 lm/watt are available. If the desired level of
illumination is 75 lux and if the projectors are to be located at ground level 17 m away.
Estimate the number of lamps required. Assume the following: coefficient of utilization,
η = 0.40, maintenance factor, ρ = 0.77, waste light factor, ω = 1.2
A. 12 C. 10
B. 14 D. 8
21. R.A. 7920 is a consolidation of House Bill No. _ Senate Bill No._
A. 11063 & 1766 C. 16013 & 1667
B. 10163 & 1676 D. 13106 & 1776

22. The Board of Electrical Engineer shall compose of ___.

A. one chairman C. one chairman & two members
B. one chairman & one member D. three member

23. Sec. 4, Art. II, R.A. 7920 states the powers and duties of the board. What does it mean by
quasi-legislative powers?
A. evaluation C. supervisory
B. control D. rule-making

24. What is otherwise known as “PRC Modernization Law”?

A. RA 8981 C. RA 8819
B. RA 7981 D. RA 7819

25. Month of May is declared as "Electrical Safety Month” as declared by President Aquino,
what proclamation number is this?
A. 7920 C. 93
B. 9136 D. 193

24. What does OSHS Means?

A. Occupational Safety and Health Standards
B. Operational Safety and Health System
C. Occupational Safety and Handling System
D. Operational Security and Health Standards

27. If a tropical storm is going to the Philippine area of responsibility within 24 hours, what
kind of alert status to be raised in accordance to Philippine Distribution Code?
A. Blue alert C. Weather disturbance alert
B. Yellow alert D. Red alert

28. The functional unit of NPC (National Power Corp.) created to pursue the missionary
electrification function is SPUG, what does SPUG means?
A. System Power Users Group C. Small Power User Generator
B. Small Power Utilities Group D. System Power Utilities Generation

29. What is SOLR from Philippine Distribution Code (PDC)?

A. Supplier of last resort C. Supplier of load resort
B. Source of load resort D. Source of line reserve

30. As specified by ERC (Energy Regulatory Commission), a large customer is a customer

with a demand at least _ MW or the threshold value specified.
A. 1.0 C. 0.75
B. 0.5 D. 2.0

ILLUMINATION, R.A.7920, IRR & R.A. 9136 SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

1. Polar graph representing variation in candle power of illumination.

A. Photometric distribution C. Photo sensor
B. Photometric report D. Photometric brightness

2. The illumination is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle made by the normal
to the illuminated surface with the direction of the incident flux. The above statement is
associated with__.
A. Lambert’s cosine law C. Bunsen's law of illumination
B. Planck’s law D. Macbeth’s law of illumination
3. It is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of
various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source. Also called
color accuracy.
A. spectral power C. luminous emittance
B. color rendering index D. chromatic index

4. Most affected parameter of a filament lamp due to voltage change is ___.

A. wattage C. luminous efficiency
B. life D. light output

5. Recommended illumination level of general office for reading.

A. 40 fc C. 30 fc
B. 100 fc D. 70 fc

6. For indoor lawn tennis, what is the recommended level of illumination for tournaments?
A. 30 fc C. 20 fc
B. 10 fc D. 50 fc

7. A 100-Watt, 110 Volts lamp is rated 11.0 lm/watt. At what distance from the lamp is the
maximum illumination 10 lux?
A. 2.96 meters C. 11.73 meters
B. 7.00 meters D. 1.91 meters

8. A 150-Watt light source has a mean spherical luminous intensity of 87.5 candelas.
Compute the luminous efficacy of the lamp.
A. 4.77 lm/w C. 5.33 lm/w
B. 7.33 lm/w D. 6.77 lm/w

9. A light source emits a total luminous flux of 1000 lumens distributed uniformly over a
quarter or a sphere. What is the luminous intensity at 2.5 m?
A. 270 cd C. 357 cd
B. 318 cd D. 400 cd

10. A light has a candle power of 100 at a given direction at a point 10 ft distance from the
source, if the receiving plane is tilted through 30 degrees from the perpendicular, what is the
illumination upon the surface?
A. 0.70 fc C. 0.5 fc
B. 0.34 fc D. 0.866 fc

11. Compute the illumination in foot candle at the edge of a circular table of radius 1 m, if a
300cd source is suspended 5 m above its center.
A. 11.31 C. 1.05
B. 12.76 D. 1.18

12. A light meter reads the illumination received from the sun as 1 x 105 lm/m2. If the
distance from the earth to the sun is 1.5 x 1011 m, compute the luminous intensity of the sun.
A. 2.25 x1027 cd C. 2.25 x1021 cd
21
B. 1.5 x10 cd D. 1.25 x1027 cd

13. A 150 candle power lamp give sufficient light to read a book at a distance of 6 feet. If the
lamp depreciates to 75 candle powers, how much closer should the book be placed to be read
with same luminance in foot-candle?
A. 3.4 ft c. 2.6 ft
B. 2.2 ft D. l.8 ft

14. A 100-watt bulb emits a total luminous flux of 1500 lumens, distributed uniformly over a
hemisphere. What is the illuminance at a distance of 2 m?
A. 10.6 lux C. 46.81ux
B. 21.2 lux D. 59.71ux

15. Given 800 lux, what is the lux when the distance to the point is doubled?
A. 300 C. 400
B. 100 D. 200

16. The required illuminance for a given working plane is 100 foot-candles. Find the
illuminance “E” in lux.
A. 1496 C. 1204
B. 1075 D. 1360

17. 100 footcandle at 10 ft distance from point “P”. What is the intensity?
A. 40,000 C. 20,000
B. 30,000 D. 10,000

18. A light source has a candle power of 100 in all directions. At a 10 distance from the
source, what illumination in foot-candle is being received on a plane perpendicular to the
source?
A. 2.5 C. 2
B. 1.5 D. 1

19. A lamp giving 200 candelas uniformly below the horizontal plane is suspended 3 m
above a horizontal plane. Calculate the illumination at a point 3 m from the vertical axis.
A. 7.66 C. 7.86
B. 7.75 D. 7.55

20. The illumination in a room is being designed, the data are as follows:
Room length = 30 ft Room width = 20 ft
Coefficient of utilization (η ) = 0.60 Maintenance factor ( ρ ) = 70%
Required foot-candle = 50 Lumens per lamp = 3300
Watts per lamp = 53 Supply Voltage = 220 V
Power factor = 75%
What is the total current of the lamps required to satisfy the requirements?
A. 21 Amps C. 15 Amps
B. 7 Amps D. 25 Amps

21. A room 100 ft x 300 ft requires 80 foot-candles. It is to be illuminated by duplex

fluorescent lamp. The 2-T20 Watt lamp has an output of 3200 lumen, maintenance factor is
0.7 and coefficient of utilization is 0.6. Calculate the number of luminaires.
A. 1786 C. 894
B. 1144 D. 1228

22. A room 40 m by 20 m needs to be illuminated by duplex fluorescent lamp at level of 60

cp. Each lamp has an output of 3300 lumens. Depreciation and maintenance factor are 0.65
and 0.75 respectively. If the lamp consumes 53 Watts, power factor is 75%, what is the
feeder current? Take supply voltage of 230 Volts, 3-phase.
A. 92 Amperes C. 75 Amperes
B. 57 Amperes D. 72 Amperes

23. What component is necessary to ignite and lit up a preheat fluorescent luminaire?
A. Starter C. Capacitor
B. Ballast D. Tube holder

24. The following lighting system are HID (High-Intensity-Discharge) general groups of
lamps EXCEPT.
A. rapid-start lamp C. metal-halide lamp
B. mercury lamp D. high-pressure sodium lamp
25. The flicker effect of fluorescent lamps is more pronounce at ___.
A. lower frequencies C. lower voltage
B. higher frequencies D. higher voltage

26. When a fluorescent lamp is to be operated on DC which of the following additional

devices must be incorporated in the circuit?
A. Inductance C. Resistance
B. Transformer D. Condenser

27. The purpose of coating the fluorescent tube from inside with white phosphor powder is:
A. to improve life
B. to improve the appearance
C. to change the color of light emitted to white
D. to increase the light radiations due to secondary emissions

28. Life burning hours of a typical 40 W fluorescent lamp is___.

A. 24,000 C. 16,000
B. 20,000 D. 12,000

29. Burning hours of incandescent lamp is about___.

A.1500 C. 1800
B. 750 D. 650

30. Average life of 28 V, 75 W tungsten halogen lamps is .

A. 2000 C. 4000
B. 1500 D. 500

31. The illumination of a room is being designed from the following data:
Room length = 40 ft Room width = 24 ft
Coefficient of utilization = 0.60 Maintenance factor = 0.70
Required foot-candle = 200 Lumens per lamp = 3,300
What is the number of lamps per row'? Provided the number of rows is 4.
A. 40 C. 30
B. 35 D. 140

32. A 50 ft by 20 ft office is to be illuminated with duplex fluorescent luminaires at level of

100 foot-candle. The maintenance factor and coefficient of utilization are estimated to be
70% and 60% respectively. Each fluorescent produces 3300 lumens. Estimate the total power
if the wattage of each lamp is 53 watts.
A. 1800 watts C. 3800 watts
B. 2800 watts D. 35080 watts

33. A 40 ft by 80 ft office is to be illuminated with duplex fluorescent luminaires at level of

60 foot-candle. The maintenance factor and coefficient of utilization are estimated to be 75%
and 65% respectively. Each fluorescent produces 3300 lumens. How many luminaries are
required per row if there are 4 rows?
A. 15 C. 30
B. 13 D. 8

34. Two lamps 5 cd and 20 cd are 150 apart. At what point between them will the same
illumination be produced by each?
A. 50 cm from 20 cd lamp C. 50 cm from 5 cd lamp
B. 100 cm from 5 cd lamp D. 80 cm from 20 cd lamp

35. Estimate the number of 1000-Watt floodlight projectors required to illuminate the upper
75 m of one face of a 96 m tower of width 13 m if approximate initial average illumination is
to be 86lux. The projectors are mounted at ground level 51 m from the base of the tower.
Utilization factor is 0.2 and efficiency of each lamp is 18 lm/watt.
A. 22 C. 24
B. 25 D. 21

36. It refers to choice of electrical systems, including planning and detailing of requirements
for protection, control, monitoring, coordination and interlocking of electrical systems among
others.
A. system utilization design C. power plant design
B. practice of electrical engineering D. electrical system design

37. Article III contains:

A. Sec. 3 to 6 C. Sec. 10 to 20
B. Sec. 10 to 30 D. Sec. 10 to 20

38. ___ is an establishment or a system for the production and modification of electric
energy.
A. Business establishments C. Electric plant
B. Industrial plant D. Commercial establishments

39. Sec. 2 (a)(6) Art. 1 of R.A. 7920 is __.

A. Constitution, investigation, valuation, and management of services requiring electrical
engineering knowledge.
B. Teaching of electrical engineering professional subjects.
C. Taking charge of sale and distribution of electrical equipment.
D. Supervision of election, installation, testing and commissioning of power plants.

40. The EE Board of Chairman when the R.A. 7920 and Code of Ethics was approved.
A. Paul Joseph E. Woo C. Gerardo V. Gaor
B. Roy F. Gil D. Rafael F. Florentino

41. In what rule does R.A. 184 – Old Electrical Engineering Law (1947) stated?
A. Rule 2 (e) C. Rule 2 (p)
B. Rule 2 (f) D. Rule 2 (j)

42. A Board of Electrical Engineering (BEE) will serve his term in how many years?
A. 3 C. 2
B. 5 D. 6

43. Vacancies in the Board shall be filled by the _ from the list of recommendees selected by
the commissioner who where chosen from the list of nominees submitted by the integrated
and accredited association for the unexpired term only.
A. commissioner C. board member
B. president D. IIEE

44. How many years does a high school graduate need to qualify for RME?
A. 4 yrs. C. 2 yrs.
B. 3 yrs. D. 5 yrs.

45. On what particular section in article IV of the RA 7920 is Foreign Reciprocity stated?
A. Sec. 39 C. Sec. 38
B. Sec. 40 D. Sec. 37

46. Sec. 17 (a) of R.A. 7920 Examination and registration qualifications of applicants for
Registered Electrical Engineer states that an applicant is a __ of the country.
A. leader C. citizen
B. professional D. known person

47. Under Penalty Clause: Any person who shall violate any of the provision of this act shall
be guilty of misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to a fine:
A. not more than P60,000 C. not more than P10,000
B. not more than P20,000 D. not more than P50,000

48. Associate Electrical Engineer (Asso. EE) can apply for registration as Professional
Electrical Engineer (PEE) without a degree of BSEE?
A. true C. can apply
B. false D. can interview

49. For a person to be considered to be a master of the Board of Electrical Engineering he

must, at the time of appointment: be a natural born Filipino citizen and a resident of the
Philippines for at least __ consecutive years; be at least __ years of age, of proven integrity
with high moral values in his personal and professional conduct; have practiced electrical
engineering for a period of not less than _ years prior to his appointment.
A. 5, 45, 10 C. 10, 35, 5
B. 5, 35, 10 D. 5, 45, 15

50. Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (EPIRA) is ___.

A. R.A. 7832 C. R.A. 9136
B. R.A. 7920 D. R.A. 8495

51. Who is the board of trustee or board member of TRANSCO?

A. President of TRANSCO C. President of DENR
B. President of DOE D. Department of Finance

52. In Philippine Distribution Code Performance Standards, which of the following does
NOT belong?
A. Collection standards C. Reliability standards
B. Safety standards D. System efficiency standards

53. What refers to end-users who do not have choice of a supplier of electricity?
A. Contestable market C. Market operator
B. Captive market D. Small power utility group

54. The available generating capacity in excess of the sum of the system demand plus losses
within the specified period of time?
A. Reserve Capacity C. Maximum Demand
B. Spinning Reserve D. Operating Margin

55. In R.A. 9136, what does PSALM mean?

A. Power System Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation
B. Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation
C. Power System Assets and Liabilities Management Commission
D. Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Commission

56. It is a distribution reliability index defined as the total duration of sustained customer
power interruptions within a given period divided by the total number of customers served
within the same period.
A. SAIFI C. MAIFI
B. SAIDI D. DAIFI

57. What is the meaning of WESM?

A. World Energy Spot Market C. Wholesale Energy Saving Market
B. Wholesale Electricity Spot Market D. World Electricity Saving Market

58. A short voltage variation is a voltage swell if the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the
voltage increases to between __ percent__ of the normal value.
A. 110, 180 C. 100, 150
B. 120, 190 D. 105, 175

59. Fast start is defined as the capability of a generating unit or generating plant to start and
synchronized with the grid within __ minutes/s.
A. 15 C. 10
B. 5 D. 30

60. In Philippine Distribution Code purposes, which of the following does NOT belong?
A. To ensure quality of electric power
B. To specify customers services for the protection of end users
C. To specify standards for the protection of personnel in the work environment
D. To ensure distribution system will be operated by only one distribution company