Crystallization
Crystallization is a solid-liquid separation process in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid
solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs
In crystallization, the solution is CONCENTRATED and usually cooled until the solute concentration
greater than it solubility at that temperature.
Then, the solute comes out of the solution forming CRYSTAL of approximately pure solute.
Example : Production of sucrose from sugar beet, where the sucrose is crystallized out from an aqueous
solution
This process can occur in:
freezing of water to form ice,
formation of solid particles from liquid melts,
formation of snow particles from vapor or
formation of solid crystals from a liquid solution
Crystallization process
Crystallization Steps :
Nucleus Crystal
Formation Growth
The driving force for nucleus formation and crystal growth is
SUPERSATURATION
These 2 steps will NEVER happen in saturated or under
saturated solution.
Supersaturation
Supersaturation is a state of a solution that contains more of the
dissolved material supersaturated solution.
Three methods to produce supersaturation:
Cooling the solution with negligible evaporation (tank/batch
crystallizer).
Evaporation of the solvent with little or no cooling (crystallizing
evaporator)
Combination of cooling and evaporation (vacuum crystallizer)
Crystallization process steps
Nucleation Crystal growth
Primary nucleation Secondary nucleation Once the first small crystal
forms, the nucleus start to
increases its own dimension.
Growth rate is influenced by
Homogenous nucleation Contact nucleation
several physical factors, such as
surface tension of solution,
Crystallization occur at high Crystallization occur at low
pressure, temperature, relative
supersaturation. supersaturation
crystal velocity in the solution,
No agitation needed Secondary nucleation requires
Reynolds number.
Initial formation of crystal The "seeds" or existing crystals to
crystal size distribution begins to perpetuate crystal growth.
take shape. The crystal growth is initiated
with contact between solution
and other crystal, a mixer
blade, a pipe, a vessel wall, etc.
Example of crystallization process
~ Salt crystal production ~
Take a pot of boiling water and add table salt while stirring to
make a water-salt solution.
Continue adding salt until no more salt will dissolve in the
solution (this is a saturated solution).
Now add one final teaspoon of salt. The salt that will not
dissolve will help the first step in crystallization begin.
Advantages of crystallization
Able to obtain very high purity products
(>99.9%)
Products are with good appearances
such as the sizes and shapes
crystallization
Crystals formed are the most
concentrated form of the chemical
possible
Requires less energy input
Types of Crystals
Cubic three equal axes at right angles to each other
Tetragonal three axes at right angles to each other, one axis longer
than the other two
Orthorhombic three axes at right angles to each other, allof
different lengths
Hexagonal three equal axes in one lane at 60 to each other and a
fourth axis at right angles to this plane
Monoclinic three unequal axes, two at right angles in a plane and a third at
some angle to this plane
Triclinic three unequal axes at unequal angles to each other and
not 30, 60 or 90
Trigonal three equal and equally inclined axes
Types of Crystals
Equilibrium Solubility in Crystallization
In crystallization equilibrium is
attained when the solution or
mother liquor is saturated.
Represented by a SOLUBILITY
CURVE.
Solubility is dependent mainly on
temperature.
In general, the solubilities of most
salts increase slightly or markedly
with increasing temperature.
Solubility Curve
anywhere on the solubility curve -
saturated solid crystals
above the solubility curve -
supersaturated solid crystals
below the solubility curve -
unsaturated solution.
Solubility of sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3, in water
Solubility increases rapidly with temperature, but there are definite breaks in the
curve which indicate different hydrates.
Up to 50C, the solid crystals formed are Na2S2O35H2O
From 50C to 65C, the solid crystals formed are Na2S2O32H2O
From 65C to 70C, the solid crystals formed are Na2S2O3H2O
Above 70C, anhydrous solid crystals formed are Na2S2O3
Yields and Heat and Material Balances in Crystallization
1) Material balances in crystallization
The yield of crystals from a crystallization process can be calculated knowing the initial
concentration of solute, the final temperature and the solubility at this temperature.
W kg H2O
F kg feed Cooler or S kg solution (T)
(T) crystallizer
C kg crystals
2) Heat effects and heat balances in crystallization
When a compound (whose solubility increases as temp. increases) dissolves, there is an
absorption of heat called heat of solution.
At equilibrium, the heat of crystallization is equal to the negative of heat of solution at
the same concentration.
If some evaporation occurs, the enthalpy, Hv of the water vapor is obtained from the
steam tables.
Total heat absorbed, q :
q = H2 + H v - H 1
H1 = enthalpy of the entering solution
H2 = enthalpy of the final mixture of crystals and mother liquor
Hv = enthalpy of the water vapor
If q is positive, heat must be added to the system.
If q is negative, heat is evolved or given off.
Example 12.11-1
A salt solution weighing 10 000 kg with 30% Na2CO3 is cooled to 293 K (200C). The salt crystallizes
as the decahydrate. What will be the yield of Na2CO310H2O crystals if the solubility is 21.5 kg
anhydrous Na2CO3/100 kg of total water?
(a) Assume that no water is evaporated.
V kg H2O
10,000 kg solution S kg solution
COOLER &
CRYSTALLIZER
30% Na2CO3 21.5 kg Na2CO3/100 kg H2O
70% H2O
C kg crystals, Na2CO3 10H2O
1. Perform material balance for water and Na2CO3
100 180.2
H2O balance: 0.7(10000) (S ) (C ) 0
100 21.5 286.2
21.5 106
Na2CO3 balance: 0.3(10000) (S ) (C )
100 21.5 286.2
Molecular Weight: 10H2O = 180.2
Na2CO3 = 106
Na2CO310H2O = 286.2
2. Solving the two equation simultaneously,
C = 6370 kg of Na2CO310H2O crystals
S = 3630 kg solution
(b) Assume that 3% of the total weight of the solution is lost by evaporation of water in cooling.
0.03(10000) 300 kg H 2 O
Balance for water and Na 2 CO 3 :
100 180.2
0.70(10000) (S ) (C ) 300
100 21.5 286.2
21.5 106
0.3(10000) (S ) (C ) 0
100 21.5 286.2
Solving the two equation simultaneously,
C = 6630 kg of Na2CO310H2O crystals
S = 3070 kg solution
Example 12.11-2
A feed solution of 2268 kg at 327.6 K (54.4C) containing 48.2 kg MgSO4 / 100 kg total
water is cooled to 293.2 K (20C) where MgSO47H2O crystal are removed. The solubility
of the salt is 35.5 kg MgSO4 / 100 kg total water. The average heat capacity of the feed
solution can be assumed as 2.93 kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution at 291.2 K (18C) is -13.31 x
103 kJ/kg mol MgSO47H2O. Calculate the yield of crystals and make a heat balance to
determine the total heat adsorbed, q assuming no water is vaporized.
W= 0
F=2268kg
(327.6K) S (293.2 K) 35.5 kg MgSO4
Crystallizer
100kg H2O
48.2 kg MgSO4
100 kg H2O
C kg MgSO4 . 7H2O
1. Perform material balance for water and MgSO4
100 100 126
H2O balance: 2268 (S ) (C ) 0
100 48 . 2 100 35 . 5 246 . 49
MgSO4 balance:
48.2 35.5 120.49
2268 (S ) (C )
100 48 . 2 100 35 . 5 246 . 49
Molecular Weight: 7H2O = 126
MgSO4 = 126
MgSO4 7H2O = 246.49
2. Solving the two equation simultaneously,
C = 616.9 kg of MgSO4 7H2O crystals
S = 1651.1 kg solution
To make heat balance, a datum of 293.2 K will be used.
The enthalpy of feed, H1 = 2268(327.6K - 293.2K)(293) = 228600 kJ H = FCpT
Heat of solution is = - 13.31 x 103 kJ/ kgmol MgSO4
Heat of crystallization, H2 = (- 13.31 x 103 kJ/ kgmol MgSO47H2O) / (246.49 kg/kgmol MgSO47H2O)
= (- 54.0 kJ/kg crystals) x 616.9 kg crystals
= -33312 kJ
Assume value at 291.2 K is the same as at 293.2 K
The total heat absorbed, q:
q = H 2 + Hv - H1
= -33312 - 228600
= -261912 kJ
Since q is ve , heat is evolved or given off.
