CE_313: Engineering Utilities 1

Artificial Illumination and Daylighting

GROUP 5

Apura, Lyra May A.

Bona, Charles Jayvee L.
Caranzo, Gideon C.

Cidro, Charles Erwin B.

Gatcha, Argil N.
Lupos, Kim Bryan T.
Montallana, Van Buraine C.
Oraya, Sean Dale Alexis C.
BS in Civil Engineering 3A

Ar. Hygen Corado

Instructor
A. BASIC LIGHTING ANALYSIS
Basic Parameters………………………………………………………………………………3
Lighting Calculations………………………………………………………………………….4
Point-by-point Method………………………………………………………………...4
Zonal Cavity Method………………………………………………………………….6

B.1. DESIGN AND DETAIL INFORMATION ON ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

Indoor Lighting
Types of Light fixtures according to light function………………………………….12
Classification of Light fixtures according to lamp type…………………………..….14
Classification of Light fixtures according to installation method……………………17
Types of Light fixtures according to the percentage of light output
above and below the horizontal………………………………………………………18
Outdoor Lighting
Types of Light fixtures according to light location and function……………………21

B.2. DESIGN AND DETAIL INFORMATION ON NATURAL LIGHTING

Daylighting Fixtures……………………………………………………………………….…26
Daylight Factor…………………………………………………………………………….…28
Advantages and Disadvantages of Daylighting………………………………………………29

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A. BASIC LIGHTING ANALYSIS
In lighting design, lighting calculations are used to help architects and designers in determining
the amount of light or the number of lighting fixtures required in a certain room. Two methods of
lighting calculations will be covered in this paper;

1. Point-by-point Method
2. Zonal Cavity (Lumen) Method

However, before going through the details of these methods, basic parameters used in lighting
must first be discussed.

Luminous Flux
Luminous flux (φ) is the light emitted by a source
and is measured in lumens.

Luminous Intensity
Luminous intensity is the power of light from the
source measured in candela.

Illuminance
Illuminance is a measure of the density of luminous
flux at a surface. When light falls on a surface, the
level of illumination on that surface is referred to as
illuminance. The unit of measurement is lux.

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 Luminance
Luminance is the light leaving the surface which
has been illuminated by the source.

Lighting Calculations
A.1 Point-by-point Method
This method of calculation is particularly suitable for outdoor schemes, with a small
number of light sources and when it is necessary to calculate the illuminance at a given point.
It may also be suitable for indoor schemes where the light reflected onto the working
plane from walls, ceilings etc., is negligible.
Applying point to point method for lighting design can answer questions like;
1. What is the illuminance on a wall display from a spotlight aimed at the display?
2. How much light is striking a point on the façade of a building or in a parking
lot from a floodlight?
The point to point method uses the inverse square law and cosine law.

Inverse Square Law

In the figure shown (at the right) the area
illuminated by the point light source increases in
proportion to the square of the distance. It
follows that the average illuminance would
decrease by the same ratio.

where d = the distance between the

source and the object.
In the example shown the illuminance reduces
to a quarter of its original value when the
distance is doubled. Similarly the illuminance
reduces to one ninth of its original value when
the distance away is tripled.

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 Example;
A point light source has an intensity of 1,000 candela and the light falls
perpendicularly on a surface. Calculate the illuminance on the surface if its distance
from the surface is:
(i) two metres,

(ii) four metres and

(iii) six metres.
(i) d = 2 m.
𝐼 1000
𝐸 = 𝑑2 = = 250 𝑙𝑢𝑥
22

(ii) d = 4 m.
𝐼 1000
𝐸= = = 62.5 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝑑2 42
(ii) d = 6 m.
𝐼 1000
𝐸= = = 27.8 𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝑑2 62
Cosine Law
When using the cosine law, the distance used is from the light source measured at an
angle to the point at which the lux value is required. When a lamp is suspended above a
horizontal surface, the illuminance (E) at any point below the surface can be calculated.

I (candela)


𝐼
𝐸 = ℎ2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
h
𝑑
d 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = ℎ

5
 Example:
A point light source has an intensity of 2,000 candela in all directions and is
mounted 4 metres above a surface. Calculate the illuminance on the surface directly
underneath (Ea) and at a distance of 3 metres to the side (Eb).

𝐼 2000
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑑2 = = 125 𝑙𝑢𝑥
42

𝐼 2000 4
𝐸𝑏 = ℎ2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = ( ) = 64 𝑙𝑢𝑥
52 5

A.1 Zonal Cavity Method

In lighting design, the lumen method (also called zonal cavity method), is a simplified
method to calculate the light level in a room. The method is a series of calculations that uses
horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. In its simplest
form, the lumen method is merely the total number of lumens available in a room divided by
the area of the room. In order to perform this calculation, many factors, coefficients, lamp
lumen data and other quantities must be gathered. Despite the scientific impression of the lumen
method equations, there are inaccuracies and assumptions built into the method. Therefore, the
lumen method should not typically be used as a standalone, final solution; it should be should
be used as a tool in particularly uniform settings of lighting design if a simple, rough technique
of illuminance quantification is desired.

This method is normally used to calculate the average illuminance on working planes,
or to calculate the number of luminaires required to provide a specified average illuminance in
rooms. The following formula is used:

Where;
N = number of lamps required.

E = illuminance level required (lux)

A = area at working plane height (m2)
F = average luminous flux from each lamp
(lm)
UF = utilization factor,
MF = maintenance factor
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Terminologies;
The following are definitions of terminologies that we will come across while
performing the design of electric lighting scheme, zonal cavity.
 Utilization Factor or Co-efficient of Utilization. It may be defined as “the ratio
of total lumens received on the working plane to the total lumens emitted by the
light source”

Lumens received on the working plane

Utilization factor =
Lumens emitted by the lamp

Factors affecting utilization factor:

a) Type of light,
b) Light fitting,
c) Color surface of walls and ceiling,
d) Mounting height of lamps,
e) Area to be illuminated

Its value lies between 0.4 and 0.6 for direct fittings it varies from 0.1 to 0.35 for
indirect fittings

 Depreciation or Maintenance Factor. It may be defined as “the ratio of

illumination under normal working condition to the illumination when
everything is clean or new”

Illumination under normal working conditions

D. F =
Illumination when everything is clean

The maintenance factor is based on how often the lights are cleaned and
replaced. It takes into account such factors as decreased efficiency with age,
accumulation of dust within the fitting itself and the depreciation of reflectance
as walls and ceilings age. For convenience, it is usually given as three options:

Good = 0.70
Medium = 0.65
Poor = 0.55

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  Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio (SHR). The spacing between luminaires
divided by their height above the horizontal reference plane.

 Luminous Efficiency or Specific Output. It may be defined as “the ratio of

number of lumens emitted to the electric power intake of a source” its unit is
lumen/watt (lm/W)

 Room Index. The room index is a ratio, describing how the room's height
compares to its length and width. It is given by:

Where;
L = length of the room
W = width of the room
𝐻𝑚 = mounting height
above the work plane.

Steps in Zonal Cavity Calculation

1. Determine total wattage per fixtures

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠 × 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝′𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
2. Determine the lumen per fixtures
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 × 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ′𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
3. Determine Number of Fixtures
Where;

N = number of lamps required.

E = illuminance level required (lux)

A = area at working plane height (m2)

F = average luminous flux from each lamp
(lumen)

UF = utilization factor,
MF = maintenance factor

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4. Determine Minimum spacing between luminaire
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆𝐻𝑅 × 𝐻𝑚

Where;
SHR = Space to height ratio.
𝐻𝑚 = Mounting height

5. Determine Number of required rows of luminaire along width of the room

𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 =
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
6. Determine Number of luminaires in each row
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠

7. Axial spacing along luminaire

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤

8. Transverse spacing between luminaire

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑤

9
Example;
Given the following input information;
i. An office has length of 20m, width = 10m, height = 3m.
ii. Ceiling to desk height is 2m.
iii. Area to be illuminated to a general is 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt CFL
Luminaire with a SHR of 1.25.
iv. Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumen per watt.
v. Maintenance factor is 0.63, Utilization factor is 0.69

Calculation following the steps;

1) Determine total wattage per fixtures

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠 × 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝′ 𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 2 × 32 = 𝟔𝟒 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕

2) Determine the lumen per fixture

𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛/ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡) × 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 85 × 64 = 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏

3) Determine Number of Fixtures

Where;
N = number of lamps required.

E = illuminance level required (lux)

A = area at working plane height (m2)
F = average luminous flux from each lamp
(lm)
UF = utilization factor,
MF = maintenance factor

(250) × (20)(10)
𝑁= = 𝟐𝟏
5440 × 0.69 × 0.63

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4) Determine Minimum spacing between luminaire
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆𝐻𝑅 × 𝐻𝑚 Where;
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1.25 × 2 SHR = Space to height ratio.

= 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝐻𝑚 = Mounting height

5) Determine Number of required rows of luminaire along width of the room

𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 =
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
10
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 = =𝟒
2.5

6) Determine Number of luminaires in each row

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
21
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 = =𝟓
4

7) Axial spacing along luminaire

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤
20
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 𝟒 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
5

8) Transverse spacing between luminaire

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑤
10
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
4

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B.1. DESIGN AND DETAIL INFORMATION ON ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Forms of Artificial Lighting
1. Indoor Lighting
2. Outdoor Lighting

Indoor Lighting

Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior
design, these light fixtures or light luminaires can be defined as follows:

Luminaire is a device that distributes filters or transforms the light emitted from one or
more lamps. The luminaire includes all the parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps,
except the lamps themselves. In some cases, luminaires also include the necessary circuit
auxiliaries, together with the means for connecting them to the electric supply.

Types of Indoor Light fixtures/luminaires:

Light fixtures/luminaires are classified according to the following:

1.1 The light function.

1.2 Lamp type.
1.3 Installation method.
1.4 The percentage of light output above and below the horizontal.

1.1- Types of Light fixtures according to light function:

There are five basic types of light fixtures according to the function or aim of using it
as follows:
 Ambient (general lighting).
Ambient lighting provides an area with overall illumination. Also
known as general lighting, it radiates a comfortable level of brightness without
glare and allows you to see and walk about safely. Ambient lighting is often
provided by traditional pendant type fixtures, down lights, chandeliers, or ceiling
mounted fixtures etc. The general decor and aspect of the room will affect the
amount of general lighting required. Having a central source of ambient light in
all rooms is fundamental to a good lighting plan.

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 Task.
Task lighting, or directional lighting, is aimed at a specific task. It is a
way to provide more light on a specific area to perform a task that requires more
light than the ambient fixtures can give. It can be provided by recessed and track
lighting, pendant lighting and undercabinet lighting, as well as by portable floor
and desk lamps.
Task lighting should be free of distracting glare and shadows and should
be bright enough to prevent eye strain.
 Accent.
Accent lighting is also a sort of a directional lighting that adds drama to
a place by creating visual interest. As part of an interior design scheme, it is used
to draw the eye to houseplants, paintings, sculptures and other prized
possessions. It can also be used to highlight the texture of a brick or stone wall,
window treatments or outdoor landscaping.
To be effective, accent lighting requires as least three times as much
light on the focal point as the general lighting surrounding it.
Accent lighting is usually provided by recessed and track lighting or
wall-mounted picture lights
 Informational lighting/Guidance Lighting.
It is designed to help us see our way safely. The light in your closet, the
light by your doorbell, and night lights, as well as path lighting and motion lights,
are all good examples of informational lighting. The photo to the right is a typical
night light with a photosensor. Informational lighting can be beautiful as well as
functional, and can create dramatic statements.
 Decorative lighting.
Light strips, pendants, chandeliers, and sconces are all examples of light
fixtures that draw attention to themselves and add character to the place being
lighted. Many are also used for general lighting.

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1.2 Classification of Light fixtures according to lamp type:
The following are several criteria to be considered when choosing which light source
to use, with these; we can select the proper lamp type for a certain application.
 Efficacy, Life, Lumen Depreciation
All of these have an effect on life cycle cost. If a lamp's lumen output
declines rapidly during its life, the prudent designer initially provides more
lumens than is required so that as the lamp declines with age, a sufficient amount
of light is still available. In other words, if seven luminaires are required to
provide the right amount of light for a space initially, we might put eight
luminaires in our design so that the space is over lit at first, but the installation
will still provide enough light later on as the lamps provide less than their rated
lumen output due to ageing. Comparing the rate of lumen depreciation from one
type of lamp to the next thus becomes an important part of the cost analysis.

 Amount of Diffusion Desired

It is sometimes desirable to have diffuse light rather than highly
directional light since the latter may cause harsh shadows. An area source or a
linear source (such as a fluorescent lamp) generates more diffuse light and softer
shadows than a point source.

 Controllability
Some lamps are more easily dimmed than others. One must consider if
simple on/off control is acceptable, if inexpensive dimming is desired, or if it is
reasonable to incur the larger expenditures to get higher quality dimming.

 Color Rendition
One of the key areas of concern for the architect, interior designer and
lighting engineer is the lighted appearance of the space. Most light sources are
available in a variety of spectral power distributions, yielding a variety of color-
rendering indices (CRI) and color temperatures. The lighting designer must be
thoroughly familiar with these concepts in order to properly achieve the desired
effect with the chosen lamps.

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 Distribution Control
Light distribution from a small lamp can be controlled more easily than
light emitted from a large lamp. This is simply because it is easier to shape a
reflector around a small lamp than a large one. Some lamps are as small as 10
mm in length, and others are as large as 1 m long. The pattern of light from the
former can be controlled very precisely whereas the best we can hope to do with
the latter is to throw light in one general direction or another. We idealize a small
light source with the concept of a "point source." The smaller the light-emitting
element of a lamp, the more closely it resembles the ideal of a mathematical point
source.

 Air Conditioning Load

All artificial lighting adds an additional heat load to a building. Lamps
with a higher efficacy will put less heat into a space for a given amount of light
output. The most thermally efficient form of lighting is diffuse daylight, followed
by direct sunlight, low-pressure then high-pressure gaseous discharge. The worst
of all is incandescent lamps.

 Consistency and Reliability of Supply Voltage

High-pressure gaseous discharge lamps are more sensitive to voltage
variation than low-pressure lamps. If the arc is extinguished due to a dip in
voltage, the high-pressure lamp may require up to 15 minutes to return to full
light output.

 Ambient Temperature and Humidity

Some lamps, notably fluorescents, are very sensitive to temperature and
humidity. These lamps are difficult to start when the ambient temperature is low,
and once started may not produce full light output.

 Cost
Some lamps are quite cheap to purchase, initially. However, these tend
to have low efficacy and relatively short lives. One must consider not only the
initial cost, but the cost to operate the system over its entire life, including energy
costs and the requirement to pay a worker to change the burned-out lamps

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 frequently. Fluorescent lights and LEDs are often a cost improvement on
incandescents for this reason alone, even without energy savings.

The following table will compare between the characteristics of different lamps as
follows:

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1.3 Classification of Light fixtures according to installation method
The light fixtures can be classified according to installation method to the following types
as follows:
A- Free-standing or portable
 Such as Table lamp fixtures, standard lamp fixtures, and office task light
luminaires.
B- Fixed
 Recessed light: the protective housing is concealed behind a ceiling or wall,
leaving only the fixture itself exposed. The ceiling-mounted version is often
called a downlight.
Cans, downlighting, uplights placed on the floor, Troffer light (recessed
fluorescent lights), Cove light ( recessed into the ceiling in a long box against a
wall), Torch lamp (floor lamp).
 Surface-mounted light: the finished housing is exposed, not flush with surface.
 Pendant light: suspended from the ceiling with a chain or pipe.
 Sconce: provide up or down lights; can be used to illuminate artwork,
architectural details; commonly used in hallways or as an alternative to overhead
lighting.
 Track lighting fixture: individual fixtures can be positioned anywhere along the
track, which provides electric power.
 Under-cabinet light : mounted below kitchen wall cabinets.
 Emergency lighting or exit light : connected to a battery backup or to an electric
circuit that has emergency power if the mains power fails.
 High- and low-bay lighting : typically used for general lighting for industrial
buildings and often big-box stores.
 Strip lights or industrial lighting : often long lines of fluorescent lamps used in a
warehouse or factory.
 Soffit : can be general or a decorative wall-wash, sometimes used to bring out
texture on a wall, though this may also show its defects as well. The effect
depends heavily on the exact type of lighting source used.

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1.4 Types of Light fixtures according to the percentage of light output above and below the
horizontal:
The light fixtures can be classified according to the percentage of light output above and
below the horizontal to the following types as follows:
 Direct Lighting:

 It is most commonly used type of

lighting scheme. In this lighting scheme
more than 90 percent of total light flux is
made to fall directly on the working
plane with the help of deep reflectors.
Though it is most efficient but causes
hard shadows and glare. It is mainly used
for industrial and general out-door
lighting.
 The main disadvantage of this scheme is
that it produces hard shadows and glares

 Semi-direct Lighting
 In a semi-direct scheme, about 60 % to 90 % of
the total light flux or lumen is made to fall with
the help of semi-direct reflectors. The remaining
percentage of the light is used to illuminate the
ceilings and walls.
 This type of scheme is best suited for rooms
with high ceilings. Also suited for rooms
requiring a high level of uniform illumination.
 The distribution is predominantly downward
(60 to 90%) but with a small upward component
to illuminate the ceiling and upper walls.

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 Indirect Lighting

 Lighting systems which direct 90 to

100% of the light upward to the ceiling
and upper sidewalls. In such a system the
ceiling acts as the light source, and the
glare is reduced to minimum.
 The resulting illumination is softer and
more diffused, the shadows are less
prominent and the appearance of the
room is much improved over that which
results from direct lighting.
 It is used for decoration purposes in
cinemas theatres and hotels etc. It is
especially appropriate for rooms with
reflective surfaces such as computers or
televisions.

 Semi- Indirect Lighting

 In this lighting scheme 60 to 90 percent
of total light flux is thrown upwards to
the ceiling for diffuse reflection and
the rest reaches the working plane
directly except for some absorption by
the bowl. This lighting scheme is with
soft shadows and glare free. It is
mainly used for indoor light decoration
purposes
 This light is mostly reflected but some
part of the light source also provides a
smaller amount of direct light. Most of
this light is beamed upward.
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  General/Diffuse Lighting

 When downward and upward components

of light from luminaires are about equal
(each 40 to 60% of total luminaire output).
 In general lighting or diffused lighting,
most of the portion of the light is diffused
around the surroundings. This diffused
lighting is achieved by using lighting
fixtures such as diffusing glass or glove-
shaped fixtures to give uniform
illumination.
 Its purpose is to ensure safe and easy
traffic, as well as to create an overview of
the room. combine the characteristics of
direct lighting and those of indirect
lighting.

Distribution Types

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Outdoor Lighting
Types of Light fixtures according to light location and function
Outdoor Lighting fixtures will be categorized according to the location where it can be
installed or its function, which make it suitable to this location as follows:
 Floodlight.
 Often used for building lighting and other
special application such as billboard
lighting.
 Most types of HID lamps are used in
floodlight luminaires.
 Exterior building lighting use luminaries
with narrow and wide distributions,
depending on the portion of the building
being illuminated and its distance from the
luminaire mounting location.
 Floodlights can be used to illuminate
outdoor playing fields or work zones
during nighttime hours. The most common
type of floodlights are metal halide and
high pressure sodium lights.

 Sports Lighting.

 Have very narrow luminous intensity

distributions and typically mounted to the
side and well above the playing area.
 High wattage Metal halide lamps are
common from 1000-3500W.
 Usually provided with special aiming and
locking gear( goniometer).
 Internal or external louvers also may be
provided to control glare and light trespass
and to improve observer comfort.

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 Street and Roadway.

 Usually mounted on arms on a pole, or are post-top mounted.

 All types of HID lamps are used; High Pressure Sodium Lamps
commonly used for roadway application.
 Luminaires with drop dish, or ovate, refractors are commonly used in
roadway applications. Because of their appearance, they are referred to
as “cobra head” luminaires.
 Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some
manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to
provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.

 Pathway.
 Walkway and grounds lighting are often
done with bollards.
 Mounted in the ground and have the
form of a short thick post similar to that
found on a ship or wharf. They are used
for localized lighting.
 Lights placed just above grade level
along sidewalks, driveways, or informal
paths in the landscape to safely lead a
person from one location to another.
Path light fixtures are generally low to
the ground and cast a spreading light

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 Parking Lot and Garage.

 Often uses cut-off or semi-cut-off luminaries with flat bottomed

lenses.
 Mounted on post-top brackets or on short arms and can be arranged
in single, twin, or quad configurations.
 Wall mounted luminaries are often used in for small parking lots
immediately adjacent to a building or in parking structures, often
referred to as “wall packs” wall-mounted luminaries.

 Landscape.

 Designed to light buildings,

planting, water features
(fountains, swimming pools and
the like), and walkways.
 They can be mounted in the
ground, on poles, on trees, or
underwater.
 Have special housing, gasketting,
lenses, and electrical wiring Landscape Lighting Example
hardware that protects against the
effects of water and corrosion.

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 Signage

 Signage luminaires specifically designed for signs are equipped with

asymmetric reflectors to evenly light the sign surface.
 Signage luminaires must be rated for outdoor use in the position they will
be oriented. They should be designed to shed water and resist ice buildup.
Externally mounted signage luminaires should be mounted at the top of
the sign. By aiming downward onto the sign, light pollution is reduced.

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B.2. DESIGN AND DETAIL INFORMATION ON NATURAL LIGHTING
Natural lighting, also known as daylighting, is a technique that efficiently brings natural light
into your home using exterior glazing (windows, skylights, etc.), thereby reducing artificial lighting
requirements and saving energy.

The science of daylighting design is more complex than simply bringing light into a home.
When adding a daylighting fixture, you must consider balancing heat gains and losses, glare control,
and variations in daylight availability. Additionally, window size and spacing, glass selection, the
reflectance of interior finishes, and the location of interior partitions all must be considered.
Furthermore, there are many different types of daylight fixtures and each has its own unique set of
design considerations.
The following are some considerations to be considered to control and enhance daylighting;
 Geographical Factors
Geographical factors of buildings, including the region, site and
direction of the building. For buildings in tropical climates, be careful not to let
direct sunlight into the building cause glare and heat. Surrounding buildings
should also consider nearby buildings, shade or obstructions, to use light more
efficiently. In addition, we should take advantage of the openings to take light
from the south and north, restrict the east and west.

 Building Orientation
Light direction is important. Light that comes from the south is usually
best for daylighting as sunlight is consistent throughout the day and year. This
orientation can also be used for solar heat gain. Light that comes from the north
is the next best, as the sunlight is as consistent as the south, just in a lower
quantity. Light that comes from the east and west should be avoided if possible.
Sunlight at these orientations is harsh, it only occurs during half the day, and the
height of the sun changes throughout the year, making sunlight harder to control.
Architects design buildings so that the rooms that require the most daylight (like
front entrances) face north or south, while rooms that require less daylight (like
storage rooms) face east or west.

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  Building form
The larger the buildings surrounding surface area, the more light will
enter the building.

 Window height and location

Placing windows high in the wall of each floor help daylight to penetrate
deeply into the interior

Daylighting Fixtures
 Windows.

To bring as much light into the

building as possible, architects use
windows with tall head heights. They
can also use uniform windows
(horizontal ribbon windows) across the
entire façade to light the space evenly.
HMC Architects used this technique
when we designed the Frontier Project.
We also used bilateral window
placement–windows facing each other from opposite or adjacent sides–to light
the entrance from every angle.

 Skylights.

Skylights allow daylight to enter from

above, which is useful in spaces at the center of
the building where light from windows can’t
reach. As with windows, uniform skylight spacing
results in uniform lighting. Architects can also
place skylights high above the floor, allowing the
light to diffuse before it reaches the ground.

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 Clerestories.
Windows that are high
above eye level, or clerestories, can
light up an entire room. Architects
usually combine clerestories with a
reflective roof material or paint. The
light enters through the clerestories
and reflects off the roof, spreading
very diffuse light around the room
below.

 External Shading Systems.

At certain times of the day at each
orientation, the light will be too bright and
may produce a strong glare inside the
building. To prevent this, architects design
custom external shading systems to protect
windows and other transparent openings.
These systems usually include a
combination of horizontal and vertical
elements, but vary depending on the
geographical location, climate, and building
orientation.

 Light shelves.

A reflective horizontal shelf

placed above windows reduces glare
and directs light deeper into the space.

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  Solar tubes.
These channel sunlight from the roof
through a narrow opening. During the day, they
look like ordinary ceiling lamps, but they are
powered by the sun rather than electricity. These
work well when placed directly above desks,
where people need plenty of light.

 Light wall colors.

Light, reflective paint helps light

to bounce around the room and makes the
space feel brighter.

Daylight Factor
The daylight entering a building may include direct sunlight when the window has a
view of the sun, as well as diffuse sunlight that has been refracted by clouds, and reflected from
various surfaces such as clouds, ground or other buildings.
Daylight can therefore vary greatly with weather conditions, ranging from total cloud
cover to clear sky with direct sunlight.

The effectiveness of daylight as a light source is measured as the “Daylight Factor”.

Daylight Factor is the ratio of internal light level to external light level and is defined
as follows:
𝐸𝑖
DF = × 100 %
𝐸𝑜

Where:

𝐸𝑖 = illumiance due to daylight at a point on the

indoors working plane,
𝐸𝑜 = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a
horizontal plane from an unobstructed
hemisphere of overcast sky.

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 Daylight factors are used to determine if the natural lighting levels in a space will be
sufficient for the occupants of the space to carry out their normal duties.

Calculating daylight factors requires complex repetition of calculations and thus is

general undertaken by a proprietary computer software product such as Radiance.

CIBSE Lighting Guide 10 (LG10-1999) which broadly bands average daylight factors
into the following categories:
1. DF Under 2 – Not adequately lit – artificial lighting will be required.
2. DF Between 2 and 5 – Adequately lit but artificial lighting may be in use for
part of the time.
3. DF Over 5 – Well lit – artificial lighting generally not required except at dawn
and dusk – but glare and solar gain may cause problems.

Advantages of Daylighting

 Reduce lighting costs. Overall objective of daylighting is to minimize the amount of

artificial light and reduce electricity costs.
 Daylighting to humans is important in that it is necessary for visual comfort and
providing psychological needs
 Occupation satisfaction
 Occupation comfort
 Connection to nature
Disadvantages of Daylighting

 Increased heat gains

 A high performance daylighting system may initially require a significant investment
 Glare-direct sunlight penetration in classrooms and office often produces unpleasant
glare on worksurface, making it difficult to work or view a computer screen

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