Chapter 1: Illumination

Outlines

1.1: Basic of lighting

1.2: Terminology in Illumination

1.3: Lighting Technology

1.4: Lighting Design

 1.1: Basic of lighting

Light:
• It is electromagnetic energy radiated from any light
source.
• It creates visible sensation to the human eye.
• The sensation of color is due to the difference in the
wavelength of the light radiations.
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Electromagnetic waves/lights are classified as

 visible waves
Invisible waves.
Visible waves: daylight (sun), radiations from candles
and lamps
Invisible waves: x-rays, gamma rays, IR rays, radio
waves, micro waves.
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Visible light is composed of different colors each

having different wavelengths (in Micrometer unit)
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• Lights having wave lengths < 0.3 µm belongs to the

ultra violet range.
• Lights with wave lengths > 0.8 µm belong to the
infrared range.
• The visible spectrum ranges from 0.4 to 0.7 µm
• Human eye is most sensitive to light having
wavelengths of about 0.555 µm in the green portion of
the spectrum
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Light can be measured either:

– photo-metrically or
– radio-metrically
Radiometry: is a measurement of electromagnetic radiation
(or radiant energy) emitted by light source.
 Radiometric measurements extend past the visible region
of the electromagnetic spectrum, into the infrared and
ultraviolet.
 Radiometry is used to measure the total power output of
an object in the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet spectrum.
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Photometry is a measurement of light brightness in the

visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which can
be seen by the human eye.
Photometry is used to measure the intensity, spectral
distribution and color of light sources
 1.2: Terminology in Illumination
1. Luminous Flux (Ø):

 It is the total quantity of light energy radiated/ produced by luminous body

in the form of light waves.

 It is measured in lumen.

Lumens = candle power x solid angle = cp x ω

 Total lumens given out by the source of one candela are 4π lumens.

 Candle power is the light radiating capacity of a source in a given

direction

Candle Power is the number of lumens given out by the source in a unit solid
angle in a given direction.

1 lumen=0.0016 watt (approx) or 1 watt=625 lumens

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2. luminous Intensity (I)

It shows the illuminating power or strength of source of light.

It is the amount of luminous flux emitted by a source per unit

solid angle.

I=∅/ω

Where ∅ is luminous flux

ω is solid angle
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Solid angle is the angle enclosed in the volume formed by

numerous lines lying on the surface and meeting at the
point.
It is denoted by symbol ‘ω’ and is measured in steradian.
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• If r is the radius of any sphere, its surface area is 4πr2
• The distance of its surface area from the center is r,
therefore, solid angle subtended at its center by its surface,

Illumination (E) or Illuminance: When the luminous flux falls on

a surface, it is said to be illuminated. .
 It is defined as the number of lumens, falling on the surface, per
unit area. It is denoted by symbol E and it’s unit is lumens per
square meter or meter-candle or lux. in
lumens/m2
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 Brightness of a surface is defined as the luminous intensity per unit
projected area of the surface in the given direction. Unit of brightness
is Lambert.

 Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a measure of the effect of light on the

perceived color of objects.

 It describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to

human eyes. A low CRI indicates that some colors may appear
unnatural when illuminated by the lamp.

Specific output or efficiency of a lamp is the ratio of luminous flux to

the power intake. Its unit is lumens per watt (lm/w
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Laws of Illumination:

there are two laws of illumination.

1. Inverse square law.
2. 2. Lambert's cosine law.
Inverse square law: This law states that ‘the
illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the
square of distance of the surface from the source of light.
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2. Lambert's cosine law: This law states that illumination, E at any

point on a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle
between the line of flux and the normal at that point.
 1.3. Lighting Technology
• Lighting systems: Lighting systems used in residential,
commercial and industrial can be sub divided in to three major
categories.
A) General lighting
B) localized lighting and
C) local lighting
A) General lighting provides approximately uniform illuminance
over the whole of the working area.
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B) Localized lighting systems:
 provides illuminance on general work areas with a simultaneous
reduced level of illuminance in adjacent areas.
C) Local lighting systems: provides illuminance for relativly small
areas incorporating visual tasks.
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