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MIXING AND SOLUTION

Ø two different liquids are mixed

Ø a gas or solid is dissolved into a liquid

Ø bonds broken between neighboring molecules

Ø new bonds formed between neighboring molecules or ions in

product solution

Ø net release (exothermic)/gain in energy (endothermic)

HEAT OF MIXING (DĤm) AND

SOLUTIONS (DĤs)
Ø Ideal mixture/solution (gas or liquid mixtures of structurally similar
compounds, obeys Raoult’s law)

v Heat of solution/mixing = negligible

mix » å n i H i
ˆ
ΔH ˆ

Ø aqueous solution of strong acids or bases of certain gases (HCl) or solids

(NaOH)
v Heat of solution/mixing included in energy balance

Ø heat of solution at 25oC of HCl(g) and NaOH (s) and the heat of mixing at
25oC of H2SO4(l) are given in Table B.11

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HEAT OF MIXING & SOLUTIONS

HEAT OF SOLUTION (DĤs) /MIXING (DĤm)

1 mol pure H2SO4 (l)

ToC. P
Mixing
tank H2SO4(aq)
r moles H2O(l) ToC, P
ToC, P

HS= H H 2 SO4 ( aq ) - æç H H 2 SO4 (l ) + H H 2O ö÷

Q = DĤ
è (l ) ø

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HEAT OF SOLUTION (DĤs) /MIXING (DĤm)

r mole liquid solvent
ToC, P liquid solution
1 mol liquid solute ToC, P
ToC, P

Enthalpy of a solution (or mixing) containing r moles H2O/mole solute

Ø reference states of pure solute and solvent at 25oC and 1 atm

ˆ (r )
ˆ = ΔH
H s
Ø reference states of pure solvent and an infinitely dilute solution at
25oC and 1 atm

Example

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dissolved in enough water to make up a 20% mole

% solution. If the NaOH and water were initially at 77oF (25oC), how much heat
(Btu/Ibm solution) must be removed for the solution to be at 77oF. Assume the
process is carried out at constant pressure. Use table B-11 to evaluate DĤs

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Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook on pp 2-184 / 2-185

Specific Gravity of Sulfuric Acid

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Example 8.5-1
Hydrochloric acid is produced by absorbing gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) in
water. Calculate the heat that must be transferred to or from an absorption unit if
HCl(g) at 100oC and H2O(l) at 25oC are fed to produce 1000 kg/h of 20.0 wt. %
HCl(aq) at 40 oC.
Ans: -3.35 x 105 kJ/h

ENTHALPY CONCENTRATION CHART FOR H2SO4 - H2O

H = 0 for
pure liquid water at 32F

H =0 for
pure H2SO4 at 77F

Pure H2SO4
Pure water

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Example 8.5-2
A 5.0 wt % H2SO4 solution at 60 oF is to be concentrated to 40 wt. % by evaporation
of water. The concentrated solution and water vapor emerge from the evaporator at
180oF and 1 atm. Calculate the rate at which heat must be transferred to the
evaporator to process 1000 Ibm/h of the feed solution.
Ans: 984,000 Btu/h

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ADIABATIC MIXING

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Example 8.5-3
Pure water at 60 oF is mixed with 100 g of an aqueous 80 wt. % H2SO4. solution, also
at 60 oF. The mixing vessel is insulated well enough to be considered adiabatic.
1. If 250 g H2O is mixed with the acid, what will the final solution temperature be?
Ans: 100 oF
2. What is the maximum attainable solution temperature and how much water
must be added to achieve it? Ans: 150 oF,38 g

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ENTHALPY CONCENTRATION DIAGRAM

- Equilibrium composition and specific enthalpy of liquid
and vapor phase

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Example 8.5-4
An aqueous ammonia solution is in equilbrium with a vapor phase in a closed system
at 160 oF and 1 atm. The liquid phase account for 95 % of the total mass of the system
contents. Use Figure 8.5-2 to determine the weight percent of NH3 in each phase and
the enthalpy of the system per unit mass of the system contents.
Ans: 8% NH3 (liquid phase), 64% NH3 (vapor phase), 147 Btu/Ibm

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Problem 8.96 (3rd Ed.)

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ENTHALPY CONCENTRATION DIAGRAM FOR NH3-H2O

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Example 8.5-5
30 wt % NH3 solution at 100 psia is fed at a rate of 100 Ibm/h to a tank in which the
pressure is 1 atm. The enthalpy of the feed solution relative to the reference
conditions used to construct Figure 8.5-2 is 100 Btu/Ibm. The vapor composition is to
be 89 wt % NH3. Determine the temperature of the stream leaving the tank, the
mass fraction of NH3 in the liquid product, the flow rates of the liquid and vapor
product streams and the rate at which heat must be transferred to the vaporizer.
Ans: 120oF,0.185 Ibm/Ibm, 84 Ibm/h, 16 Ibm/h, 5400 Btu/h

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