ILLUMINATION– may be defined as the light of proper color, quantity and so directed as to allow

quick and accurate vision without discomfort to eyes.

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

1.Luminous Flux (ø or F) – is the light energy radiated out per second from the luminous body in the
form of light waves. Its unit is lumen (Lm) one lumen is defined as the flux emitted per unit solid
angle from a standard candle.

∆ ∅=I ( ∆ ω ) where ∆ ω=a solid angle subtended at the center of the sphere ∈steradian

∆ ∅=I
( )
∆A
r
2
∈lm: ∆ ω=
∆ Area
( radius )2
=4 π sr ( for isotropic source )

∆ ∅=4 π I
2.Luminous Intensity (I) – or candle power of the source in any direction is given by the luminous
flux radiated out per sec. on its unit solid angle in that direction. Its unit is candela (cd) one candela
is defined as one lumen per steradian.
∆∅
I= ∈candela note: 1 candle power (older unit of I) = 0.981 candela
∆ω
3.Mean Spherical Candle power (MSCP)

∅ lumen
MSCP= ∈ ∨cd
4π Sr
4.Mean Hemispherical Candle power (MHSCP)

∅ lumen
MHSCP= ∈ ∨cd
2π Sr
5.Illuminance (ILLUMINATION) (E)- is a measure of how light falls on unit area of the surface.

Its unit is dependent on Area:

lumen lumen lumen

1 lux (lx) = 1 2
:1 foot candle ( fc ) =1 2
:1 phot ( ph ) =1
m ft cm2
thus: 1 fc = 10.76 lux & 1 phot = 10 000 lux

∅
E= ∈lux , phot∨fc
A
6. Specific Output (Efficacy) – it is the ratio of luminous flux to the power intake “W”.

lm 4 π × M . S . C . P
=
W watts
7. Principle of Photometry- the illumination (E) due to a point source decreases inversely as the
square of the distance from the source.

I I1 I1
Eα 2
; 2 = 2 →inverse square law
r r1 r2
For Horizontal surface: For Vertical surface:

Icosθ Isinθ
E= 2
E= 2
d d
h s
but cos θ = but sin θ =
d d
Ih Is
E= 3
lux∨fc E= 3
lux∨fc
d d
8. The space/height ratio is given by:

horizontal distance between lamps

¿
mounting height of lamps
9. The utilization factor or coefficient of utilization (ᶯ)

lumens actually received on working plane

ᶯ=
lumens emitted by the light source
Factors:

a) kinds of light

b) surface where light is coming (walls, ceilings etc.)

c) color of the surface and surrounding

it varies from: 0.10 to 0.60 depending upon the nature of light

a) 0.10 to 0.40 for indirect lighting system

b) 0.40 to 0.60 for direct lighting system

10. Maintenance Factor or Depreciation Factor ( ρ )

sometimes called Light Loss Factor

illuminationunder actual condition

ρ=
illumination wheneverything is perfectly clean
Factors:

a) Because of dust, dirt etc.

b) Blacking of filament the light emitted decreases

it varies: 0.60 to 0.80

 also ρ = LLD x LDD x RSDD x LBO

where:

LLD = lamp lumen depreciation factor RSDD - room surface dirt depreciation factor

LDD = luminaire dirt depreciation factor LBO = lamp burnout (only for 2 or more luminaires)

LIGHTING DESIGN

- Lighting design is a combination of applied art and applied science.

GOALS OF LIGHTING DESIGN :

Lighting levels should be adequate for efficient seeing of the particular task involved.

Lighting equipment should be unobstructive, but not necessarily invisible.

Lighting must have the proper quality.

Lighting design must be accomplished efficiently in terms of capital & energy resources.

METHODS USED FOR LIGHTING DESIGN :

Illumination Methods ( Point-by-Point method)

a) General Lighting - this is as system designed to give uniform and generally, though not
necessarily. Diffuse lighting throughout the area under consideration.

b) Local and supplementary - these are two terms that are used interchangeably but have slightly
different meanings, “Local Lighting“ provides a small, high level area without contributing to the
general lighting. “Supplementary lighting“ also provides a restricted area of high intensity, but
supplements the general lighting.

c) Combined General & Local Lighting- is used in space where general visual task is low, but
supplementary lighting is required in a limited area of particular task.

Lumens ( Flux ) Method

Lumen method of calculation is a procedure for determining the average maintained

illumination on the working plane in a room. The method presupposed that luminaires will be spread
so that uniformity of illumination is provided.

ZONAL CAVITY METHOD

In this method coefficient of utilization was determine through different tables related to
luminaires light distribution characteristic, to room size and its surface reflectance, to its mounting
height and its relationship to the working plane (i.e. Cavity Ratios)

RCR=5 h RC
[ ]
l+ w
l× w
=room cavity ratio

CCR=5 hCC
[ ]
l+ w
l× w
=ceiling cavity ratio

FCR=5 h FC [ ]
l+w
l× w
=floor cavity ratio
Where: h RC =height of room cavity , hCC =¿height of ceiling cavity, & h FC =height of floor cavity

3. Flood Lighting

It means “flooding” of large surface with the help of light from powerful projectors. Its uses are for
aesthetics, advertising and industrial/commercial lighting schemes.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN TUNGSTEN FILAMENT LAMP & FLUORESCENT TUBE:

TUNGSTEN FILAMENT LAMP -------------- FLUORESCENT LAMP

1. Its Light is close to the natural light. 1. Its light is not close to natural light

2. Actual color can be judged. 2. Actual color cannot be judge.

3. Initial cost is low. 3. Initial cost is high

4. Life is about 1000 hrs. 4. Life is about 4000 hrs.

5. Maintenance cost is more. 5. Maintenance cost is low

6. Brightness is more. 6. Its light is cool and pleasant

7. Light output is reduced with time. 7. Light output is also reduced but very less

8. Heat radiation loss is there. 8. As the temperature is less soless radiation losses

9. Less lumen output per watt 9. More lumen output per watt (40 lm/watt)

10. Lumen efficiency is poor because 10. The color of light depends upon the gas in the
of colored glass case of colored lamp

11. No stroboscopic effect 11. It has stroboscopic effect.