Utilization – Illumination, lec.

1
Dr. Jehan Shazly

Illumination
- Light is the prime factor in the human life. Where there is no natural light, use of
artificial light is made.

- Artificial lighting produced electrically. It is important to be clean – ease of control –

reliability – low cost.

- Good lighting protects our health, eyes, nervous system, and reducing accidents.

- Illumination differs from light:

 Light is the cause (source).
 Illumination is the result of light on surfaces on which it falls.

Light
Light is the form of radiant energy (electromagnetic waves). Visible light can have a
wave length between 4000 Angstrom and 7500 Angstrom. The electromagnetic wave
travels at velocity of 3  10 8 m / s
F  3  10 8 m / s
Where F: frequency (Hz),  : wave length (m)

Color
The sensation of color is due to the difference in the wave lengths of light radiations

Wave lengths and colors

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 Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly

Terms used in illumination

1. Plane angle
A plane angle is between two straight lines in the same plane (2 dimensions)
arc
 , Unit : radian
radius

For the largest angle, arc = 2πr, (the perimeter of the circle)
It is defined as mean horizontal candle power; it is the mean of candle powers in all
directions and in horizontal plane containing the source of light.
2r
  2 (rad)
r

2. Solid angle
It is the angle generated by the surface passing through the point in space (3 dimensions).
To understand it, consider a cone. It is denoted by ω, expressed in (steradians).
area
 , Unit : steradians
radius2

Area of cone = 2r (1  cos  ) , hence  
2

2
  2 (1  cos  )

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 Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly

For the largest angle, area = 4πr2, (the area of the sphere)
It is defined as mean spherical candle power; it is the mean of candle powers in all
directions and in all planes from source of light.
4r 2
  4 (sr)
r2

3. Luminous Flux (Ф)

The total energy radiated per second from aluminous body (lamp). It helps us to specify
the output and efficiency of a given light source.
UF
working plan ( wp )  lamps 
DF
Unit: lumens (lm)

 Utilization factor (UF) < 1

It is defined also as coefficient of utilization, it depends on:
- Reflection of the ceiling, walls, and floor of the room
- Luminaries efficiency (ηlum)
L W
- Room dimensions (index room = )
H  (L  W )

 Depreciation factor (DF ) > 1

Due to age of lamp, dust, dirt, and smoke on the lamps.
1
MF (maintenance factor) =
DF

4. Luminous Intensity (I)

Luminous Intensity in any particular direction is the luminous flux radiated per unit solid
angle in that direction.
lamp
I

lm
Unit: = candle power = CP
sr

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 Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly

5. Illumination (E)
When the light falls up on any surface, the illumination of a surface is defined as the flux
received per unit surface area.
wp
Eav 
area
lm
Unit: 2 = lux = meter candle
m

Note:
All over discussions were based on the assumption that the luminous intensity of the
candle power from a source is uniformly distributed over the surrounding surface.

Laws of illumination
There are two laws of illumination:
a) Laws of inverse squares
b) Lambert’s cosine law

a) Laws of inverse squares

If a source of light emits light equally in all directions and the illuminated surface is
normal to the direction of light. So the illumination produced by a point source varies
inversely as square of the distance from the source.

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 Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly

wp I I
Eav    2
area d 2
d
  2 (1  cos  )
I I
E1  , E2 
d12 d 22

b) Lambert’s cosine law

When the illuminated surface (CD) is not normal to the direction of light.

I
E AB 
d2
wp wp
E AB  , ECD 
area AB area CD
area AB  area CD  cos 

ECD wp area AB

 
E AB area CD wp

ECD area CD  cos


E AB area CD

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 Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly

I
ECD  E AB  cos   cos
d2
h  d cos 
I I
ECD  2
 cos  2
[cos ]3
 h  h
 
 cos 

Example (I-1)
A lamp having luminous intensity of 500 lm per sr, is hung 4 m above the center of a
circular area of 6 m diameter. Calculate the illumination at:
i. Center of the area
ii. Periphery of the area
iii. Average illumination

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 Utilization – Illumination, lec.1
Dr. Jehan Shazly

Example (I-2)
Find the illumination beneath each lamp at A, B, and C due to the three street lamps.

note:
lamp  I  lamp
WP  I  WP