Dilla University

College of Engineering and Technology

School of Electrical
&
Computer Engineering
Course : Electrical Installation
Course Code: ECEg-4241

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Chapter-1
Illumination
 Outlines
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I. Lighting Terminologies and Laws

II. Artificial Light Source and their Types
III. Type of Lighting Schemes/Systems
III. Design of Illumination

March, 2021 2
 I. Lighting terminologies and laws

 Light: Is a part of radiant energy from a hot body which

produces the visual sensation on human eye. Light
sources emit electromagnetic waves in the ultra violet
(UV), visible and infrared spectrum.
 Measurement of all these light source is called radiometry
(A device used to detect and measure radiant energy).
 Photometry is a special branch of radiometry in which we
only measure visible light.
 Light is usually denoted by ‘Q’ expressed in Lumen-hours
and is analogues to watt-hours.
March, 2021 3
 Cont’d...

Four terms are used to describe light:

A. Luminous Flux ( F, ɸ )
B. Luminous Intensity ( I )
C. Illumination / Illuminance ( E )
D. Luminance ( L )

March, 2021 4
 A. Luminous Flux (ɸ)

 Is the light emitted by a source and is measured in

lumens(lm).
 Is a total quantity of light energy emitted per second
from a luminous body.
 Mathematically, it can be defined as: [lm]

March, 2021 5
 B. Luminous Intensity (I)
 Is defined as the flux of light emitted in a certain direction
(angle) and is measured in candela(cd).
 Is the power of light from the source.
 It is a measure of how much flux (lumens) is emitted within a
small pointed/conical angle in a particular direction from a
light source (lamp) or luminaire. ( = Solid angle)
 Mathematically, it can be defined as:
[cd]

March, 2021 6
 Cont’d…
Plane angle ():
 It is subtended at a point & is enclosed by two straight lines lying
in the same plane.
 Its magnitude is give by
[Radians]
The largest angle subtended at a point is radians.
 A radian is the angle subtended by an arc of a circle whose length
equals the radius of the circle.

March, 2021 7
 Cont’d…
Solid Angle ():
 It is the angle generated by the surface passing through the point in
space & the periphery of the area.
 It is denoted by & is expressed in ‘steradians’ & is given by the
ratio of area of the surface to the square of the distance between the
area & the point.

 The largest solid angle subtended at a point is due to a sphere at its

center, i.e
steradians

March, 2021 8
 C. Illumination/Illuminance (E)
 Illumination of a surface is defined as the luminous flux received
by the surface per unit area (A).

 Is a measure of density of luminous flux at a surface measured in

lux (lumens per square meter) or metre-candle.

 When the luminous flux falls on a surface, it is said to be

illuminated.

 Mathematically, it can be defined as:

E [lux]

 Illuminance = A measure of
theMarch,
light 2021
falling on a surface. 9
 D. Luminance or Brightness (L)
 It describes the light emitted from a unit area in a specific
direction.
 It is the luminous intensity per unit projected area of the surface
in a given direction.
 The unit of luminance is expressed in cd/m2.
 Is a measure of the light reflected/ leaving from a surface.
 It is a measure of the brightness of a surface.

March, 2021 10
 Cont’d...

 When a surface area A has an effective luminous intensity of I

candelas in a direction to the normal, then luminance of that
surface becomes;

 A ‘uniform diffuse source’ is one in which the intensity per unit

projected area is the same from all directions of view.

March, 2021 11
 Cont’d...

NB:
1. Luminous flux (Light Output).
Measured at the lamp surface.
Measured in lumens.
2. Illuminance or Light Level.
Measured at the working surface.
Measured in lumen/m2 (lux).
3. Luminance or Brightness.
Measured at an angle to the working surface.
Measured in candela/m2.

March, 2021 12
 Cont’d…

March, 2021 13
 Laws of Illumination/Lighting
 The illumination on a surface depends upon the:
Luminous intensity,
Distance between the source & surface
Direction of rays of light.
 It is governed by the following laws :
1. Inverse square law
2. Lambert’s cosine law
3. Lumens law

March, 2021 14
 Cont’d...

1. Inverse Square Law

 Consider rays of light falling up on a surface from some distance
d will illuminate that surface with an illuminance of say 1lux. If
the distance d is doubled as shown in Fig.1, the illuminance E
of 1lux will fall over four square units of area. Thus the
illumination of a surface follows the inverse square law .

March, 2021 15
 Cont’d...

 The illumination (E) of a surface is inversely proportional

to the square of the distance(d) between the surface and a
point source. In other words,
E ∝ 1/d2
 When using the inverse square law, the distance d used in
the measurement is from the light source to a point
directly below it. When a lamp is above a surface, the
illuminance at a point below the lamp can be calculated.

 Mathematically, [candela/ =lux]

I= luminous intensity

March, 2021 16
 Cont’d…

Example-1: A luminaire producing a luminous intensity of 1500 candela in all

directions below the horizontal, is suspended 4m above a surface. a) Calculate the
illuminance E produced on the surface immediately below the luminaire?
b) If the luminaire is raised by 4m, what would the new illuminance be at the
point immediately below the surface?

Solution:
a) =

b) =

= 23.43 lux. ( which is )

March, 2021 17
 Cont’d...

2. Lambert’s Cosine Law

 The illumination of surface A in Fig. 2 will follow the inverse
square law described above. If this surface were removed, the
same luminous flux would then fall on surface B. Since the parallel
rays of light falling on the inclined surface B are spread over a
larger surface area, the illuminance E will be reduced by a factor θ.

March, 2021 18
 Cont’d…

 When we use the cosine law, the distance h used is from the light
source measured at an angle θ to the point at which the lux value is
required. When a lamp is suspended above a horizontal surface, the
illuminance (E) at any point below the surface can be calculated:

h = distance from the light
source to the point at which
E is to be determined (m).
using Pythagoras,
h2 = d2+x2
cos
ᶿ=

March, 2021 19
 Cont’d…

 According to this law, E is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle made by the normal to the
illuminated surface with the direction of the incident flux.

Example-2: A light source producing 1500 candela is suspended 2.2m above a horizontal surface. Calculate
the illumination E produced on the surface 2.5 m away from the normal?

Solution :
h2 = d2+x2
= (2.2m)2+(2.5m)2
h = 3.33 m

cos
ᶿ= = = 0.66

= *
= 89.27 lux

March, 2021 20
 Cont’d…

Example-3: Two lamps are suspended 10m apart and at a

height of 3.5 m above a surface (Fig.3). Each lamp
emits 350cd. Calculate. (a) the illuminance E on the
surface midway between the lamps? (b) the illuminance
E on the surface immediately below each of the lamps?

March, 2021 21
 Cont’d…
Solution :
a) For one lamp, the illuminance at point Q is:

and = = = = 0.5734
h= (37.25) = 6.1032m
= * 5.3877 lux
 The illuminance from the two lamps is double that due to one lamp, since
the conditions for both lamps are identical. Thus, the total illuminance at
point Q is:
= 2* 5.3877 lux = 10.7754lux

b) At below lamp A , the illuminance due to lamp A is,

=

March, 2021 22
 Cont’d…
In calculating the illuminance at PA due to lamp B, we have new
distance h’, a new distance x’, and a new angle θ’ to consider

= =10m, = + ( ]= + ]= 112.25)
= 10.59m
cos θ’ = = = 0.331
Therefor, the illuminance at PA due to lamp B is:
=
Therefor,
Total illumination at PA = EPAA + EPAB = 28.57 + 1.032
= 29.602 lux

March, 2021 23
 Cont’d…
Exercise-1:
A corridor is lighted by 4 lamps spaced 10 m apart and
suspended at a height of 5 m above the center line of the
floor. If each lamp gives 400 candle powers in all
directions below the horizontal, calculate the
illumination, at the point on the floor mid-way between
the second and third lamps.

March, 2021 24
 Cont’d…
3. Lumen Method(Law)
 This method is most suitable for interior lighting design,
where a high proportion of light on the working plane is
reflected by internal surfaces.
 It is sometimes called the luminous flux method of
calculation.
 It is normally used:
i. To calculate the average illuminance (E) on working
planes, or
ii. To calculate the number of luminaires (N) required to
provide a specific average illuminance in rooms.

March, 2021 25
 Cont’d…
 Useful formula:

E or N

Where;
N= Number of lamps required
E= Maintained Illumination (lux)
ɸ = Initial lamp output (lumens) (lumen per each lamp)
MF= Maintenance factor
UF = Utilisation factor
A = Area of room ()

26
 II. Artificial Light Source and their Types

Natural Light Vs Artificial Light

Natural light: is full of spectrum and dynamic. (sun
light)
 Full spectrum means that the light contains all the
colours of the rainbow.
 Dynamic means that the light intensity and colour
temperature changes with the time of day.
 The sun emits radiation over the full range of
wavelengths, but the earth’s atmosphere blocks a lot
of ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiations.

27
 Cont’d…
Artificial light : is visible light generated by artificial
light sources (lamps).
 A lamp is a device that produces light by the flow of
electrical current, and it is a general form of artificial
lighting.
 Usually also contains some IR and UV radiation, as
opposed to natural daylight.
 Visible and IR radiations from artificial lights don't
have any effects on health, if they are not extremely
intense and used at very close range.

March, 2021 28
 Different types of Artificial Light Sources

1. Incandescent lamp:
 Are common types of lamps and available in a broad
range of sizes and voltages.
 Glows and produces heat when electricity passes through
the tungsten filament present inside the bulb.
 Can last for 700 – 1000 hours.
 Luminous efficiency of incandescent lamp is about 15
lumens per watt.
 Less efficient compared to
other types of lamps.

March, 2021 29
 Cont’d...

2. Fluorescent lamp:
 A fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge tube that uses a
fluorescence to produce visible light.
 Compared with the incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes
use less power for the same amount of light, and are
usually more complex and expensive than the
incandescent lamps.
 Luminous efficiency of a fluorescent tube is about 45 to
100 lumens per watt.
 Can last for 7,000-24,000 hours.

March, 2021 30
 Cont’d...

3. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL):

 CFL is a modern type of light bulb that works like a
fluorescent lamp. It contains mercury.
 A CFL is designed to replace an incandescent lamp.
 Generally, CFLs use less power, produce same amount of
light and have long lifespan.
 Luminous efficiency of a compact fluorescent lamp is
about 60 lumens per watt.

March, 2021 31
 Cont’d...

4. Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lamp:

 LED lamp is an electrical component that emits light
through the movement of electrons in a semiconductor
device.
 It lacks a filament, uses less power and has a long
lifespan.
 LEDs produce more light than incandescent lamps and
help save energy in energy-conserving devices.

March, 2021 32
 Cont’d...

5. Sodium Vapour Lamp:

 It is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited
state to produce light.
 Are two types:- Low pressure and High pressure.

March, 2021 33
 Cont’d...

6. Neon Lamp:
 It is a gas-discharge lamp that contains gas at low
pressure.
 It is assembled by mounting two electrodes within a small
glass envelop.
 lamps are filled with a pure neon gas.
 When a voltage is applied, then the gas ionizes and starts
to glow.

March, 2021 34
 Cont’d...
7. Halogen Lamp:
 It consists of a tungsten filament, which is sealed with a
compact transparent envelop and filled with an inert gas
and small amount of halogen (bromine or iodine).
 Is smaller than the conventional lamps. Halogen
increases the lifetime and brightness of the lamps.
 Luminous efficiency of a halogen lamp is about 25
lumens per watt.

March, 2021 35
 III. Type of lighting schemes/systems

 The purpose of electric lighting:

To extend the useful hours in the day.
To assist the performance of a visual task.
To display or reveal something.
To control how something appears.
To attract attention.

March, 2021 36
 Cont’d...

 Lighting schemes are classified according to the

location, requirement and purpose etc...and are :
A. Direct Lighting
B. Indirect Lighting
C. Semi-direct Lighting
D. Semi-indirect Lighting and
E. General Diffusing Lighting

March, 2021 37
 Cont’d...

A. Direct Lighting
 In this system, almost 90 to 100 % light flux is made to
fall directly on the object or working surface with the
help of deep reflectors (device that reflects radiation).
 Although this scheme is most efficient but it is liable to
cause glare and hard shadows.
 Such type of lighting scheme is most used in
industries ,commercial lighting and general out-door
lighting.

March, 2021 38
 Cont’d...

Fig: Direct lighting

March, 2021 39
 Cont’d...

B. Indirect lighting
 In this system, the light does not fall directly on the
working surface but 90-100% of light is directed
upwards by using diffusing reflectors.
 The light is directed to the ceiling and upper walls
and is reflected to all parts of the room.
 Here, the ceiling and wall act as a source of light and
this light is uniformly distributed over the surface and
glare is reduced to minimum.
 One of the main characteristics of indirect lighting is
that it provides shadow less illumination.
March, 2021 40
 Cont’d...

Indirect lighting is used:

For decoration purpose in cinemas, theatres and hotels…
For drawing offices.
In workshops especially where large machines and other
obstacles would cast trouble some shadows if direct
lighting were used.

Fig. indirect lighting

March, 2021 41
 Cont’d...

C. Semi-direct System
 In this lighting scheme 60-90% of the total light flux is
made to fall down-wards directly with the help of
semi-direct reflectors. The remaining light is used to
illuminate the ceiling and walls.
 This scheme avoids glare, it also improves the
efficiency of the system with reference to the working
plane.
 Such a system is best suited to rooms with high ceilings
where a high level of uniformly distributed illumination
is desirable.
March, 2021 42
 Cont’d...

Fig: Semi-direct lighting

March, 2021 43
 Cont’d...

D. Semi-indirect Lighting
 In this scheme 60-90% of total light flux is thrown up wards to
the ceiling for reflection and the rest reaches the working plane
directly except for some absorption by the bowl.
 This lighting scheme has soft shadows and is glare free.
 Such a system, therefore, eliminates the objections of indirect
lighting .
 It is mainly used for interior decoration.

March, 2021 44
 Cont’d...

Fig: Semi-indirect lighting

March, 2021 45
 Cont’d...

E. General Diffusing System

 When a light is completely enclosed as with some globes, the light is
diffused since it passes through the glass or plastic.
 In this scheme, lamps made of diffusing glass are used, which gives
nearly equal illumination in all directions (downwards and
upwards).
 It is also glare free and produces a flat appearances.
 In this reflection, the viewer can see the illuminated surface but not
the light source.

March, 2021 46
 Cont’d…
 Summary of light scheme:

March, 2021 47
 III. Design of Illumination

 While designing a good Indoor lighting schemes, the

following points must be kept in mind :

 It should provides adequate illumination.

 It should provides uniformly distributed light all
over working plane.
 It should avoid glare and shadows as far as
possible.
 It should provide light of suitable colors.

March, 2021 48
 Factors required for light scheme or
Illumination
 The following factors are required to be considered
while designing the lighting scheme:
a) Illumination level
b) Quality of light
c) Co-efficient of utilization
d) Depreciation factor
e) Maintenance factor
f) Space-to- height ratio

March, 2021 49
 a) Illumination Level

 This is the most vital factor in deciding the number

N and wattage of luminaries so that we are able to
see and recognize the object/ body properly.
 Colors of the body have the property of reflecting
the light in different proportions, degree of
illumination, its distance from the viewer, contrast
between the object to be seen and its surroundings.

March, 2021 50
 Cont’d...

Type of work Recommended illumination level

Offices 100-400 lumens/ meter square
Schools 250-400 lumens/ meter square
Industry 1000 lumens/ meter square
Shops 250-500 lumens/ meter square
Hotels 80-100 lumens/ meter square
Hospitals 250-3500 lumens/ meter square

March, 2021
51
 b) Quality of Light
 It means that the illumination level should not be harmful to the
viewers.
 It should be glare free, shadow less and contrast free. Direct glare
from the source of light is most common factor.
 Presence of polished and glassy surface will cause indirect glare
unless diffused light is used.
 Hard and long shadows can be avoided by using a large number of
lamps and adjusting the mounting height.
 Glare is the brightness within the field of vision of such a character
as to cause annoyance, discomfort, interference with vision.
 In lighting installations formation of hard & long shadows causes
fatigue to eyes, therefore, is considered to be a short-coming.
Especially for drawing offices they are not necessary.

March, 2021 52
 c) Co-efficient of Utilization (η)
 A surface to be illuminated receive light either directly
from the lamps or reflected from the ceiling and walls
or both.
 In this case, the total flux reaching the surface will
never be equal to the flux emitted by the lamp, due to
absorption by reflectors, ceiling and walls.
Utilization factor(η) = Lumens reaching at the working place
Total lumens emitted by the source

[usually η <1, varies from 0.1 to 0.6]

March, 2021 53
 Cont’d...

 The value of utilization factor varies widely and depends on the

following factors:
1. The type of lighting system, whether direct or indirect etc.
2. The type and mounting height of the fittings.
3. The reflection factors (colour and surface) of walls and
ceilings.
4. The distribution of the light source in the room. Light
coloured ceilings and walls reflect 50 -70% of the incident light,
the dark ones only 10-20%. In direct lighting, reflection from
ceilings and walls is of less consequence than in other systems.
5. The ratio of length, width and height of a room expressed as
the room index (RI).

54
 Cont’d…

Values of utilization factor for different lighting schemes:

March, 2021 55
 Cont’d...

 Room Index (RI): It is a number that describes the ratios of

the rooms length (L), width (W) and height (H). (For
rectangular rooms)
RI = (Only for direct, semi-direct, and
general diffuse lighting scheme)
Where, H is the distance between the light fitting and the
working plane.
 The geometrical shape of the room and the relationship
between the W, L, and H of the room play the most important
role in the utilization of light sources applied.
 For this purpose, all possible rooms can be divided in to 10
classes, signed with letters from A to J.

March, 2021 56
 Cont’d...

 The J- class is the worst, while the A- class is the best in

useful utilization of the light.
 According to the result of the RI obtained, the room index is
then estimated as follow:

March, 2021 57
 d) Maintenance Factor (MF)

 The illumination produced by a lighting installation is

considerably less after a year or two of use than it was initially.
 The loss is due to partly to the ageing of the lamps & partly to the
accumulation of dust on the lamps, on the reflecting &
transmitting surfaces of the fixatures & on the ceiling & walls.
 This fact is taken in to account, by including the maintenance
factor, which is defined as the ratio of the ultimate maintained
metre-candles on the working plane to the initial metre-candles. or
 It is the ratio of utilization under normal working conditions to the
illumination when the things are perfectly clean.

MF < 1

March, 2021 58
 Cont’d...

 It’s value is more if the lamp fittings are cleaned regularly, say
0.8, & less if there is much less etc. say 0.6.
 The maintenance factors can be classified into three groups:
1. Good maintenance factor - As in the case of shops, offices, schools,
etc… where fittings are cleaned at frequent intervals.
2. Medium maintenance factor -Where lamps are replaced only after
burnout.
3. Poor maintenance factor - The type that takes place in dusty
surroundings of foundries, smithy shops, textile factories, mining
operations, etc.

March, 2021 59
 e) Depreciation Factor DF (P)

 The total flux emitted by the source and its fitting may be
reduced due to deposition of dust upon the surfaces (dusts on
the lamps, reflectors, ceiling & walls) and ageing of the light
source.
 Similarly, quantity of light reflected from the ceiling and walls
also decreases with the passage of time. This is called as
Depreciation factor.
 DF is the ratio of initial metre-candles to the ultimate
maintained metre-candles on the working plane.

March, 2021 60
 Cont’d…

 DF > 1
 DF is merely the reverse of the MF.

March, 2021 61
 f) Space-to-Height Ratio
 Correct spacing is of great importance to provide uniform
illumination over the whole area.
 Space-to-height ratio is the ratio of the horizontal spacing between
two adjacent lamps to the height of the luminaries above the working
plane.
 It depends quite on luminous output, type of lighting scheme and
on the extent of candlepower distribution curve of the luminaries.

Space-to-height ratio (SHR) =

Mounting height:
- The mounting height will largely be governed by the type of the
building & the type of lighting scheme employed.
- In case of direct lighting scheme, the rooms of large floor area , the

March, 2021 62
 Cont’d…
luminaires should be mounted as close to the ceiling as possible.
Lowering them not only will make the illumination less uniform, but
will also bring them more in to the field of vision, thus increasing the
glare.
- In the case of indirect & semi-indirect lighting scheme it would of
course be desirable to suspend the luminaires far enough down
from the ceiling in order to give uniform illumination on the ceiling.
Spacing between luminaires:
- Correct spacing is of great importance to provide uniform
illumination over the whole area.
- In the case of direct & semi-direct lighting, with fluorescent
luminaires, it is good practice to aim at a value of unity for the
space-to-height ratio. In the case of tungsten lamps combined with
focusing reflectors, the ratio of spacing-to- height should be about 0.6.
March, 2021 63
 Cont’d…
- In the case of indirect & semi-indirect lighting, it is good practice
to aim at a horizontal spacing between rows approximately equal to
a height of the ceiling above the working plane, and in no case
should the horizontal spacing exceed 1.5 times this height.
General lighting:
- For ‘general lighting’ which implies that the illumination at working
level should not vary throughout the room.
- Therefore, it is apparent that the fitting for general lighting should be
so placed that the illumination received from each fitting overlaps &
builds up that of its neighbors.
- The distance of the light source from the wall should be equal to one
half the distance between two adjacent light sources. Also,
- The distance between light fittings should not exceed 1.5 times the
outing height.
March, 2021 64
 Cont’d...

 So, the distance between the lamps is not too much. An ideal
scheme could be when a large number of small size lamps are
used ,although, it increases the cost of installation. The space-
height ratio varies between 1 to 1.5.

March, 2021 65
 Cont’d...

• The distribution of light sources in a room has an important

bearing on the quality of lighting.
• The distance of a light source from the wall should be equal
to the one half the distance between two adjacent light sources
(in most cases).

OR, some times, it can be determined as follow:

March, 2021 66
 Calculations of Number of Light Points for
Interior Illumination
 In order to estimate the number N and the type of light fittings
required to suit a particular environment, it is necessary to know
what level of illuminance E is required, the area A to be
illuminated, the maintenance factor MF and the coefficient of
utilization , and the efficiency of the lamps to be used.
 The expression for the total lumens (Gross lumens) taking in to
consideration the utilization factor(η) and depreciation factor (p)
is given by: [From A]
(lm) [considering ]
Where,= Total lumens (lm), E = Illumination level(lm/), and
A = Area()

March, 2021 67
 Cont’d...

Number of lamps required (N) =

Where,
= , and

Luminous efficiency(lm/w) = , From this

= Wattage of each lamp(W) Luminous efficiency(lm/W)

()

Therefore the number of lamps required is given by:

N=
March, 2021 68
 Cont’d...

Example-4:
A room 8m12m is lighted by 15 lamps to a fairly uniform illumination of 100
lm/. Calculate the utilization coefficient of the room given that the output of
each lamp is 1600 lumens. (Assume the lamps are cleaned regularly).
Solution:

Given: A= 8m*12m = 96 , N=15 , E= 100 lm/, = 1600lm

MF = 0.8 , for regularly cleaned lamps.

Required : =?
= = = 0.5

March, 2021 69
 Cont’d…
Example-5:
The illumination in a drawing office 30m10m is to have a value of 250lux and
is to be provided by a number of 300-W filament lamps. If the coefficient of
utilization is 0.4 and the maintenance factor 0.8, determine the number of
lamps required. The luminous efficiency of each lamp is 141lm/W.
Solution:
Given : A= 30m*10m= 300 , E= 250 lux , Power of lamps = 300watt
= 0.4 , MF= 0.8 , Luminous efficiency = 141lumen/watt
Required: N ?
= Wattage of each lamp(W) Luminous efficiency(lm/W)
= 300w*141lm/w = 42300 lm

N= = ~6

March, 2021 70
 Cont’d...

Exercise-2:
It is proposed to illuminate a Lecture halls of dimensions 30m long and
12m wide. Assume the mounting height of 5m and the required level of
illumination is 50 lux. Five types of lamps having lumen outputs, as
given below, are available:

Taking a depreciation factor = 1.3, utilization coefficient = 0.5 and

space/height ratio = 1.2
A. Calculate the number of lamps needed in each case to produce the required
illumination.
B. Out of above five types of lamps select most suitable type & design a
suitable scheme & make a sketch showing location of lamps.
March, 2021 71
 Cont’d...

Exercise-3:
A hall 30 meters by 15 meters with a ceiling height of 5 meters is to be
provided with a general illumination of 120 lumens/.Taking a coefficient of
utilization of 0.5 and depreciation factor of 1.4, determine the number of
florescent tubes required, their spacing, mounting height and total wattage.
take luminous efficiency of fluorescent tube as 40 lumens per watt for 80 watt
tubes. Assume a space-to-height ratio of unity.

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 Cont’d...

Example-6: A factory area is 40m long, 20m wide and is 8m

high. Point source luminaires are suspended 1.5 metres below
ceiling level. The working plane(WP) is 1 metre high. Calculate
the minimum number of luminaires which must be installed to
conform with a recommended SHR of 1.5 : 1.
Solution: let’s draw the given layout
H= 8 - (1+1.5)= 5.5m
SHR=1.5:1=S/H=1.5 So,
S=1.5 H=1.5 5.5= 8.25m

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 Cont’d...

Min no. of rows= = 2.4 (3 rows)

Min no. of luminaires per rows=

N.B: This means that the minimum number to conform with SHR requirement is 3
rows with 5 luminaires per row.

Assuming that 3 rows of 5 luminaires is suitable, the actual spacing is determined as

follows:
Spacing between rows= = 6.67m

Spacing(the actual) between lamps in rows= = 8m

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 Cont’d...

The layout diagram looks like as follow:

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 .

Questions ?
Thank you
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