GEOLOGICAL MAP

- A geological map is the representation, about a topographic map, of the different types of
rocks that outcrop in the terrestrial area and the types of contacts among them. For
distinguishing the rocks colors are used. In a geological map the tectonic structures (folds and
faults), fossil beds, fountains, mineral resources, etc.

GEOLOGICAL SYMBOLS
GEOLOGICAL FAULT SYMBOLS

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING TOOLS

- Traditionally, geological maps are made by
geologists who walk over as much of the
map area as possible, noting where rocks
can be seen (outcrops), the rock types
(lithology), their structure, degree of
weathering, and any other features that
might be useful.
- All observations are marked upon a
topographical base map, and
measurements are taken using a magnetic
compass and clinometer. Aerial
photographs may help the geologist to
identify target features in the field.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
- Aerial photographs usually are taken in overlapping series from an aircraft following a
systematic flight pattern at a fixed altitude. Adjacent pairs of aerial photographs with about
60% overlap can be used under a stereoscope to provide a three-dimensional image of the
landscape, which is useful for reconnaissance surveys.

MAGNETIC COMPASSES
- Are instruments used to determine the
direction of the magnetic north pole.

CLINOMETER
- Are used to measure the angle of
inclination of a surface, such as the angle
of dip of rock strata.
Geologic Maps
- Geology is the study of the Earth and all its features. Geologists work in the field and in labs
and offices and they use a lot of maps. There are three major types of maps they use:
topographic, cross-sectional, and structural. Let's go through each of these map types and learn
what they can tell us.

Three Types of Geological Map

Topographic Maps
It is a map that gives information about the
form of the earth‘s surface which is shaded, or
colored to show (contour lines of equal height),
where different rock units occur at or just
below the ground surface.

Cross-section Map
A section line is a straight line drawn on a
topographic map. Altitudes along this line are
turned into a cross-section. Cross-sectional
map shows the cross-section from the side.
Structural Map
A structural map shows the geologic features of an area, including features such as the type of
rocks and geologic structures that are in an area.

References
https://www.icgc.cat/en/Public-Administration-and-Enterprises/Services/Geologia/Learn-to-
understand-a-geologic-map/What-is-a-geological-map
https://commons.wvc.edu/rdawes/g101ocl/basics/bscstables/geomapsymb.html
https://www.britannica.com/technology/aerial-photography
https://study.com/academy/lesson/geologic-maps-topographic-cross-sectional-structural.html