Electrical installation

Chapter Two
Illumination
 Sources of Light
Light is defined as the radiant energy from a hot body,
which produces the visual sensation upon the human eye.
Con’d
The sensation of color is due to the difference in wavelength of the light
radiations.
When all visible lights are present, the light appears white to our eyes.
White light, given by the sun, is composed of different colors each
having different wavelengths.
These are:
0.300 – 0.436 micrometer--------------------Violet
0.495 - 0.566 >> ---------------------Green
0.566 - 0.589 >> ----------------------Yellow
0.589 - 0.627 >> ----------------------Orange
0.627 - 0.780 >> -----------------------Red
 Con’d
In general, light is an electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves,
x-rays, etc.
We can classify electromagnetic waves as visible and invisible waves.
Visible waves: daylight, radiations from candles and lamps.
Invisible waves: x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves.
v = f*λ
where (v is speed of light, f is frequency and, λ is wave length )
 Con’d
Angstrom unit (Ǻ): 1Ǻ=10-8cm=10-10m
λ of red light =7500 Ǻ
 λ of violet light = 4000 Ǻ
λ of blue light =5000 Ǻ
 λ of yellow light =6500 Ǻ
Those colors of white light having wave lengths of less than 0.3 micro meter belongs to
the ultra violet range and those with wave lengths greater than 0.8 micro meter belong
to the infrared range.
The visible spectrum ranges is from 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers.
Example: Human eye is most sensitive to light having wavelengths of about 0.555
micrometer in the green portion of the spectrum.
Maximum power of light is radiated when the wavelength is about 0.5 micrometer
which is approximately the wavelength at which the human eye is most sensitive.
 Terms used in Illumination
Illumination refers to the provision of sufficient lighting either by natural means
(e.g. sun light) or artificial light sources (e.g. electric lamps).
Luminous Flux: It is the total quantity of light energy radiated/ produced from a
luminous body in the form of light waves. It is measured in lumens. It is
represented by symbol φ.
 Con’d
 Luminous Intensity (I): It is the amount of luminous flux emitted by a source per unit solid angle. It is
measured in candela or lumens per steradian. i.e.
I =φ / ω, 1 Candela = 1 Lumen / steradian,
where the solid angle is measured in Steradians(ω).
 Con’d
Illumination (intensity of illumination) (E) - it is the luminous flux received by a
surface per unit area of surface.
Its unit depends upon the units in which area is measured.
It is measured in lumens per square meter or lux or meter candela.
Mathematically, E=φ/A
 Con’d
Luminous efficiency (k): a measure of unit lumens per watt (lm/W).
It can be thought of as the ‘efficiency’ of the light source.
Luminance, L: The luminous intensity (I) per unit apparent area of the source of light
(illuminated area).
L = I/A [cd/m2]
Coefficient of utilization:
This is a factor showing the ratio of the lumens reaching on the working plane to the total
lumens generated by the source.
It depends on the dimension of the room to be illuminated, the reflectance of the walls, ceilings,
and floors, the lamp output of reflectors and diffusers used and the position of the lamp.
Maintenance Factor: The light obtained from a light source may be affected by variables due to
dirt, ageing of the lamp, etc.
The MF takes in to account such effects
 Con’d

Illumination level: - In order to see the details of the things that surround us
the source has to illuminate them very well in order that the objects take the
necessary brightness. For each type of work there is a range of brightness most
favorable to output in terms of quality and quantity.
Degree of illumination, to give necessary brightness to objects, depends upon:
the size of the object and distance of the observer.
Contrast between the object and background. Greater the contrast greater will
be the illumination required to distinguish the object properly.
Speed of object - Speedy object requires more illumination.
Duration of gazing - Object seen for long duration of time require more
illumination.
 Con’d
In fulfilling the above requirements, in designing a good lighting
scheme, we have to consider:
The intensity of illumination required
The selection of the required lamps and fittings
The size of the room
The conditions under which the illumination is used etc.
 Conditions that should be considered during illuminations

Utilization Factor
Spacing Luminaries
Color of Surrounding Walls
Maintenance Factor
 Design of lighting schemes

The lighting scheme should be such that it may,

provide adequate illumination.
Provide light distribution all over the working plane as uniform as
possible
Provide light of suitable color.
Avoid glare and hard shadows as far as possible.
 Electrical Lamps

Generally, electric lamps can be classified in to:

Incandescent lamps
Discharge lamps
 Illumination Laws
The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the distance between source
& surface provided that the distance between the surface & the source is sufficiently
large so that source can be regarded as a point source. This is known as Inverse
square Law.
The illumination of the surface varies inversely as the square of the distance from the
light source. i.e. E ~ 1/d2
 Example

A light source of 900 cd is situated 3 m above a working surface. (a)

Calculate the illuminance directly below the source. (b) What would be
the illuminance if the lamp were moved to a position 4 m from the
surface?
 Cosine Law
• From figure below it will be seen that point X is further from the source than is
point Y.
The illuminance at this point is therefore less. In fact the illuminance at X
depends on the cosine of the angle θ. Hence,

Thus, the illumination depends not only on the perpendicular distance from the
light source but also on the angle that the light falls on the area to be
illuminated.
 Questions
A 250 W sodium-vapor street lamp emits a light of 22500 cd and is
situated 5m above the road. Calculate the illuminance:-
directly below the lamp and
at a horizontal distance along the road of 6 m.

Assignment
Two light sources each having a uniform intensity of 64,000 cd is
mounted 8m high. If the illumination midway between the lamps on
ground level is same as the illumination level produced by one of the
lamp vertically below it, calculate the distance between the poles.
 Methods of lightning calculation
In order to estimate the number and the type of light fittings required to
suit a particular environment, it is necessary to know what level of
luminance is required, the area to be illuminated, the maintenance factor
and the coefficient of utilization, and the efficiency of the lamps to be
used. A number of methods have been employed for lighting calculations
among which may be mentioned:
Watts per square metre method
Lumen or Light flux method
 Watts per Square Meter method
Applicable for rough calculations. It consists in making an allowance of
watts per square meter of area to be illuminated accordingly to the
illumination desired on the assumption of the average figure of an overall
efficiency of the system.
 Example
A house has an external dimension of 30ft by 50ft. If an 80w fluorescent
lamp, and 220V supply is used, determine the size of the service wire
and the number of lamps required.
 Solution

A = 30ft X 50ft = 1500ft

Total wattage required = 1500 X 3w
= 4500w ⇒4.5Kw
No of lamps required = 4.5Kw/80w = 56.1
⇒56 lamps - each 80w
Current carrying capacity = 4.5Kw/220V = 20.5A
Therefore, the size of the cable will be 2.5mm2 conductor if there is no any
correction factor.
 Lumen or Light flux or efficiency method
• it is the most advisable method to be used. Lumens' reaching the working
plane is calculated as:

Or
 φ = (Illumination on working plane) * (Area to be illuminated)
 Correction Factors
But it is adopted to multiplying this equation by 1.25 to increase φ by 125%
of the nominal value. So for a new installation the luminous flux will be:
 Con’d

φ = 1.25 E x A
CF OR

Where E - Illumination level

 P - Wattage of each lamp
 N - Number of lamps required
 1.25 - Design values for new installations: 1.25 E n
 A - Working surface in m2
φL - Luminous flux of one lamp in lm
ηB - Utilization factor
 Questions
1. A road 300 m long is required to be illuminated by providing 40W
fluorescent lamps. The width of the road is 4m. Design a street lighting
scheme for obtaining minimum level of illumination of 0.6 lux assuming a
mounting height of 9m and a 0.5 coefficient of utilization. (In designing you
have to determine the distance between the poles and find out the number of
poles required for the given distance.)
2. A light assembly shop, 15m long, 9m wide and 3m up to trusses, is to be
illuminated to a level of 200 lux. The utilization and maintenance factors are
respectively 0.9 and 0.8. Make a scale drawing of the plan of the shop and
set out the required lighting points, assuming the use of tungsten lamps and
dispersive metallic reflectors. You may assume a lamp efficiency of 125
lm/W, and spacing height ratio of unity.
 Example

3. A hall 30m X 15m height is to be provided with a general

illumination of 120 lm/m2 taking a coefficient of utilization of 0.5,
depreciation factor 1.4 and appropriate space height ratio, determine
the no. of fluorescent tubes required, their spacing, mounting height
and total wattage. Take luminous efficiency of fluorescent tubes as
40lm/W for 80-watt tube.