Geological Maps

Toposheet
Maps: are representation of features on the surface of the earth
according to a suitable scale.
Toposheet: is a shortened name for “Topographic sheet”
Topographic map: is a map that shows topography and features
found on the earth's surface. Like any map it uses symbols to
represent these features.
It essentially contain information about an area like roads,
railways, settlements, canals, rivers, electric poles, post offices etc.
According to their usage, they may be available at different scales
(e.g. 1:25000, 1: 50000 etc, where the former is a larger scale as
compared to the latter).
 Toposheet
Any point on it can be identified with its corresponding lat-long,
depending upon the scale (i.e. if the scale is large, more accurate lat-
long).
longitude or meridians: lines runs between the North and South
Poles and measure east-west position. The prime meridian is assigned
the value of 0 degrees, and runs through Greenwich, England.
Meridians to the west of the prime meridian are measured in
degrees west and likewise those to the east of the prime meridian are
measured to by their number of degrees east.
 Toposheet
latitudes: lines runs between East-West and measure north-south
position between the poles.
The equator is defined as 0 degrees, the North Pole is 90 degrees
north, and the South Pole is 90 degrees south.
Lines of latitude are all parallel to each other, thus they are often
referred to as parallels.
 Scale : Scale is the ratio between the distance of any two points on
the map and the actual distance of the same points on the ground.
 Contour: Contours are imaginary lines drawn on maps, joining all
places with the same height above sea level.
 Toposheet
Contour Interval: The interval between two consecutive
contours is called contour interval
Index Contour: Contour lines are thickened at regular intervals to
make it easier to read contours. The darker lines are called Index
Contours.
 Geological Maps
 Geological map: is the representation of about a topographic map
with different types of rocks that outcrop in the specific area and the
types of contacts among them.
Different rock types and formations are illustrated by different
colours and/or symbols. In a geological map the tectonic structures
(folds or faults), fossil beds, mineral resources, etc. are also reflected.
 structural contour map: A map on which structural features such
as folds and faults etc. are present.
 Isopach Map: Isopach map is a map showing lines connecting
points of equal formation thickness.
 Geological Maps

Figure: structural contour map of study area

 Geological Maps
 Litho-facies: map of an area based on lithological characters which
represents different types of rocks.
The purpose of the map is to show the variation in the lithology in a
specific area.
 Geological cross-section: is a graphic representation of the
intersection of the geological bodies in the subsurface with a vertical
plane of a certain orientation where the different types of rocks, their
constitution and internal structure and the geometric relationship
between them are present.
 How to draw Profile

Step 1: Determine the line along

which to draw the section. The line
of section should be representative
of the study area and perpendicular
to the major structural feature of
the area.
Step 2:Draw axes of an appropriate
scale with the topographic values.
 How to draw Profile

Step 3: Transfer the topographic

information from the map to the
section. Project the height of
each topographic contour,
where it crosses the line of
section, on to the section and
draw in the topography
 How to draw Profile
Step 4: Transfer the lithological
boundaries, faults etc on to the cross
section in the same way.
Step 5: Transfer bedding readings on
to the section, correcting for
apparent dip.
 How to draw Profile

Step 6:
Using the bedding readings as a
guide, draw in the lithological
boundaries both above and below
the surface. Geology extended
above the topography is shown by
dashed lines.
Step 7:
Stand back and admire your work
Symbols
Symbols
Symbols