Professional Documents
Culture Documents
D21 E7Q
VOL.
1 1 A.
'
>
XII.
THE
STUDIES IN THE
TWENTY
SIX
GRAMMAR OF
HIMALAYAN DIALECTS.
BY
THE REV.
T.
(IRAHAMEIbAILEY,
LONDON
PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,
22,
ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
1908.
>
>
,,u^
PREFATOKY
A
FEW words
Mr. Grahame
appears in
necessary
are
1905
was brought
it
notice
spoken
then
Gazetteers
District
Each
officials.
was intended
sketch
independent section
of
prepared
being
printed
volume
appropriate
the
be
the
represented
suggestion
number
it
facts
that,
if
use
of
as
an
in
Europe
series
;
a con-
in
value,
scientific
the
to
little
local
of
the
in
the
for
to
Panjab
the
in
hills
the
of
he had prepared
that
dialects
of
the
to
Society
Asiatic
number
of
monographs
of
collection
how
explain
to
present form.
its
In the year
sketches
order
in
valuable
Bailey's
^J^'^^^
N^OTE.
standing, a sufficient
still
oft'
As
happened, some of the type had been broken up, but the
by
Mr.
arranged
that,
with
Author's
the
Preface,
forms
it
one
convenient volume.
Owing
to
some
the
sections of
was decided
pagination of the volume
off before it
to publish
is
not?
them
in
it
form,
the
this
is
so arrano-ed
required
dialect.
The
scientific
Bailey
for
Government
in
the
of the
printed
of
Panjab for
form,
at the
these
sketches,
its liberality
disposal
in
of
the
G.
A.
and
to
the
placing them,
Royal
Asiatic
Society.
5^9 4 4G
GRIERSON.
aj
aj
/]
PREFACE.
This volume
lias
not
been
is
possible,
Studies in Noftliern
It
therefore,
to
two
much
found in Part
They have
will
show
a glance
the
i-iii,
at
contents of the
Page.
I.
be
III.
Dialects of the
1-65.
Grammar
of
Baghati
KiSthali
...
...
,,.
...
,..
...
11
...
...
21
...
...
23
...
...
25
Kot Khai
...
of Kot Guriii
...
Introduction to the Kulu Dinlects
Gi'am mar of Outer Siraji ...
...
Grammar
...
...
35
...
...
37
Inner Siraji
...
...
...
,,
Sainji
...
...
52
Kului
..,
,.,
,,.
57
II, Dialects of
Mandi
State, pp.
i, ii,
1-17.
Grammar
Mandeali
Notes on North Mandeali
Chota Baijghali
of
1
...
11
...
16
n
III. Dialects of
aries,
i-vi,
pp.
Grammar
1-108.
Camba
Introduction to
of
Dialects
Cameali
17
Bhateali
,,
Cuiahi
27
,,
,,
Laliull
37
...
53
Grammar
57
of Bhadrawalii...
,,
Bhalesi
68
,,
,,
Pad^iri
76
85
,,
,.
91
...
Appendix
Grammar
97
100
101
of Parjgwali
Grammar
of
Gujuri
Notes on Tinaull
12
Grammar
15
of
,,
Dhundi or Kairali
Punch!
24
33
36
46
Notes on Padari
Grammar
(Doda
of Siraji
Siraji)
,,
Rambani
Pou:uli
...
51
Kisbtawari
61
of SIsi to
70
other dialects
V. Dialects
"
i,
1-53.
...
Grammar of Kaggri
...
...
...
...
...
...
12
...
...
19
...
42
Grammar
Gadi
...
Karjgri and Gadi Glossary
of
...
'
portion
of tlie northern
not confined
them are
and
nortli-westei'n
to the mountains,
Himalayas.
Gujuri is
dialects.
the plains have a
part of
but as Gujurs in
tlie
Ill
same
dialect.
the
breaking down of the barrier of concealment
one may readily believe.
As a case in point I may mention that for two
or three years I have known
a trihe of monkey-trainers, conjurers
and bear-dancers (Qalandar and
Ma.lari).
Qnite recently they have laid aside their
reserve and
initiated me info their language
and rites and customs.
ma
form
otti.e
Book
of the
Jiot Gurui.
of
Common
in
IV
grammar and
is
from
different
It
vocabulary.
tliat of
the lest.
be seen that
will
all
This dialect
with the one exception of Camba Lahuli.
very closely resembles MancatI, spoken furtlier up the Cinab between
the border of Camba and the junction of the Candra and Bhaga
rivers.
I sent the MS. proof of the grammar and vocabulary and prose
Aryan
specimen of
"I
writes:
Camba
Dr. Sten
to
Laliu.ll
Konow
of
Christiania.
Be
Tibeto-Burman
language, if you except the use of pronominal suffixes with verbs."
'It canhe Aryan, but I think it more probable
Of this feature he says
that it is to be explained by tlie supposition of an old Munda substratum.'
The greatest possible interest attaches to the linguistic process
This process
by which one language shades off into another.
fully
phenomena
of the
by the grammatical
is illustrated very
Several of the Jammft dialects show the steps
dialects under review.
between Kashmiii and Panjabi, those between Camba and Simla
show a number of Rajasthani affinities. Various dialects show connecIn addition to all this there are
tions with Hindi, Urdu or Lahnda.
gradual changes by which a dialect merges into the one geograLahuli
think that
is
a characteristic
phically next to
This
it.
is
rigidly accurate.
who have
of pronunciation
tried to reproduce
with
absolute
Only those
must
word
in
any new
speaker of a
hill
It is
dialect.
language
is
from a
The value
of
the
services
a literate
of
z in azure.
In sh and zU
tlie
two
letters are
few additional signs have been adopted i is the sound half way
between i and I; u italicised in a word in ordinary print, or left in ordinary print in an italicised word is the sound lialf way between u and
:
v.
eu
turn
a mixture of
ai
English a in man and ai in aisle; eu (under ordinary type conditions) is long eu, and eu represents two distinct
vowels e
and 71.
is
tlie
It should be
Hazara
distiict in the
poorly
represented
To Lahnda
in
which
Jammft and Kashmir. Many of the summer inhabitof Murree come from Punch, and a number of
Punchi coolies
were employed in connection with the Tibetan Expedition.
Four dialects are connected with Kasdimiri and deserve very
is
subject to
ants
close
study.
allied to Padari.
(See
III, p. 101).
On
Cameali
is
closely
way
to
Dogri
one of the main dialects"of
replaced by Bharmauri or Gadi on the east, while
is
VI
south of
east of
Camba
Sfate
we have
in
and south-west of
Cameali and the Kulu and
to tlie soutii
It is in
byyfone
in
tlie
them
which points
centuries.
We
to
we
notice
some very
may hope
that
Of the man}?- linguistic tasks in the Panjab which await accomplishment two appeal specially to me. One is the completion of the
study of hill dialects in the province. Towards this end I have written
notes, which are at present in manuscript, of about a dozen dialects
and half a dozen sub-dialects, all in or near the Simla States, and hope,
The second task is
as opportunity offers, to go on working at others.
the compilation of a Panjabi Dictionary to be supplementary to existing
This, however, is a task which will redictionaries of the language.
quire the enthusiastic toil of
many
collaborators.
mental
Survey
of the
G. A. Grrierson, C.I.E,
cally a
new country
Languages
When
of India
to us.
to
taken.
In pioneer
mistakes.
effort of
shall
this description
who
will indicate to
me
known forms
use
will also
T.
officials
Grahame Bailey,
Waztrdbad,
'
'
ERRATA.
P.
I.
line
20 for
except
'
21 delete
"
iii,
4,
omit
for
17
last para.,
line
17
19
18
1]
19
II.
P.
n
III.
ii,
i',
))
,,
iii
!,
line
14
26
IV.
V.
nrna.
cheori
'
'
clieori.
lautifi
'lannil.'
'
tharaa
,,
before.'
'
tliaran.'
'
Dahr.'
'
hattiwale
'
'
read
'
hattiwale.'
'
'
'eu' read
,,
'
,,
kiidha
gH.'
'
rearf
'
kudha.'
>
last
line
10,
line
17
11,
last
line
headings
29,
line
'
33,
P.
rend
'
22
n 38-51,
rirnd
4th para.
'
11 after h insert
17-26,
after
dhiiu:
'
III, vi,
Dhar'
2 from foot for
vi
'
'
'
12. 21
10
p.
dhUld'
and see
fi
line
lenving untouched.'
'
16 for
read
'
with.'
'
line
9,
line
'
banana
read
'
'dhai' read
.,
on
'
Bhatedli' read
rend
5 for
'
Jammu
'
'
'
LdhuW
ox.'
'
kidheo
read
'
Bhatedli.'
'
read
,,
LdhulV
'dawn' read 'down.'
..
'ber.ki'
13
15
33
16
41
11
'
bi
'
read
read
rend
'
kidheo.'
'
'
betki.'
bl.'
KARIALI'
read
'
KAIRALI.'
'
Jammtt.'
12
khdnd.'
dhai.'
'
'
'
'
bandnd.'
'
,,
headings
40.
for
'
gliore.'
'
is
the
The Revd.
T.
Grahame
INTRODUCTION.
In tbe Simla States west of Long. 78 there is a congeines of
They are at predialects not differing very widely from one another.
sent classed as belonging to the Western Pahari Language of the
Northern Group of the Sanskrito- Aryan Family. East of Long. 78 there
Kot Garh).
To these are
whose centre
11
I am
not is
nth atM,
and
in
Kot
Gurui nfh ainthi. It would be very instructive to know how widely the
It is found in the Gujarat! language and also
negative form is spread.
in Kulu, and a negative auxiliary, not however indeclinable, ia common
in dialects of Laihnda.
Another common feature of the three dialects lies in the fact that
In each
the singular of nouns is almost identical with the plural.
Vocative
case,
dialect the plural is the same as the singular except in the
This peculiarity is also
and in nouns ending in -a the Nominative.
found in Kulu and in the Curahi dialect of Camba and the Gadi dialect
of Camba and in Kaijgra.
Baghati-speaking people seem to avoid using the letter h, nearly as
much as Italians thus we have aind return, for Hindi hatnd, aul, plough,
for hal.
Frequently, too, when in Hindi there is a consonant compounded with h, in Baghati it is separated from the ^ by a vowel, as in
;
may
or
the h
'
be
'
'
is
'
'
'
Poguli, zapnu,
Jammu
We
Kashmiri, daptm.
Kot Guriii
river.
is
Ill
Nearly
to
have considerable
will be found
affinity to the dialects specially
dealt with in the
following pages.
of
some
of these signs
T.
Graham E
Bailey,
Wazlrabad.
Baghnti.
BagJi^ff.
Adverbs.
When
so used tliey
The following
Adjectives
is
list of
the
{Time.)
tes wakt,
kabbe,
jabbe,
(Place.)
now
hibbi,
etthi, here
then
when
when
tetthi, there
where ?
jefcthi, where
etthi khe, up to here
etthi de, from here
kei, ketthi,
az, to-day
kalka, to-morrow
the day
hubba, up
hunda, down
kal, yesterday
nore, near
p5ishii,
after
to-
[terday
dur, far
aoka, in f tont
pachka, behind
bihtre, inside
Others are
ha or
[morrow
aho, yes
Tcannf khe or
nth, na,
no
bahre, outside
M^, why
sulle, well
?
;
Prepositions.
The commonest
Subjoined
nouns.
is
a brief
list of others.
is
fre.
on this side
about thee
jisha, like us
teri turi,
hamma
hethe, below
turi,
mi
up
tesre girde,
to
sathi, with
me
me
him
kae, beside
round
behind
it
it
you
Bayhnli.
Conjunctions.
te,
and
par but
je, if
cahe although
yd, or.
Verbs.
Auxiliari/.
am, &c.
Pres. Neg. I
am
Past
was
Pres.
not, &c.
tha
(/. thi)
(/. thi)
the the.
Intransitive Verbs,
rirna
fall.
Fut.
Imperat.
rfr
-me
Impf.
-o -(5 -u -o -6.
Pres. with tha (/. tin) in Sing, and the
Cond.
Pres.
rfr
Plupf.
rfr
-a
(/. -i)
rtr
-a
tha
hua;
-a
-a
fl. lire
-e
the,
having fallen
f.
-e
(/. -i)
rirde
or
-de
Plur.
(/.
-di) Plur.
-e.
rWe
on falling
sar,
having fallen
Urdu, girS
Ona, be or become.
Fut.
&c.
rirde,
(/. thi) in
fall.
Some
-mi) -le
-u
Past
(/.
rifo
Bdghati.
Bay ha (i.
The
the following
me,
is
illustrated in
8S mdkJa
by him
iippo tha,
I
lit.
was beaten.
When
a noun
is
t^ppcl, he beat
the object, the case with
is
books.
bapu, father.
rich, bear,
ammS, mother.
sih, leopard,
bajja, brother.
gad ha,
bobbs,
sister
(older
person referred
than
to).
sftr,
murg-a, cock,
person referred
^
bager, son.
di,
'
<
to).
daughter.
ass.
pig.
-i,
hen.
(female),
camel,
-li,
fit,
malik, husband.
gijja, kite,
cheofi, wife.
hathi, elephant,
jana, man.
hath, hand,
woman.
juanas,
lat, foot,
bager, boy.
nak, nose,
munni,
akkhi, eye.
choti, girl.
gual, shepherd.
mfih, face,
cor, thief.
dand, tooth,
kan, ear.
g5hr-a, horse,
-i,
mare.
bold, ox.
mund, head,
gae, cow.
mhaish,
bal, hair,
buffalo.
bakr-a, goat.
-i, she-goat.
jibh, tongue,
pet, stomach,
pith, back,
chiltu, kid.
kitab, book,
chel-ti,-li, (female).
kalam, pen,
bed, sheep.
maiija, bed.
kutt-a, dog.
gaur, house,
-i, bitch.
daryao, river.
Baghnli.
8
khola, stream.
ncca, high.
tibba, bill.
sohna, beautiful,
mada",
bura, ugly.
plain.
bagti, field.
rotl,
bread.
thanda, cold.
tatta, hot.
pani, water.
mittha, sweet.
kanak, wheat.
saf, clean,
kukkri, maize.
tSar, ready,
dal, tree.
kamti,
gao, village.
bhauta, more.
town,
sliaihr,
less,
ona, be,
baun, jungle.
auna, come,
raacchli, fish.
jana, go,
bat, path.
bethna,
phal, fruit.
launa, take.
shakar, meat.
dena, give.
dudh, milk.
rfrna, fall.
uth^a,
anni,
tel, oil.
cha, buttermilk.
pina, drink.
din, day.
bolna, say.
rat, night.
suttna, sleep,
suraj, sun.
karna, do.
(small).
giu, ghi.
jun,
moon.
sit.
rise.
lie
down.
tara, star.
tipna, beat.
paun, wind.
marna,
barkha, rain.
pachanna, recognise.
daii,
sunshine.
kill.
andhi, storm.
bi], seed.
banana, make.
loha, iron.
caijga, sohna, good, fine.
rakkhna, place.
bulauna, call.
bura, bad.
milna, meet.
bad da,
sikhna, learn.
big.
ch5ta, small.
parhna, read.
dilla, lazy,
likhna, write.
marna,
sidda, foolish.
sunna, hear.
paiiina, sharp.
atna, turn.
die.
Baghdti.
atSr5 aunS, return,
baihna, flow,
khlana, feed,
larna, fight,
jitna, win.
arna, be defeated,
bijna, sow.
Numerals,
Cardinal.
1 k.
40
2 do.
47
4 car.
5 panj.
6 che.
49
50
51
52
onunja.
8 ath.
panj ah,
akunjah.
banjah.
55 pacunjah.
57 satunjah.
59
uujlhatli.
tin.
sat.
nau,
60
giara.
bara.
13 tera.
14 Cauda.
15 pandra.
16 sola.
17 satra.
18 athara.
19 unni,
12
sattar.
77 satattar.
79 unasi.
80 ashshi,
87 satasi.
89 nianwe.
90 nabbe.
70
assi.
20 bish.
27
29
97
99
satai.
unatti.
39
satanw.
narinwe.
100 shau.
30 tish.
37
santali,
shath, sath.
67 satahatb.
69 unhattar.
10 das.
11
call.
1,000 bazar.
100,000 Jakh,
saiti.
untali
Ordinal.
paihlka, 1st.
chatua, 6th.
dujja, 2nd.
sattia, 7th.
tijja, 3rd.
dasua, 10.
cautha,
paihlki bare,
4tli.
panjwa, 5th,
2
first
time.
10
BayhSli
Ordinal.
addha,
half.
paune
do, If.
contd.
dai, 2\.
dedh, 1|.
1.
2.
Es gohre
ri
Etthi
Kashmira
horse
kitni
3.
de
Kashmir how
4.
many
5.
far will
ifc
be
is
7.
tUri kitna
khe dur
?
Mahre
horse's saddle
From here
to
how
married to his
olla ?
|.
tesri
To-day
My
ancle's
sister,
is.
9.
Moe
than his
13.
tesre bagera
sister.
Tesra (tyesra)
dam
Its price is
two and a
half rupees.
14.
Mera bapu
tSs
My
father lives in
18.
19.
22.
Gawa
banhdeo.
well, bind
Draw
From
II.
KIUNTHALI.
[Kifithali.]
Nouns.
Masculine.
Nouns
in -a.
Sing.
N.
G.
Plur.
D.A.
-e khe or Lage
Loc.
-e da
- da or hago
Ab.
Ag.
Voc.
-e, &c.
&c.
-e
-ea
other, fern,
-g
gobr-a, horse
- ro or ra
with
e 5
subject, the thing
its
which
is iw
Nouns
in a Consonant.
N.
gauhr, horse
gauhr
G.D.A.L. Ab.
Ag.
gaur -6
gaur-o, &c.
ra, &c.
-e
Nouns
N.
G.D.A.L. Ab.
Ag.
ro, &c.
hathi-e
Ab.
Ag.
&c.
-au
in
-ii.
-cfi
-cu
ba-o, father.
G.
L.
bfu-cu, scorpion.
G.D.A.L. Ab.
Ag.
D.A.
hathi.
hathi-
-a
Nouns
N"-
in -i.
hathi, elephant
Voc.
N".
-e
-o ra
-a khe, ba hage
-a da
ba hago, baa da
bawo
nS,
name
is
indecL
ra, &c.
-cue
bao, &c., as Sing.
the
12
Ag.
N.
G.
D.A.
L.
Ab.
Ag.
13
KiUfhall.
kun,
jo,
who
who,
kol,
hah,
what
obi. konni.
kie, kuch,
anything, something jo
;
kol,
whosoever;
jb kuchf whatsoever.
Adjectives.
Adjectives used as nouns are declined as nouns, but adjectives quaAll adjectives ending in
any
letter other
obi. -e,
Fem. -I or -i or -e indecl.
Comparison is expressed by means of da, than, from, used with the
The adjective ts5zzero, good, has a comp. form beh, tsozzeio,
positive.
pi.
-B indecl.
good, esda beh, better than this, sobbt da tsozzero, better than
all,
best.
much or many.
much or many.
Interrogative, kishu, like what ? kitii-o,-a, how much or many.
jitn-o,-a, as much or many.
Relative, jishu, like which
The genitive of nouns and pronouns is declined like adjectives
Demonstrative, ishu, like that or this
Correlative, tishu, like that or this
itn-6,-a, so
titn-6,-a, so
in -a.
list of
words.
Adverbs,
as adverbs.
The following
adjectives
is
list of
(Time.)
5bi,
now,
tes wakt,
kodde,
jodde,
aj,
then
when
when
to-day
to-morrow
poshue, day after to-morrow
tsauthe, cauthe, day after that
dote,
liijo,
(Place.)
itia, ethia,
yesterday.
here
tetia, poria,
there
where ?
jetia, where
gtthe, tai, up to here
ethiau, from here
ubha, up
undha, down
ketia,
neure, near
dur, far
14
KiuihalL
(Time.)
gaiika, in front
pichauka, behind
withku, inside
Other
no
(Place.)
are koe,
why
baindku, outside
ah, yes
nih, na,
shiga, quickly.
Prepositions.
The commonest
nouns.
Subjoined
pandku, beyond
andku, on this side
tai,
him
about thee
hamo jeha, like us
tina re kanare, towards them
tes pichauka, after or behind it
tesre ale duale, round about it
mule, below
manj
up to
frequently
teri tai,
pande, upon
bice,
is
the, within
Verbs.
Auxiliary.
Pres.
am,
&c., oss'u or u,
ossu or
am
osse or
osso or 6
ai,
or a
Pres.
Negative, I
Past.
not, &c.,
osso or au
osso,
ft
or
/.
Intransitive Verbs.
rlrnu
fall.
Pres. Cond.
Put.
rir
-u%
Impr,
rir
rira,
Pres. Ind.
-u -e -5 -u -6 -o
The same with tha in Sing, and the
Impf.
Past Cond.
Past Indie.
-ela
-ii
-61a
-e
-time
-u.
-ole
-5
-o
-ole
rir
should
rir
-a,
fall,
/.
rir
-i.
pi.
-da,
'6,
/.
-di, Plur.
/
in Plur,
-de,
/.
-d!
15
Kiuthali.
rira,
Plupf,
rira tba,
Participles
rireau,
Some
with
&c.,
Pres. Perf.
ii
ai
ai
ai
/.
having fallen
having fallen, rlrde,
or about to fall.
rira
v^hile falling
rirnewalo, faller
Fut.
oh-umi
Cond. Past
hunda.
-ua
or
-ela
-la
-m
-le
-le
aunu, come.
Fut,
aum
Irapr.
aume
aola
aole
aol
Pres. Ind.
aii
Past Cond.
aunda
Sya
Past
awela
deunUf go.
Fut.
Impr.
Pres. Ind.
Past Cond.
Past
deuS
de deau
deu
deunda
deua
rauhnu, remain,
Fut,
Impr.
Past Cond.
Past
rauhtimi rohela
rauh rauh
rauhla
rauh-ume
-1
-le
rauhnda
roha
janu, go.
Fut,
jaum
Past
goa
jaola, &c.
jela
Transitive Verbs.
katelnU, plfmo, beat, almost exactly like rtrnu.
Impr.
katil
katelau.
Past.
Pres, Perf.
Plupf.
The Passive
katela
/. kateli
au,
katela agreeing
tha, &c.
is
not at
all
common.
Kinihalt.
16
slightly irregulai'
Past khayd
khSnu, eat,
plnU, drink
denU, give,
Fut.
piyyd'
deUma
or dema.
Past dittd
Past Ida
kdmu,
,,
keU
j'dnnU, know,
leaunu,
bring
Past ^araa
laul janu, take away, are conjugated like
aunUjctnil.
Compound
Verbs.
Habit, Continuance.
Notes on Verbs.
The
d^ivi jdnii,
Infinitive in -nil,
'
go away.
when used
jective in
Snthi,
to drink water.
With a
participle,
17
KiuilmU.
The
be seen in the following examples: aj'anu tes (for tes khe) I know him,
but mae jana se, I knew him, lit. by me he was known. Wlien a noun
is
like is
noun which
is
the subject.
The ending
r or r (or rh or rh)
is
usually changed to
indifferently.
mother,
7i.
brail i,
,,
(female).
camel,
bae, brother,
lit,
beuhu,
panchi, bird.
sister,
bagehr, son.
beti,
daughter,
hatlii,
elephant,
kliosm, husband,
hath, hand,
cheoii, wife,
lat, foot,
thind, man.
nak, nose,
cheori,
woman,
akkhe, e^e.
bagehr, boy.
mSh,
beti, girl,
gual shepherd,
dar,
cor, thief,
kan,
bal, hair,
-i,
face,
(back),
ear.
mund, head,
mare,
jibh, tongue,
gaui, cow.
pet,
me^ash, buffalo,
pith, back.
(he).
kitab, book,
-i,
(she),
kalam, pen.
manja, bed.
behd, sheep,
kukk
stomach.
-ar, dog.
gauhr, house.
daryao, river,
nau, stream.
sih, leopard,
pahr?
gadha,
jubar, plain,
ass.
sor, pig.
khec, field
nauz, naudzo
zo 1
-a, cock,
roti,
,
'
hill,
kukkr
3
After
bao, father,
iji,
-nu or nu
tuk^uka
ca J
bread, food.
KixL'.hall.
18
cish, water,
sholla, cold.
gihn, wheat.
tato, hot.
kukkri, maize.
gudla, sweet.
tear, ready.
dal, tree.
thoro, little.
gao, village.
bir, city.
bhauri, much.
bauhn, jungle.
maclii, fish.
aunu, come.
hat, way.
janu, go.
pba], fruit.
bethnu,
dalki,
meat
dagga,
(for eating).
other,
e.g.,
of cow,
horse,
sit.
lauuii, take.
deuu, give.
rirnu, fall.
dndh, milk,
uthnu,
anda, egg.
gihu, ghi.
tel, oil.
rise.
khaiiu, eat.
chah, buttermilk,
pinu, drink.
theu, thing,
bolnu, say.
daihru, day.
dzopnu, speak.
rat, night,
suttnu, sleep,
suraj, sua.
kornu, do.
jiihn,
moon,
lie
down.
rauhnu, remain.
pani, rain
marnu, kill.
pachannu, recognise.
jannu, know.
dau, sunshine,
pujnu, arrive.
daurnu, run.
tara, star,
bagur, wind,
bahra, load.
pajahr, load of grass, firewood,
banaunu, make.
rakkhnii, place.
bij, seed.
bidnu,
loha, iron,
phabnu, meet.
shikhnu, learn.
porhnu, read.
Ignorant,
call.
likhnii, write.
mhatho, small,
mornu, die.
shunnu, hear.
dalidri, lazy,
otnu, turn.
akleala, wise,
shiga, swift,
paueno, sharp,
bauhnu, flow.
godnu, fight.
uc^a, high.
jitnu, win.
boro, big.
19
Kiutliall.
harnu, be defeated.
due jauu, go away,
aulil
bijnu, sow.
bahnu, plough,
tsuqgnu, graze.
20
Kinthali.
Mere
6.
uncle's son
tsatse ra
bagehr
married to his
is
7.
tesri
bauhue sathi
belia
hunda
u.
My
sister.
ri
dzin au.
In the house
is
the white
horse's saddle.
8.
On
Tesra beta m.oe beghe kfitela. I beat his son veiy much.
Se e?so dahro paude mheMishe gaui dzagau. He on that
grazing buffaloes and cows.
9.
10.
is
Se
11.
tree
if
tes dalo
a.
He
hill
under that
seated on a horse.
12.
His brother
is
bigger than
his sister.
13.
14.
much
tie
18.
19.
20.
behind thee ?
21.
Toe kos hagc se molle loa ? From whom didst thou buy that?
22.
GS da ekki dukandaro da. From a shopkeeper of the village.
Eastern kiunthali
Nouns
[Ki^thaii.]
Pronouns.
The following
N.
Piur.
Sing.
1st.
2nd.
3rd.
ae
tug
Cr.
tSai'6
D.A.
Ag.
ao kbe, a
ae
1st. pers.
hun,
who
/. teo
ra
mU
tenne/. te
for ma.
Ag. kune.
Verbs are almost identically the same.
aunu, come, makes past djja.
heshnu,
sit,
past hesha.
note, p. 16.
^P^^j-
37-saTtis^.
39-untalls.
^^S^^o.
49-uncag.
50-paias.
27-satai,sh.
29 nottish.
how
are different:
,f~^^^10-daus_h.
3.
Efchau
far
is it ?
30 tis_h.
^-^'^^^-
The sentences
40~tsalis_h.
Kashmir
Eastern Kiutliall.
22
4.
la thy father's
house how
5
ajja u.
To-day
have walked.
6.
Mere tsatse ra tshoto tesri bauhne sathe beba honda a. My
uncle's son is married to his sister.
On his back bind
Tesri pitthe pande (or gaihra) dzin kosho.
8.
the saddle.
Tesra beta
9,
moe beghe
you?
pita.
KOTZHAI.
much
resembles Kiftthali.
Nouns.
The declension
is
is
Sing.
D.A.
Ab.
Plur.
gohf-e ke
as Sing.
-e agS
S,go
for hcigo.
The following
au
III.
KOTGURU.
Nouns,
Masculine.
Nouns
^'
in -a.
^^9'
Plur,
gohr-a, horse
_a,i
^'
-eo,/. -eai
^'^'
-e
^'
-e de, di
-e ka
Ab.
Ag.
lai
ft
-ejai
V.
-6a
Nouns
^'
^
as Sing,
in a
Consonant
gauh-r, house
as Sing,
-ro
D.A.L. Ab.
_r.-ra Ui
lai,
A.
&c.
II
-rai
V.
-ra
Nouns
in
-rd
-i,
^**^-J. elephant
p'
as Sing.
-io
r).A.L. Ab.
Ag.
V,
.i,
&e.
-iai
-ia
id
,
name
is
mdec.
Feminine.
Nouns
^'
"
D.A.L.Ab.
^g-
in -i.
tshoHigirl
as Sing.
-io
.i,&^.
-iai
-
"
Kofgtir^.
26
Nouns
in a Consonant.
nf
baih-n
as Sing,
-n5
G.
D.A.Lv Ab.
-ni, &c,
V.
-nai
>
-OS
5T
^flo,
Plnr.
tl^e
same.
Pronouns.
Singular,
mS
N,
oerau
D.A. mulai
G.
L.
Ab.
Ag.
2nd
tn
Ist
jau,
tliat)
it,
iau
sau
terau
tS lai
tliis.
i
r
tetthau eh.au, /. a;aa
tebrS, tettau,/. laiau, e.(.
eu la_, /. a,a la.
tetth la.
lai, /. taia lai, ,...
,
tea
made tSde
mukS ka
mal
tini
tal
ds
dS,
k&
kS,
de
..
)>
..
)>
.-
..
"
ai
eue>
tai
..
Plural.
2nd
1st
hame
N,
Biabro
G.
D.A. hamS lai
1*.
d
Ab.
Ag.
sai
jai
tinau
inau
tuma
tin a lai
ina lai
lai
de
de
>)
d&
ka
ka
>5
ka
ine
tins
tume
ham!
(jau, tbis.)
tume, tiime
tbaro
ka
ard
Plur.
Sing.
Tcdl,
anyone, someone
Jcai,
what
G.
kun
dzun
dzauro
kaur5
dzauro-
dzaua, &c.
kaua, &c.
kuuiyai
dzaua, &c.
dzun,
kuQ, wbo ?
N.
kauro
G.
D.A.L. Ab. kaua, &c.
kuni
Ag.
wbo
dzuni
;
G.
Mmi,
dzumyai
Ag. hum.
IciUWd.
,
i
.Ur.arw
dzun kuni, v^hosc^
something-,
anytbing,
Mch,
Other pronouns are
erer dzun Tcich, whatsoever.
;
27
Kotgurti.
Adjectives.
Adjectives used as nouns are declined as nouns, but adjeofcives
qualifying nouns have the following declension
All adjectives ending
in any letter other than -a -o -au are indecl. Those ending in these
letters have Obi. -e or -ai, PI. -e indecl. /. -i indecl.
It should be
:
good
hatsau,
all,
Demo7istrative.
Interrogative.
that
much
sobkt
kS,
Relative.
what?
kaiuo, like
dzaino,
that
or
like
which
much
many
or tetrau, so
many
best.
Correlative.
etiau, so
how much
many ?
ketrau,
or
much
many
jetrau, so
or
Adverbs.
{Time.)
eblii,
{Place.)
now.
indhi, here,
tebhi, then,
when
keblii,
ttdhi, there,
kfdhi
where
kii,
jebhi, when,
jiddhi, where,
az, to-day.
indlia taf
kalle,
to-morrow,
,,
le,
up
to here,
hither,
cauthe,
that.
hidzG, yesterday.
neddhi neai\
tliat.
thanoroz
,,
kebhi, sometimes, ever,
kebhi na, never,
dur, far.
patsha, behind,
bitre, inside.
hundi,
down
agde, in front,
bahre, outside.
Others are
giUhi, well
kilai,
why
shlgre, rapidly
etthl ta^,
o,
yes
nU, no.
28
Kofgurvl.
Prepositions.
The commonest
parsha, beyond,
tgri tat,
about thee,
hama
tinau
gae, upon,
tal,
mS
up
to.
with me.
him.
tuma
mS
towards them,
29
Kotgurn.
Some common
aundaa, auhndau.
Past Cond.
Past
fihau (nau)
&c.
/. uhi,
Snau, come.
Pres. Cond. or Indie,
Fut.
an
amS,
ao
ai
a.
&c.
a ao or aau.
andau.
Imperat.
Past Cond.
Past
aau,
PI. ae,
/. ai
or ae.
(J,eunau, go.
deu
Fut.
deinS
Imperat.
de5
Past Cond.
Past
deuudau
dewa,
&c.
deo
deiiau,
rauhnau, remain.
Past Cond.
rauhndau.
janau, go.
Past Cond.
Past Indie,
jandau.
gau,
PI. gee,
/. get,
/. gei.
Transitive Verbs.
The Passive
is
The following
denau, give,
kornau, do.
j'annau,
know
annau, bring
khanau, eat
Past, dinau.
kiau.
,,
janau.
onau.
,,
plnau, drink
lainati,
take
holnau, say
nlnan, take
KotgufU,
dO
'
'
Compound Verbs."
'
^.
Continuance, State.
I continue
to fall,
w8
rauhna remain).
I
am now
with laggna,
mU
lotdau
lag.d
aunditu,
(compounded
stick,
Notes on Verbs.
j'anau, go, is used only in composition,
janau, go away.
The Negative auxiliary
is
marau jdnau, be
killed; deui
bakr-au, he-goat.
bab, father.
she-goat,
mother.
-i,
bae, brother.
behr, sheep,
i,
(older
sister
dai,
than
-ri, bitch,
speaker)
cei,
beihn,
kuk-ar, dog.
sister
(younger
slh, leopard,
than speaker),
chot -u, tshot -u, son.
-i, daughter.
-i
gadhau,
woman,
chot-n, boy.
-i, girl,
ass.
-i
-i,
hen.
female.
Qt, camel.
-],
ciukh-u
cakrai, kite,
tsor, thief,
gohr-a, horse,
hathi, elephant,
-i,
mare,
hatth, hand,
bold, ox.
lat, foot,
gao, cow.
nak, nose,
mhiiish, buffalo.
akkh, eye.
Kofgurii.
31
mfth, face,
bagur, wind.
jat,
mouth,
dand, tooth,
pani, rain.
kan, ear.
dau, sunshine.
dzoie bagur, stormy wind.
bahrtau, load.
shral, hair,
mund, head.
bedzau, seed.
dzfbh, tongue.
p5t,
loha, iron.
stomach,
pitth, back,
jiu,
body,
boddaa, big.
mhatrau, hoknau,
katab, book,
kolm, pen.
manja, bed.
hoshewajau, wise.
gauhr, house,
murakh, ignorant.
daieo, river,
galir,
madan,
khec,
roti,
painau, sharp,
stream,
parbat, dahr,
plain.
utstau, high.
bill,
'
field,
bread,
paai, water.
gih3, wheat,
tshali, maize,
but, tree,
grail, village,
shaihr, citj.
baun, jungle,
matshi, fish,
bat,
way.
paindau, path
phol, fruit,
mass, meat,
dttddh, milk,
pinni, egg.
geo, ghi.
tel, oil.
tshah, buttermilk,
daihfo, day.
rac, night,
daihro, sun.
dzoth, moon,
taiii, s(ar.
little.
sust, lazy.
gulaau, sweet.
saphau, clean.
can, ready.
hoknau,
little.
bauhri, much.
bshnau,
sit.
denau, give.
lotnau, fall.
lainau, take.
iiznau, rise.
suttnau, sleep,
lie
down.
koinau do.
rauhnau, remain.
marnau, beat.
jannau, know, recognise.
pujnau, arrive.
32
Kotguru.
baubuau,
bagnau, rnu.
bage deunau, run away,
make,
caniiau,
flow,
jitnau, win.
danau, place,
arnau, be defeated,
bednau,
pbabnau, inilnau, meet,
call,
porbnau, read,
likhnau, write,
baunau, sow.
aul jScnau, plougb.
kheunau, cause to eat.
paneunau, cause to drink,
mjrnau,
ghikbnati, learn,
die.
sbunnau, bear,
tsornau, graze.
otnau, turn,
Numerals.
Cardinal.
17sottra.
18 tbara.
16
1-ek.
2 do5.
caun.
tsar.
5 panj.
19 nl.
20 bi.
4
6
solft.
cbau.
27
satai.
7 sat,
29 ;iotti.
8 attb.
30-^
37
39
40
untali.
nau.
10 dosh.
11
gaira.
14
15
saiti.
cali.
100 shau.
12bara.
13
ti.
tera.
tsauda.
pondra.
1000
'
bazar.
100,000 lakkh.
Ordinal.
2nd time,
paiblau.
dujji pbere,
dnsrau, dujjau.
adbau, balf.
ciau.
tsautbau.
paojiau.
daiie, 2|.
cbauiau.
deorb, If.
satiau.
doshiau, lOtb.
paibli bera, 1st time.
to
33
Kotgnru.
As
is
and so
3rd,
Even in dates it
month the second, the 23rd tlie
common
&c., or the
22nd day
to call the
of the
on.
word
caun
hie,
Sentences.
Tero
1.
is it
What
naii ke a ?
is
thy name
Eu
4.
golireai kai
MS
5.
az
duro handeo.
bari
In your father's
to-day
walked.
More caceau
6.
My
is
Gauhra de shukle
7.
horse's saddle
is.
Teiii (tehrl)
8.
tshstii tehii
Upon
his
saddle.
MaT teiie tshotu de bauhri toe lag. I have beaten his son much.
Sau dahra gae dogai bakii tsara. He on the hill cattle and
9.
10.
goats
is
grazing.
Sau
11.
ti-ee
iea.
on a
liorse is seated.
12.
than his
asa.
asa.
He
under that
His brother
is
bigger
sister.
13.
Its price is
rupees.
the
14.
little
house
15.
Eu rupayye
16.
17.
well bind
18.
19.
gauhra
di
raulia.
My
father in
him with
teu
lai dai.
ropes.
Walk
before me.
?
Whose son behind
walking ?
Sau tume kaua ka mol laio ? From whom did you buy that ?
21.
22.
Graue 5k banie ka. Fi^om a shopkeeper of the village.
20.
you
(hoktie)
lives.
is
The Revd.
T.
Grahame
INTRODUCTION,
Kulu
almost entirely separated from Karjgra proper, being connected with it only by a narrow
neck of country in the north-west, while it is bounded on the west by
is
On
is
is
bounded by Lahul and Spiti or Piti respectively. These two tracts, while
distinguished from Kulu proper, form part of the Kulu subdivision
On the south Kulu is bounded by the River Satlaj across
of Kaijgra.
which is the British District of Kot Guru. The dialects treated of in
the following pages are the dialects of Kulu proper, and are all Aryan.
In Spiti and Lahul the dialects spoken are Tibeto-Himalayan.
In
Mandi, Suket, Kaijgra proper and Kot Guru the dialects are all of the
same general type as those here dealt with.
Outer Siraji
part of
Kulu
proper.
There
is
also a
else.
3i'd
to
be used.
36
Outer Siraji very closely resembles Kot Gurui, the notes on which
(in the Appendix to the Grazetteer of the Simla District) should be
eau, the Dative in lai, the Ablative
It has the Genitive in
consulted.
in ke,
leva
in dS.
In Inner Siraji the forms are rd for the Genitive, be for the Dative,
for the Ablative, and mbnje for the Locative.
The Genitive is in
er, the
Sa'inji has very interesting forms.
dga.
is
dialect
the
Ablative in
It
The use
phir,
ab,
Present Auxiliary to
Kuliii
in
several
should be noted.
respects closely
resembles
Inner Siraji.
Its
n for the
nominal inflections are almost identical, but it has na or
It has an interesting form for the Pres. Indie, and Imperfect
Ablative.
a being added to the root before the Auxiliary. The polite Impera-
tive in
elt
should be noted.
The system
of
of transliteration
u italicised
and u.
i ;
in a
employed
c
is
word printed
in ordinary type is
T.
March
3rd, 1905.
clvild^
and
half-way between u
Geahame Bailey.
OUTER
The Outer
Siraji
it
SIRAJi.
dialect resembles
in raany
respects
Kot Gurui
iu considerable detail
be necessary
to treat
fulness.
Nouns.
Masculine.
Nouns
in a.
Singular.
N.
Plural.
ghor-a
-eau /, ee
G.
D.A.
-e
Loc.
-e de
Ab.
-e ke
Ag.
-e
Nouns
N.
-e
as Sing.
lai
in Consonant.
G.
ghor
ghor-o
D.A.L.Ab.
ghor-a
as Sing.
lai,
&c.
Feminine.
Nouns
N.
in -i.
shor-i
as Sing.
G.
-id
D.A.L.Ab.
Ag.
-i lai, &c.
-i.
Nouns
in
Consonant.
N.
bhed, sheep
G.
bhedo
bheda
D.A.L.Ab.
baihn, however,
is
lai,
&c.
declined as follows
N^'
baihn, sister
G.
baihn-io
D.A.L.Ab.
Ag.
-i
-i
baihn-i
as Sing.
lai,
&c.
38
Outer Siraji
mon
(Time.)
3d
Outer
40
Sird,ji.
ichi^o,
come.
ao
/.
PI. ae
ai
deTiuvi, go.
Put.
deu
desva
Imperat.
deu
dewa
Past Cond.
deundau
Past Ind.
deuo
/.
dewa, &c.
dewe
PI.
dewe
janu, go.
Fut.
jati
Imperat.
ja
an da
Past Cond.
Past Ind.
gau
/.
gaui
PI.
gaue
ranhqiUy remain.
Put.
Past Cond.
Past Ind.
rauhu or rauha
rauhndau
rauhau ( i -.)
baithuu, baishi^u,
sit.
Regular.
sit
Transitive Verbs.
Agent case
khaau,
Past Cond.
Past Ind.
obj.
eat.
khandau
khaau
deno,
Past Ind.
give.
dennau
lenu, take.
Put.
lain
Past Ind.
laiau
komu,
Past Ind.
Ability
do.
kiyau
is
often expressed by
means
of
Outer SirSji.
The
The
we
in
Infin. is
mu
41
:
o,
a interchangeable.
of
e,
used
composition.
bab, father,
ij,
kkh-li, hen.
mother,
bhai, brother,
-i,
(female),
baihn, sister,
ut,
hotthi, elephant,
cei,
younger
sister,
shor-u, son.
-i,
camel,
bath, hand,
khur, foot,
daughter,
nak, nose,
randu, husband,
akkhi, eye.
cheori, wife,
muh,
jona, mord,
betli,
man.
woman,
-i, girl,
face,
mouth.
khakkh, corner of mouth,
dand, tooth.
jat,
kann, ear.
phual, shepherd.
shral, hair,
ts5r, thief,
mund, head,
dzibh, tongue,
dhan,
pet,
stomach,
bojd, ox.
pitth, back,
gao, cow.
matghi, buffalo
katab, book,
bakr-au he-goat.
kolm, pen.
-ri,
she
mandzau, bed.
bhed, sheep,
ghor, house,
kuk-ar, dog.
daryao, river,
-ri, bitch,
gahd, stream,
barag, leopard,
dhar,
sit,
gadhau,
ass.
sur, pig.
kttkh-lai, cock.
khec,
I
oti,
hill,
field.
bread,
pani, water.
as
in
Outer Sirojt.
42
konak, wheat,
sulai, lazy,
tsholli, maize,
oklealau, wise,
but, tree,
nikammau, ignorant,
grau, village,
tshekaa, swift,
bazar, town,
ticchau, sharp,
baun, jungle,
uchtau, lofty.
sh5bhlau, beautiful,
bat,
way.
cold,
phol, fruit,
mass, meat,
duddh, milk,
guluau, sweet,
pinni, egg.
ramlau, clean,
gheo, ghi.
thorau,
little,
much.
kliassau,
tel, oil.
tshah, buttermilk,
ichno, come.
dhair, da}',
rac, night,
betlmu, beshnu,
dhairo, sun.
leno, take.
dzuth, moon,
deno, give,
tara, star.
pornu,
fall,
khanu,
eat.
sit.
jhiitn.au, drink,
pan.!, rain,
dhuppo, sunshine,
bhaiau, load,
kornu, do.
bedzau, seed,
rauhnu, remain.
lohau, iron,
tsiknu, beat,
dzannu, know,
dewe janu, go away,
bitau, good,
nikkau, bad.
annu, bring,
ninu, take away.
borau, big.
hotshau,
little.
Numerals.
Cardinal,
I ek.
2 doe.
3
10
nau.
doss.
caun.
11-
tsar.
12
panz.
13 tera.
4-
tshau,
7 sat.
8 atth.
giara.
baia.
tsauda.
15 pondra.
14
16 sola.
Outer
Numerals
43
Siraj'i.
continued.
Cardinal.
satara.
17
60 shath.
18 thara.
19 ni.
20 bi.
27
67
satatli.
unhottnr.
70 sottar.
69
77
satai.
aatottav.
unoshi.
29 notti.
30 ti.
37 salti.
39 nutali.
40 call.
79
47
97
80 o.shshi.
87
satoshi.
89
nanne.
90 nobbe.
49 nunja.
50 padza.
57
59
satali.
satanue.
100 sbau.
200
doe sbau.
1,000 bazar.
100,000 lakkb.
satiinja.
Tiatb.
Ordinal.
1st, paihlo.
6tb, tsbauian.
2nd, dujjo.
7tb, satian.
3rd, ciyo.
lOtb, dossiau.
4th, tsautho.
50tJ),
5tli,
podzariau.
panjio.
Sentences.
The following
five
sentences
an idea of the
between Outer Siraji and Kot Guriii. Tbey sbould be compared witb the sentences in the Notes on Kot Gurui.
difference
6.
Mere babuo
uncle's son
7.
saddle
is
Gbora de
My
sister.
is.
19.
Mu
20.
Kauro
ag5 band.
sborii
Before
ta
me
pitshu
r
walk.
Whose
son
O'
45
Iimer Siroji.
ma
L.
ta luouje
raoDje
tea inunje,
tessa
/.
uionje,
io.
era
lera.
lera,
tessa
/.
lera,
,,
ti
tai
rnai
iu/.
tesse
f.
/.
essa
lera
lera
Ag.
svsa
monje
moiije
Ab.
/'
esfje
Fliiral.
N.
hamme
tomnje
tea
G.
m)) a rail
tharau
ra
ra
D.A.
haraa be
torn
be
be
be
nionje
monje
monje
lera
lera
lera
L.
Ab.
hamme
Ag.
ma
tomme
la
tea
,,
lera
Plural.
knn,
G.D.A.L.Ab.
Ag.
kas
kimi
d'/AU.
kuni
who
ilziin,
r^
what
ke,
nionje
ia
Singular.
Others are
,,
kitsh,
who
kdaa
d/.ea
&c.
I'au,
ra, &(i.
dzeae
anything, something.
Adjectives.
When
when
their
ends in
-ci.
Fern,
The
genitives of
is
Demonstrative.
etrau,
so
much
kd,
or
tetrau, so
much
all,
best.
Interrogative.
ketrau,
or
many
many
good, lH
as, rdrnro,
Correlatioe.
qualify-
what?
how much
or
many
Adveriss.
Many
When
The following
commonest adverbs other than adjectives
used they
list
of a
few
{Time.)
iebba,
is
so
{Place.)
now
indi, indhi,
kebre, kodds,
when
here
46
Inner Sirajl.
{Time.)
jebre, joddo,
az,
{Place.)
when
where
indhi tani, up to here
indha ka, from here
ujhe, up
jauT,
to-day
to-morrow
porshi, day after to-morrow
tsautbe, day after that
shui,
undhe, down
hidz, yesterday
jelia,
patsheS, behind
tsauthe,
in front
whitar, inside
bage, outside
why
klle,
ramre
kori,
well, &c.
Prepositions.
mae
sorjgha, with
on tliat side
war, on this side
raonje, within
t-eri
par,
ml
ma!
below
jeliau, like
iari tani,
depe, beside
him
thee)
up to
parauude, upon
taini, tani,
thai,
tani,
me
me
towards them
me
Verbs.
Auxiliary.
asa
asa
Pres.
am, &c.
Neg.
nlh ado
/.
Past.
I was, &c.
thi
thi
Pres.
asa
nih adi
thi
asa
PI.
thi
Intransitive Verbs.
poruau
-u
Pres. Cond.
por
Put.
poful
Imperat.
por
Pres. Ind.
pofdau
Pabt. Cond.
the same
-au
-au
fall,
-u -a -au
-au -e
e
poj-a
/.
pordi
PI.
porde
-e
asa
asa
nih ade
thi
thi
47
Inner Siraji.
Impf.
pordaa
Past
Iiid.
thi, &c.
/.
PI. pori
pori
Pres. Perf.
poru asa
Plupf.
poffi thi
Participle
Some
Fat.
holau
Pies. lud.
hunda
hoa PI.
Past Ind.
become.
hoi
ihno, come.
Px'es.
iha
Coud.
Fut.
ihle
ihale or ihle
Pres.
Ind.
icha
ich
Iniperat.
.,
come
nana, go.
Fut.
Imperat.
Pres. Ind.,
Past lud.
nafilau, &g.
uaa or uash,
&g. nandau
uatliau
PI.
naa
ihle
Innar Siroji.
48
Some
Pres
I lid.
of tLe following
slightly irregular
Inner
49
Sirflj'i.
ghon, mare,
pani, water,
bold, ox.
gS, cow.
tshain, maize,
iiiiha^i, buffalo,
butta, tree,
bakr-a, he-goat.
grg, village,
-i, she-goat,
bazar, citj.
bhed, sheep,
bun, jungle,
kutt-au, dog.
m acchi,
bat, way.
-i, bitoh.
phol, fruit.
ghai, bear,
bareag, leopard,
gadha,
.sur,
danna, egg.
pig.
kukk-ar, cock.
tel, oil.
hen.
(female),
camel,
hathi, elephant,
hath, hand,
pair, foot,
nak, nose,
acchi, eye.
rafth, face,
dand, tooth.
kanet, ear. (lobe of ear ?)
shreal, hair,
raund, head,
dzibh, tongue,
pet,
mass, meat.
d?fddli, milk,
a.ss,
-ri,
fi.sli.
stomach,
pith, back.
sarir, dehi, dziu, body,
tshai, buttermilk,
diharo, day.
rac, night,
bagur, wind,
paui, rain,
dhuppa, sunshine,
bhara, load,
bedza, seed,
loha, iron.
bura, bad.
borau, big.
hotsbau,
little.
katab, book,
kalam, pen.
sataz, wise,
mandzau, bed.
marau,
ghar,
tsheka, swift,
liou.se.
foolish, ugly.
darja. river,
ticcha, sharp,
uchta, lofty,
saraj, hill,
.shela, cold.
nihal, plain,
khec,
field,
mtttha, sweet,
rotti,
bread.
Inner SirSji.
50
thora,
kbana,
little,
ihutna, drink.
gal ana, speak, say.
bauhu, much,
cittha, black,
bhetna, be obtained,
ilino, come,
koma,
tsikna, beat.
sit.
dzanna, know.
launa, take,
anna, bring.
n!na, take, take away.
d'lna, give,
pornan,
do.
raubna, remain.
nana, go.
beshna,
eat.
fall.
Numerals.
Cardinal.
391antnall.
40 tsali.
J ek.
2 dui.
47sattali.
49 anunja.
50- padza.
57- sataunja.
59 anat.
60 sbatb.
cen.
4
5 pandz.
6 tsbau.
tsar.
7 sat.
8 atb.
67-sateat.
69- unbattar.
nau.
10 doss,
11 giara.
12 bara.
13 tera.
9
70--sottar.
77--satettav.
79--aneasbi.
80--osbsbi.
87--satSasbi.
tsauiida.
15 pondra.
14
89--nauue.
90--nobbe.
97--sateann
99--naukra.
satara.
18 thara.
16
sola.
17
19 nib.
20bib.
27
100--sbaukra, sbau.
200--dui sbau.
satai.
1,000--badzar.
29 notri.
30 tri.
37
lakh.
lOO.OOO
satotti.
Ordinal.
Ist, paiblo.
2nd, diiij5.
3rd, ciyo.
4tb, tsautbo.
5tb, pandzau.
6tb, tshothua,
7th, sotua.
oX
Inner Sirnji.
Sentences.
horse
1.
Tera nau ke
2.
Eu ghOre
What is
ri ketrl
thy name
uinmar hoi
How much
is
?
3.
dur
ketra,
From
here
how
far
is
Kashmir?
4.
Thare haba
HI
marriage
7.
are there
Mere cace
is
Tii
walking come
6.
re sh5liru
rfi
biah
My uncle's son's
ri zin.
In
tlie
house
is
saddle.
8.
On
his
saddle.
9.
10.
top
hill's
grazing sheep.
is
11.
So in bute thai
tree on a horse
12.
is
glioj-e
He
under this
seated.
His brother
is
bigger than
his sister.
mul dhai
13.
Eiiia
14.
Mero bab
little
iii
i"apaui.
Its price
is
My
house.
15.
16.
17.
well
thing
Eo
clj
From whom
22.
Gri
re
dukandara
lera.
From
52
SAINJI.
The erammar
Inner Siraji
resemblance
to that of
Sainjl.
53
54
Sainji.
55
Sainji.
nahu be, nahu he, nahu be, naKu be, nHhi be, nd,hi be, or ndhU, nnhii,
nahu, nakume, nliJn, nahu {nahi ?)
Like Inner Siraji Sa'inji has a
feminine form for the 3rd per. pronoun and for eo, this.
The following words are those in which a difference between the
two dialects is observable. Probably however some of these also may be
found in Inner Siraji. In the other words of the list Sainji does not
either
diifer
from Inner
Siraji.
baba, father,
grau, village.
shikha, meat.
tshor-u, son.
tshah, buttermilk.
-i
daughter,
dihara, sun.
dzotth, moon.
bauild, ox.
bagur, wind.
mheshi, buffalo,
sliobhla, beautiful.
blier, sheep,
ramra, good.
kutta, dog.
badda, big.
kttkkar, cock,
bareala, cat.
dalji, lazy.
pair, foot,
sutuaz, wise,
akkh, eye.
nikamma, ignorant,
tsora, hair,
tanda, swift.
mund, head,
t<jje,
kaya, body,
mara, ugly,
nigha, hot.
Sana,
chet, held,
muhra, sweet,
bohu, much,
roti, bread.
lotna,
iedzna, come,
tsholli, maize.
jhiitna, drink.
{)Iain.
uthla, high.
fall,
Numerals.
Cardinal.
] iek.
2 dui.
3
cin
tsar.
tshau.
pauz.
satt.
8atth.
9
nauu.
dass.
11 giara.
12 bara.
10
56
Sainji.
Numerals
continued.
Cardinal.
18
14
15
J
tsauuda.
satara.
thara.
19 nib.
17
teia.
18
pondra.
6 sola.
20 bih.
Sentences.
1.
2.
3.
Kashmir how
it
be
to
4.
many
far will
how
6.
Mere
6.
son
is
tsafcser
My
uncle's
7.
In the house
is
saddle.
8.
Eur
9.
Moe eur
Upon
its
Eo
11.
On
Under that
tree he
is
is
seated on a horse.
12.
bau'ibni kS badda.
His brother
is
bigger than
his sister.
13.
14.
Eur mul dhae rupayya. Its price is two and a half rupees.
Mero babii eo hotshe ghare rauhs. My father lives in that
small house.
15.
16.
17.
you
18.
Kue
19.
Mau
jehS
20.
tsal.
Walk
From
before me.
?
Whose boy
is
coming behind
21.
Kasu aga
22.
Grraiir
tal
lUIiUi.
N.
G.
D.A.
L.
Ab.
As.
N,
G.D.A.L.Ab,
Ag.
N.
G.D.A.L.Ab.
Ag.
N.
G.D.A.L.Ab.
Ag.
[Knlui].
Kului.
58
Plural.
eh
te
N.
asse
tusse
G.
assa ra
D.A
be
assan, assa
Ab.
tussa be
tussan, tussa
,,
na
inba ra
be
be
na
na
iia
asse
nbf
tinbe
tusse, tusse
Fo!' be in
Others are
k'f.
what
Adjectives.
Adjectives qualifyAdiectives used as nouns are declined as nouns.
end in n, in which case the
iiio- nouns are not declined unless they
Oblique Singular and all the Plur. take -e. Fem. Sin^. and Plur -i.
Comparison
is
beautiful,
&c., el
much
or
much
ketra,
or
many.
many.
na
this; sehhhi
shobhla,
Interrogative.
Correlative.
Demonstrative.
as,
how much
many ?
or
Adverbs.
as
(Place.)
(Time.)
aibbe, ebbe, now,
okkhe, here
tebbe, then
tokkhe, there
kebbe,
when
kokkhe, where
porshi, day-after-to-morrow
auj, to-day
shni,
hidz,-
to-morrow
yesterday
yesterday.
before
ner,
near
diir,
far
agge, in front
down
59
Kuliii.
(Time.)
tsouthe,
clay
Place.
picohe, behind
before that
bandar, inside
baliar, outside
Others are
why
kibe,
ho, yes,
Prepositions.
iveii in the declension of
is
a brief
list of others.
him
up
tai,
hetlie,
mS
mS
teii tai,
mere
upon
below
me
sahi, like
towards them
tinlia ri dliire,
me
with me
round, about
aj?ge, beside
saijghe,
&c.)
to
pandeli,
Nouns.
it
Verbs.
Auxiliary.
Pres,
am, &c.
sa
sa
sa
sa
sa
(/.
sa)
sa
sa
si
si
si
(/.
he)
he
he
he
ha
ha
sa
or
sa
or
he
Pres. Negative
athi
Past
tha
was, &c.
or
neh
iiidecl.
(/.
tha
thi)
ti
ti
am
athi,
tha
not,
is
the(/'. thi)
ti
ti
(fern,
si)
not, &c.
the
ti
the
ti
Intransitive Verba.
dzhaurnu, or jhaurnu,
Put.
dzhaur
Imperat.
dzhaur
Pres. Ttid.
Impf.
-aii or -iiu
-la
-la
fall.
-au or -nu
-le
-le
dzhaura
dzhaura sa. dzhaura is not inflected, set is sometimes
uninflected and sometimes changed to .si as above.
dzhanra ti or tha. tha inflected ns above.
For these two tenses
rfs7ia?tr(Za (f.-
neh dzhaufda
athi.
pi
-e) sa
The Neg.
of
and dzhaujdd
dzhaura sa
is
Kului.
60
Past Ind.
dzhaurda
dzhauru
/.
Pres. Perf.
dzliauru
sa
Plupf.
dziiaurd
ti
Participle
Past Cond.
having
Some
dzhauri
or tha
dzhauru hundn.
fallen.
bo^u,
Fut.
dzhanre
})1.
be, become.
in
the state of
Knliti.
pina, drink.
Fut.
61
Kului.
62
sure of the meaning of tl.ese sufThey will well repay investigation, and doubtless there are more
fixes.
which one may use
re, appears to be some particle of address,
of thera.
which is used by men
to a man, but not to a woman; cf. Panjabi 6e,
The ne in tine is apparently a suffix having the
in speaking to men.
employment of tmsej ef.
force of iiLe, and rendering unnecessary the
Sainji
be the same as Hindi re ; cf. also the r in the
addressing a woman.
Panjabi
do not
feel
may
re
je.
Future tense.
is
'
going,'
though
it
also enters
into composition.
List of
k?tkk-ar, cock,
-ri,
bhai, brother,
bhau, younger
-i,
sister,
at,
beta, son,
bird,
hathl, elephant,
khasm, husband,
lahfi, dzoi, jo, wife,
dzoqga, foot,
mard, man.
woman,
nak, nose,
shohr-u, boy.
occhi, eye.
betrl,
(female),
,,
camel.
01 ru,
daughter,
beti,
hen.
behn,
muh,
-i, girl,
face,
dond, tooth,
guala, cowherd.
koiin, ear.
shir, hair,
ts5r, thief.
-i,
mare,
mund, head,
dzibbh, tongue,
stomach,
pet,
gai, cow.
pitth, back,
jea, body,
kagad, book,
-i,
(she).
kalam, pen.
bhed, sheep
mandza, bed.
ghor, house,
_i,
-i,
ass.
bitch.
naui, river,
ual, stream,
barag, leopard.
dag, dhog,
hill.
Kului.
List of
63
poddhra, plain.
continued.
niara, ugly.
chef., field.
thonda, cold.
rotti, bread.
totta, hot.
pani, water.
niittha, sweet.
konak, wheat.
shetta, white.
choHi, maize.
biitta, tree.
thoru,
eri3, villnore.
bohO, much,
little.
shaihr, city.
bon,
ena, come.
jnnjj[le.
mofcbi,
bott,
fish.
way.
phol, fruit.
beshna,
shikha, meat.
lena, take.
duddh, milk.
deaa, give.
dzhaurna, jhaurna,
ghl, ghi.
utthna,
tel, oil.
chah, buttermilk.
hei'na, see.
dhiar, day.
khana,
pina, drink.
.sit.
fall.
rise.
eat.
dliiara, sun.
sauna, sleep.
tara, star.
kerna, do.
biiinna,
wind.
gash, rain.
main a,
dhuppa, .sunshine.
pacheanna, recognise.
bhrotu, load.
beja, seed.
Iflha, iron.
beat.
pMJjna, arrive,
shadna,
bura,
biid.
bodda, big.
lazy,
gandu, wise,
call.
tained,
likhna, write.
TMfirna, die.
shunna, hear,
ticcha, sharp,
nthra, high,
shoblila, beautiful, clean.
bnuhna,
flow,
lorna, fight.
64
Knlui.
Common Noons,
List of
Adjectivfjs Ai\d
Verbs
continued.
jurna, win.
hama, be
defeated,
tsorna, grjize.
lumma
down.
pauiia, lie
Numerals.
Cardinal.
1-ek.
12
bara.
2 diii.
13
telira.
14
couda,
4 tsar.
15
5 ponj.
16
pandra.
sola.
cin.
chau.
satara,
18
1
.satt.
tliara.
8 otth.
9
]9 nib.
20 bih.
uou.
10 dosh.
11
100
shauu.
jjiara.
Enumeration
by twenties up to a hundred.
is
Sentences.
horse
1.
Tera nS ki
2.
Ei ghore
What
re ?
ri
ketri
is
umbar
thy name
sa
How much
is
Okkha na Kashmir
3.
Kashmir
TCisre babbe re
how many
Havi auj
5.
from very
liere
how
far
is
r*
dura na bondi
ao.
far.
Mere
uncle's son
7.
From
4.
6.
ketni dur be
made
My
ri
kathi he.
In the bouse
is
the white
horse's saddle.
8.
Tei
ri
9.
MaT
teire bete be
pittbi
back.
bohu marn.
Kulm.
65
is
11.
Sail butte
sa.
He
on the big
hill
He under
than
Teiia
bliai
Hisbiotheris
biggei-
his sister.
13.
14.
Its price
is
My
father lives in a
little
house.
16.
17.
15.
20.
behind thee
is
walking
21.
22.
Grant
re eksi
shopkeeper of the
leii ?
From whom
dukandaia na
village.
leu.
didst fchou
buy
took (bought)
it ?
it
from a
The Revd.
T.
Qrahame
INTRODUCTION.
Mandi and Sukefc are two important states lying between Simla
and Kaqgra proper with Kulu for their eastern boundary. They form
part of the central linguistic wedge between Camba and the Simla States,
being noticeable that north of Kaijgra and south of Suket certain
linguistic peculiarities are found which are not observed in the central
it
it is
in
I.
It is
found with
little
It is also
Chota Baijghali, as
alluded to in the following pages, is spoken in that portion of Chota
Baijghal which lies in the extreme northern portion of Mandi State. In
gri
Mandeali, but
it
Mandi
is
jo,
rjg or declinable in
The future is either indeclinable in
gha.
The Pres. Part in composition is indeclinable, as harU
hct,
is
Another
11
The interchange
{yetthi).
e.g.,
of
in the
and h
Pres.
See the
dialects passim.
Mandeali
a Stative Participle in
lias
irn,
having been drunk. The peculiarity of the verb hdhnd, beat, has been alluded to under the Verb in
Mfindeali and Chota Bagghali, and under the latter dialect will be
found a reference to an interesting undeclined participle used in the
of
having
ability.
obviously an over-refinement.
is
first
Paliar,
Dhar and
make
the
tlie
in
for
Ablative
however,
ends
the
is
used
Plural,
I.
f
The Agent
generally
kept
for
the purpose of comparison of
being
ge
postposition,
The pronouns are almost the same as in Mandeali.
Adjectives.
In Verbs we find that the Dhar dialect resembles Panjabi in its
ed.
The Bahal dialect
dd, and in its Past Part, in
Pres. Part, in
The Singular
has
of
Mandeali,
9.s
mdra
hd,
the peculiar double form, mdra, hd thd, he was beating, mdra he the,
they were beating. The Suketi dialects make their future in gh and
possibly g or
the state of
ijg,
in
is
The system
of transliteration is
Society of
and i, u italicised in a
word printed in ordinary type is half-way between u and u eii similarly italicised represents the sound of e in French /e ; c is the sound
Bengal,
T.
Grahame Bailey.
MattfleRli.
Fem. -i
It
indec.
Interrogative.
Correlative.
Relative.
?
jerha, like
which
or this
or this
much
many
itna, 80
titna, so
or
or
how mnch
or many ?
much
kitna,
many
jitna,
or
much
many
as
Adverbs.
Most adjectives can be used as adverbs. 1'hey then agree with the
subject of the sentence. The following is a list of the most important
adverbs other than adjectives
Place.
Time.
ebbe, hun,
now
here
tetthi, there
etthi,
tebbe, then
kebbe,
jebbe,
aj,
when
when
where ?
jetthi, where
etthi tikki, up to here
ietthi te, from here
iipra, up
ketthi,
to-day
to-morrow
dothi, to-morrow morning
parsi, day after to-morrow
cauthe, day after that
kal,
bun,
down
nede, near
kal, yesterday
dur, far
agge, in front
parsi,
picche, behind
bhittar, inside.
bahar, outside
ki,
why, idhi
re katthB,
quickly.
Prepositions.
The commonest
Mande&li.
nouns.
Subjoined
a brief
is
of others.
list
is
often
ma
like us.
upon
heth, below
tika tikki, up
pralle,
saijgi,
tesjo, for
to
ni nede, beside
mS
with
me
me
it
him
mathe
me
Verbs.
Auxiliary.
Pres.
am
Past
was &c.
&G.
'
Sing, ha,
/. hi,
Sing, tha,
/. tlii
Plur. he,
Plur. the
/. thi.
Intransitive Verbs,
pauna,
Put
Sing, paiigh -a
Imperat.
pau
Pres. Indie.
paii indec.
Impf. Indie.
Past Cond.
Past Indie.
>>
>
paund-a
PI. -e
/.
hi.
tha,
>>
thi,
Participle
paizke,
having
state of
fallen,
having
faller or
paunde
fallen,
about to
hi,
PL
paugg
indecl.
he, hi
the,
thi
fall.
Pres. Ind.
hona, be become.
hSgha or hngg
hua ha
Past Cond.
Past Indie,
hunda
hua
anna, come.
Put.
aiigha or augg
Pres. Indie.
au ha
on
falling,
falra, in the
Put.
-i, also
/.
(-i -e -i)
Plupf.
Some
-i
paua
with ha,
pea/, pei
pea ha, &c.
pea tha, &c.
Pres. Perf
f.
fall.
"
Mandeali.
Past Cond.
Past Indie,
Participle
aunda
aya
aike,
of
having come.
jana, go.
Imperat.
ja
Pres. Indie,
jaha ha
Past Cond.
janda
Past Indie,
gea
Participle
joike,
ja.
having gone
having gone.
raih^a, remain.
Fut.
raharjgha or rahaqg
Imperat.
raih
Pres. Ind.
rahi ha
reha
Past
raha
baithna,
Fut,
baithgha or baithaijg
Past Cond.
baithda
'
sit.
Transitive Verbs,
marna,
paund.
Past Cond.
margha or maraqg
raaia ha
marda
Past Ind.
Fut.
Pi'es. Indie,
object.
Plupf.
Participle
with object.
marira, in the state of having been beaten.
Pres. Perf.
marea
The passive
The following
khana,
eat.
Fut.
khagha or khagg
Pres. Indie.
khaliS ha
Past Indie,
khadha
Participle
Mandeali.
8
List op
Continued.
?<cca, higli.
bujjlma, know.
pwjjna, arrive.
kubliadra, ugly.
daurna, run.
tlianda, cold.
tatfca, hot.
banana, make.
thaina, place.
haccha, clean.
sadna,
ghat,
niilna, meet.
little.
call.
babut, much.
sikkhna, learn.
parhna, read.
aana, come.
likhna, write.
jana, go.
marna,
baithna,
sunna, hear.
sit.
die.
laina, take.
hatna, turn.
dena, give.
paunap, fall.
bewhna, flow.
uthna,
larna, fight.
rise.
kharna, stand.
jittna, win.
dekhna,
harna, defeated.
calejaoa, go away.
khana,
see.
eat.
bahna, sow.
hal bahna, plough.
pina, drink.
bolna, say.
sauna, sleep,
lie
down.
khuana, cause to
eat.
karna, do.
raihna, remain.
bahna,
mama,
cugna, graze.
beat.
pachanna, recognise.
Numerals.
Cardinal.
] ek.
2 dui.
10 das.
trae.
4 car.
12
5 panj.
8 ath.
Cauda.
15 pandra.
16
17 satara.
18
6
7
chau.
sat.
nau.
gyara.
11
bara.
13 tehia.
14
sola.
tbara.
MandeHli.
Numerals
continued.
Cardinal.
19
unni.
Mandealt.
10
7.
ri
jin
hi.
In the house
is
the white
horse's saddle.
8.
9.
Mai
10.
tesre
gabhru
Uppur dhara
and goats
jo
bauht bahi.
On
very much.
karS ha
of the hill
now
he
is
grazing cows
grazing).
is
his sister.
13.
14.
Tisra mul dhai rupayya he. Its price is two and a half rupees
Mera bab tes halke ghara whittar (manjh) raha ha. My
16.
17.
well bind
him with
ropes.
18.
Khue
19.
20.
ge pani kaddh.
behind you ?
21.
Se tusse kiste
22.
Grawa
muUe
lea ?
re hattiwale ge lea
From whom
asse
muUe.
well.
Whose son
is
coming
We
bought
it
from
NORTH
MA]^TPEALi.
differs
Nouns.
The Ablative
is
formed with
ge,
from.
Singtdar.
N.
G.D.A.L.Ab.
Ag.
ded
dedd -a
-
Plural,
dedd -a
ra, &c.
-a, &c.
from
North Mattdedli.
12
Adverbs.
uphrau, up
bunhe,
ner,
down
Dear
bhittar
North Man^eSli,
14
Numerals.
Cardinal.
naha^.
60 shatth.
69nhattar,
S trai.
59
chia.
7
13
29
39 antuali.
6
satt.
satattar.
79 nnasi.
77
tera.
nattri.
nabba.
shau, saikpa.
90
100
nunja.
57 satunja.
49
100,000 lakh.
Ordinal,
5th, panjfia.
10th, dasna.
6th, chauua.
50th panjahM.
7th, sattna.
deddh, If.
2.
3.
how
is
From
here to Kashmir
far is it ?
4.
house
from very
married to his
is
esri
My
uncle's
sister.
7.
aya.
father's
far.
6.
son
ri
kathi
In the house
hi.
is
the
ml
On
8.
Esri pitthi
9.
10.
the hill
11.
jin kos.
much.
gaia bakri caranda. He on the top
I beat his son
Se pahara ri c5ti ml
is grazing cows and goats.
fis dala heth ghoje upphar batthira.
Under
of
this tree he is
seated on a horse.
12.
His brother
is
bigger than
his sister.
14.
Mera bab
es
halke ghara
ml
rahnda.
My father
lives in this
small house.
15.
16.
North MandeSU.
17.
15
with ropes.
18.
19.
20.
you?
21.
22.
Grau5
re ek
village.
r-v<^vr
w^
-^
'
of
the
CHOTA BANGHALI.
The following grammatical forms
Pronoons.
Singular.
lies in
Mandi
State,
17
Chofn Banqhnli.
ja^a, go.
Fut.
jaijgha
raihi^a, remain.
Past
reha
Ill
thus
Chota Bagorhal
also
is
past of hshn/l
fern,
mat
tisjo
rlo
is
undeclinerl, as
eh
Icitah
rotl marjije
kharxar nth
mh
phulke
rridrjge
not come to
me
{lit.
phulke do
to cook.)
should expect
Chota Baijghali
happa, father,
ij,
mother,
bhau, brother,
differs
beginnini; of the
from N. Mandeali.
bakr-i, she-goat,
bhed, sheep,
munnu,
betti,
son.
daughter,
bitch,
-i,
ricch, beat
rairg, leopard,
khasm, husband.
gadha,
ISri, wife,
SUV, pig.
mahnu, man.
janana, woman,
kukk
bill -a,
-i, girl,
ass.
-ar, cock.
-ri, hen.
-i,
cat (male).
(female.)
gualu, shepherd,
ut, camel,
cor, thief,
hathi, elephant,
hath, hand,
mhaih,
nakk, nose,
buffalo,
list
pair, foot,
hakkhi, eye.
show how
CHAMBA DIALECTS.
BY
The Rev.
T.
Qrahame
INTRODUCTION.
From a
linguistic point of
interesting.
Situated, as
it is,
the Candra-Bhaga
it
is
intensely
west by
or Cinab River in the north, and the Ravi in the
south, which for part of their coarse through the State are no
more
To the north and west lies the State of
.TammS, to the east British Lahul (frequently pronounced by Europeans
Lahaul), to the south the British district of Kaqgra.
The area of
Camba
of
is
just over 3,000 square miles, yet there are six distinct
them
as follows
its
borders.
Speaking roughly we
may
forms
allocate
Camba
than the Bhateali area) the dialect spoken is Cameali. Of these all,
except Lahull, belong to what is at present called the Western Pahipri
language of the Northern Group of the Sanskritic Aryan Family, while
Lahu]i is classed as belonging to the Tibeto-Himalayan branch of
(See Census of India 1901, Chapter on
the Indo-Chinese Family.
Languages.)
The grammar
of
Cameali
is
gh.).
Like Cameali
it
11
having.
very interesting
is
it
'
'
when
Panjabi,
d,
w, m,
11,
Z,
it
it
'
'
b,
g, j,
d,
Panjabi, that
is to say,
of the syllable in
which
is
is
it
common
to
many
hill dialects.
plural
is
north-west
Bhadrawahi,
we
still
more developed
to
in others
as Poguli
we reach the highest stage of bewildering comThe normal ending of the Curahi Future is
Ka.5hmiri.
and Kishtawari,
pleteness in
find epenthesis
till
-md, -me in the 1st Pers. Sing, and Plur. and -Id, -le in the Sing,
and Plur. of the other persons, though -md, -me are also found in the
3rd Pers. Sing, and Plur. and occasionally - Id in the 1st Pers. This
matter of the Future is only one example of the deeply interesting
problems arising out of Northern Himalayan dialects. If we take the
distribution of the Future in I, we find that the following dialects have
a Future with I, appearing in every person, Singular and Plural JammS
Bhadrawahi and Padari in JammS, Paijgwali, Cameali and
Siraji,
Bharmauri or Gadi in Camba, Inner Siraji in Kulii, and the dialects of
Jubbal in the Simla area. The following have I in the 2nd and
:
Ill
3id Persons
Kuliii, Kiatliali
(Kitlthal
and neighbouring
States, includ-
ing the Simla municipal area), the dialect of the British district of Kot
We
notice then
tlie
which have
in the Future,
make
the Future in
I,
keeps the I purer than the more outlying: thus Curahi and the dialects
beyond to the north and north-west, in common with the Simla dialects
in the south, inti'oduce m.
The great interest in Curahi lies in the fact that it is the first stage
South and east of Curahi we do not
on the linguistic road to Kashmiri.
valuable facts can be gleaned from a comparison of the two, one cannot
feel the
Camba
Camba
In
Britisli
The united stream flow for some little distance before entering Camba
Lahul. The dialect spoken in the Bhaga Valley is called Banun or
Gari or Gara, that in the Candra Valley is called Rangloi, and the
stream is known as Patni, Patan or
Mancati.
The
dialect of
call, for
want
of a better
kuradeg, kuadeg.
we have
Verb
Pres. pipnJo, and
and pljideg.
in addition to
pipo (pipog)
from
probably Imperf.).
shlzl,
net, I shall
know,
know.
dapog, I shall
fall,
neg.
ma
dag.
go (Imperat.) neg.
adani,
In iggiemu,
thel.
come (Imperat,
I did
and added
employed
changed
at the end.
It
is
worthy
g,
are frequently
An
g.
it is
trusted, reveal
which
are
linguistically
of
the highest
VI
language.
was
me
making it.
The enlightened ruler of Camba, H.H. Raja Bhuri Singh, CLE.
of assistance to
lays all
work
in
under a debt
of gratitude.
In this
his assistance
subjects at
my
most cordial
interest.
T.
Grahame B41LET,
Wazirabad.
CHAMBA DIALECTS.
Gameali.
Nouns
in Consonant,
Sing.
Plur.
bailin, sister
N".
G.D.A.L.Ab.Ag.
V.
-i
baihn -i or -I
-i or -3 ra, &c.
-o
N.
G.D.A.L.Ab.
As.
dhlii,
less
ga
ga.
ga
-i ra, &c.
-ie
-18
alone.
tbe
the
Oameali.
Geu. ktisiau
ra, or
kusio ra,
Agent
Teunlaii.
Kai, what
one (Agent.)
Ajpu or ayu,
is
is indecl.
Adjectives.
Adjectives qualify-
ing nouns are not declined unless they end in -a, in which case they have
Fem.
-1,
It
sliould be
khara, good;
better than
kacha khara,
better
all, best.
Demonstrative,
Correlative.
Interrogative.
kideha
1
kusdeha
so
titna, so
much
much
or many.
or many.
i_i _ f
jideha.
Belative.
itua
jike
what
'^^^
^^'"^
kitna,
..
'
how much
or
many
'"
"^^"y*
Delia, is
Jiha
is
manner
of a horse.
Adverbs.
Many
the
subject.
The following
is
list
of the
witli
Gameall.
Time.
now
abe,
us wakt
us belle
before yesterday.
th en
kakhni
kadhari
cauth,
when
fore yesterday.
kadi, sometimes, ever.
jakhni,
when
ajj,
to-day
kal,
to-morrow, yesterday
itte
[
idi
utte
udi
here
jo,
titte,
>
there
where
any where,
uppar, up
kutiaii,
kute
kudi
ihik
jitte
>
jidi
where
idha tikar, up to
this, to
such an
agge, in front,
?
up
to there
here,
udha kacha,
where ? where,
there.
tittSy
dur, far.
tikar,
Xdowi
jhikle kanare
extent,
udha
whither
kudi
tidha, tidi,
picco, behind,
andar, inside,
bahar, outside,
manjhate,
middle.
in the
cauhni kanare
b kkh'
n
^'' sides.
-j
)
\
j'idt.
From
the forms idha, kudha, &c., interesting Adjectives areconstructed, as kudhera, or kudha ka, of where ? belonging to where ?
idhera, of here, belonging to here.
ihi
kin jo
kus kari
kih^
a
kiha kari
J>why
ihg kari
is riti
Thow?
us
kari
is
karn
is
galla kari )
manner.
tiha,
tihs kari
is
in this
kane
riti
in that manner.
kane
jihg
jihS kari
in
which manner.
Cameali.
ta,
Hindi
to.)
taule quickly
acancak\
, ,
manjh,
jugti kaii
Pg<^i ^^^^
well,
nirale
")
^^^ jes,
J-su^denly.
acanak
juf^ti
in
private,
sepa-
rately.
Prepositions.
babat,
about,
is
about thee.)
jo, to
bicc_
"^
manjh^
Wn.
wirodh, against.
-^
T^'i^^f
kacna, rrom, ,trom 1beside, .1,
than,
par, on the other side.
war on this side,
beside
me.)
jjj^
akkhi bakklii
kauare, towards,
|,ju,,)
'
uppar, upon.
bakkhi, side
it.)
heth, under.
The
(unliere kanare
towards them)
t'a^^^
/'
|rouud about,
ure pare
"
"^
of.
Conjunctions.
ate, and.
bhae
par, but.
J-although.
bhala k
ki
je, if.
ji^ia je,
ts bhi, nevertheless.
as
if.
Gameali.
The Verb.
Auxiliary Verb.
Pres. Aux.
am, &c.
hai
liai
hai
hin
hin
hin
Pres. Aux.
was, &c.
tliiya
tliiya
tliiya
thije
thije
thiye
Intransitive Verbs.
tirna, fall.
Pres. Cond. I
may
tir-5
-e
tir-la
-la
fall, &c.,
Fut.
Fern.
Imperat.
-3
-a
-an
-la
-le
-le
-le
-de
-de
-o (or-e)
tii'li
-tira
tir
-da
-de
Fern, -di
Pres. Ind.
fallen;
tifi
faller or
about to
Verbs
hai
Plur.
tirde
hin.
thiya
Plur.
tirde
thiye.
/. tiri
Plur.
tire
/. tiri
hai
Plur.
tire
hin.
thiya
Plur.
tire
thiye.
tirea, fallen
having fallen;
fall;
tirde
in general are
i,
tirde
tirora, in
falling.
po
-a
-a
n.
Cameali.
ind come.
iyo (iye)
Pres. Cond.
iS
Fut.
ila
Imperat.
a
inda
ia
Indef. Ind.
Past Ind.
aya
/. ai
iye
Participles, aiA;an,
in
iS
ia
PI. ae
/. ai
having come.
J
Pres Cond.
Fat.
jalla
Imperat.
ja
Indef. Ind.
janda
Past Ind.
Sing, gea
ana, go
jao (jae)
jae
jS
ja
ja
/.
gei
PI.
ge
/. gei.
rehna, I'emaiu.
Pres. Cond.
jan
of
8
(Jamealz.
Passive.
The Passive
is
hau
man
The
j'alU, I
/ ) shall be beaten or
its
nominative, thus
killed.
khdnd, eat.
Pres. Cond.
kht
Indef. Ind.
khanda.
khaya.
Past Ind.
pindf drink.
Indef. Ind.
pinda.
Past. Ind.
pita.
Indef. Ind.
diuda.
Past Ind.
ditta.
3rd
Indef. Ind.
linda.
Past Ind.
lea.
PI.
lin.
Pres. Cond.
Indef. Ind.
galanda.
Past Ind.
galaya.
chuhnd, fouch.
Past. Indie.
chuhta.
karnd, do.
Past. Ind.
kitta,
leiind, bring,
like
ind and
in d or
ah tend to shorten d
to a in the
Cameali.
and
1st-
of the
fl
ja
for jaa.
pea
se
kardci hai,
raihndl
se f-udl
Very
passive in
it
is
Jia'i,
is
always
falling.
is
it
is in
interesting
needed or
is
stand,
he
Thus
samjlndd hai, from samryVma, underCahiyo generally stands for the Hindi
fitting or necessary
understood, &c.
cShiye.
of the
Panjab after
I,
In Panjabi after
is
changed
to
71.
is
r, r,
In
Urdu
and
there
some parts
no cerebral
in
is
Numerals.
Cardinal.
1 ikk.
2 do.
4 caur.
5 panj.
6 chi
7
3
trai.
satt.
8 atth.
nau.
10 das.
9
yara.
12 bara.
13 tehra.
14 Cauda.
15 pandra.
16
17 satara.
18 athar?.
11
sola.
19
unni.
20 bill.
27 satai.
29
unattri.
30 trih.
satattri
untali.
40
37
.39
cali.
46
47
chatali.
satali.
49 anunja.
50 panjah.
53 trapunja.
satunja.
59 unalit.
57
60 satth.
67
sataht.
69
unh attar.
10
Gameall.
sahattar.
77 sathattar.
79 unasi.
80
70
satasi.
89
uaanfie.
nabbe.
97
sataniie.
100
sau,
do sau.
200
900
asi.
87
90
tiau sau.
1000 hajar.
100,000 lakkh.
Ordinal,
8fc.
{chatlia.
paihla.
1st,
cbathua.
2nd, duwwa.
3rd, triyya.
7th, satua.
4tli,
cautha.
10th, dasul.
5tli,
panjuS.
50tli,
panjahuS.
ik wex'i, once,
daidh, 1|.
do weri, twice,
paihli weii> first time,
duwwi
dhai,
2i
ikk pao,
addha, half.
trai cauthai 4-
and h are
There
is still
all
round.
dolo, the
two
of them.
Sentences.
What
name ?
How much
1.
2.
3.
umr hai ?
is the age
Idha kacha Kashmir (or Kashmira) tikar kitng
hai ?
From here to Kashmir how far is it ?
4.
Is
ghore
ri kitni
is
thy
of this horse ?
{or kitni) dtir
How many
sons are
11
Cameuli.
6.
Hau
6.
son
7.
8.
9.
Mai
10.
11.
12.
My
bai.
uncle's
is
Upon
Se parbate
its
In the house
beat his
hai.
.son
He
is
flarldle.
much.
on the
He under
the
hill's
that tree
His brother
is
is
bigger
13.
14.
Usera mul dhai rupayye hai. Its price is two and a half rupees.
Mera bab us nikke ghara andar raihnda hai. My father lives
in that small house.
behind thee
muUe
21
22,
lea ?
VOCABDLARY.
{Ghiefly Nouns, Adjectives
and
Verbs.)
anhSna, impossible.
agrina, meet.
akar, image, resemblance.
athwara, week.
auhri, mustard.
aklibala, wise.
alakh, lazy.
amma, mother.
anda, egg.
anek,
many.
annhi, storm.
baghear, wolf.
bahna, throw
baihn sister.
baihna,
bail, ou.
sit.
(net, <&c.).
12
CameaU.
baijni, purple.
bi, seed.
bakhera, dispute.
biar, wind.
bakra,
/. ( -i)
biari,
goat.
evening meal.
bal, hair.
bibastha, law.
ban, jangle.
bana, sow.
bihalna, seat.
billa (/-i) cat.
banana, make.
banaut, making, making up.
binnhna,
-
piei'ce.
bandna, divide.
buddhiman, wise.
bani, voice.
bannhna, biud.
bara, big.
bunna, weave.
barb, year.
bari, garden.
buta, tree.
barkhia, rain.
cahrhna,
cakki, mill.
bataibra, builder.
call jana,
batliri,
kind of
fine cloth.
batolua, gather.
batt,
way.
raise,
go away.
candarma, moon,
carna, graze.
carna, cause to graze,
caskna, be angry.
bela, feeble.
ceta,
cliail,
besudhh, mad.
Qhah, buttermilk.
bhai, brother.
chal, deceit.
chala, jump.
bha], expectation.
chali, wave.
bhandar, treasury.
chama karna,
chatti, roof.
bhauna, break.
chekna, tear.
bhar, load.
bhati, manner.
chuhna, touch.
bhawikhyatbakta, prophet.
bhawikhyatbani, prophecy.
bhiag, morning.
cinh, sign.
cor, thief.
corna, steal.
remembrance.
beautiful.
forgive.
13
Cameali.
dan,
gift.
dand, tooth.
dand, ox.
ghati, watch.
dand, punishment.
gheu, ghi.
dandwat, entreaty.
ghora
darati, sickle.
ghrina, go
darja, river.
gri, village.
deh, body.
dena, give.
guana,
dhakh, a
little,
dhalakna,
gently, slowly.
away,
dhami,
horse.
(f-i)
down
(sun, etc.)
lose.
gundaa, weave,
guppha, cave.
plait.
gupt, secret.
feast,
dhan, herd,
hacclia, white.
flock,
hakh, eye.
hakka, noise,
call.
halka, small.
dhehna,
fall,
dhiu, daughter,
halla, crowd.
liarna,
dlirumna, draw,
hathi, elephant.
dhuna, wash,
dhupp, sunshine,
hatia, murder.
dhur, dust,
dikkhna,
hatth, hand.
see, look,
be defeated.
din, day.
hesa, part.
diuta, lampstand.
hil5lna, shake.
liiund, winter.
duar, door.
hotla, stammerer.
ways meet,
hiina, be,
become.
dubhda, doubt,
dubna, cover,
ill,
duddh, milk,
ina, come.
duggha, deep,
jagat, boy.
duprani, pregnant,
jahal, ignorant.
durgandh, stench,
jal, net.
ga, cow.
jalha,
dumb.
gadha, ass.
jalna,
be burned.
gandhna, knot,
jana, go.
jarjgh, leg.
ghar, house.
jauetar,
and
there, scattered.
kite.
member
[procession.
of marriage
14
killa, alone.
janht, knee.
3
kilna, nail.
anna, know.
jas, respect,
jhalora,
kittba, together.
honour.
kola, boy.
mad.
konial, meek.
jliambna, dust.
kororna, hew.
jhari, rain.
jibbli,
kukkar,
tongue.
(/.
kukkri,) cock.
kukkri, maize.
kumana, complete, do.
jimi, ground.
y.ttna, win.
kuna, corner.
kund, pond, pool.
juta, shoe.
kabulna, accept.
kuri, girl.
kacla, soft.
kahana, be
kahu, olive
kusuthra, ugly.
kutta (/.-i) dog.
called.
tree.
lakk, waist.
kalam, pen.
kalotti, black bear.
down.
bridegroom, husband.
lamme
lara,
kanak, wheat.
puna,
lie
larna, fight.
kann, ear.
lata,
kanneS,
kar,
girl.
toll.
karna, do.
lena, take.
kast, ti-ouble.
letna, lie
katbor, hard.
katborta, hardness,
katthan,
liptani, rolling.
difficult.
loba, iron,
khakh, cheek.
lunai-i,
eat.
reaping.
khara, good.
kharS buna, stand.
lunka, salted.
lunna, reap.
khei, rust.
macchi,
khettar, field.
fish.
maihma, honour,
khijna, be tired.
glory.
niakbir, honey.
kbindna, spread.
mandli,
khokh, bosom.
down.
likkhna, write.
kes, bair.
khana,
lame.
^ ^'
x-*"-..
= moudli.
manliS, man.
mani, measure.
manja, bed.
mard, man.
mar^a,
die.
15
Cameali.
marna, beat.
mas, meat.
patar, vessel.
patka, girdle.
pathieala, stony.
stomach.
mats, much.
pet,
megh,
rain.
plieliu, fox.
mhai, buffalo.
pina, drink.
mittha, sweet.
pir, pain.
pirhi, generation.
mora, dead.
pinda, body.
mall, face.
pitth, back.
mugtiari, abundance.
phal, fruit.
nadi, stream.
naggar, city.
nakk, nose.
pujjna, arrive.
nal, stream.
narl, female.
punruthna, resurrection.
puna, fall.
pur, upper or lower millstone.
nhasna, run.
puttar, son.
nar, male.
nijor,
weak.
puttri, daughter.
otli, lip.
pacheanna, recognise^
rachia, protection.
rakkhna, place.
ralana, mix.
painna, sharp.
pair, foot.
randi
rarhna, be angry.
rehna, remain.
pani, water.
paraiilina, guest.
parbat,
rukkh,
hill.
parhna, read,
parkhna,
try,
riini,
rat, night.
tree.
rulkana,
tempt.
widow.
roll.
runa, ciy.
sadna,
parol, door.
saf, clean.
sahaita, help.
call.
16
Gameali.
saTna, large
number
of
men.
sunna, hear.
sakhna, empty.
samadh,
suphal, advantageous.
grave
of
(particularly
Hindus).
sur, pig.
suraj, sun.
sar)ga|, chain.
taihl, service.
santan, offspring.
takna, bow.
sapha, foam.
takrai", confession,
sar, head.
tali,
tara, star.
saith, sign.
tatta, hot.
sasu, mother-in-law.
taul, quickness.
sauhra, father-in-law.
taula, quick.
tauna, deaf.
sewa, service,
tear, ready.
shaihr, city.
tel, oil.
agreement.
piece of cloth.
siana, intelligent.
sihi, leopard.
thauda, cold.
sit, cold.
thind, ignorant.
sikholna, teach.
sikkliia,
thora,
knowledge.
sikkhna, learn.
silla,
little.
sinna, knead.
trakta, leaven.
sirual, hair.
trihna, thirsty.
sobhna, please.
tunda, armless.
sogi, sad.
sohara, husband.
ubhreua, incite.
sokkar, ox.
ucana,
sothi, stick.
ucca, high.
udhrar, tear.
sujakha, able to
sukhala, easy.
see.
rip.
raise.
updrab, oppression.
urnu, lamb.
suna, sleep.
"at,
utthna, rise.
sundai% beautiful.
wairi,
sunna, desert.
warna, enter.
camel.
enemy.
18
19
Bhutefi]!.
nouns
Khan
kuri,
good
Ag.
S.
biiri
jagntS, Gen.
in
-i,
as
pi.
girl,
Comparison
good,
is
is
this,
all, best.
Demonstrative.
Correlative.
tinya,
like
much
many
itna, so
much
so
titna,
what
that
this
or
tili,
Relative.
Interrogative.
kitua,
or manyj
or
which
how
many ?
much
many
jitua, as
raucii
or
Adverbs.
as adverbs.
The following
adjectives
is
list of
Place.
Time.
ibbe,
now
itthe,
utthe, there
us wele, then
kalhn, kadhari,
jalhii,
ajj,
here
when
kuthe, where
kutahS, whither
when
jitthe,
to-day
where
itthe tikkar,
up
to-morrow
parsu, day after to-morrow
cauth, day after that
uppar, up
thalle,
nere, near
dur, far
agge, in front
kal,
to this
downj
picche, behind
andar, inside
bsihar, outside
Others are
kait,
why
is
;
reason
7?a,
yes
neht, no
20
BhateMl.
Prepositions.
The commonesb
nouns.
Subjoined
is
a brief
list of others.
is
often
on this side
us waste, for
till
him
bice, in
uppar, upon
heth, below
tikkar,
up
to
21
Bhiifeali.
Past Ind.
hoea
/.
hoi
PI.
hoo
/.
hoiS.
Paitic.
Fat.
Past Cond.
augha
aua
a
aunda
Past Ind.
aya
Paitic.
auna, come.
Imperat.
/.
ai
PI.
ae
/.
ail
jana, go.
Pres. Cond.
js
Fut.
jaqgha
Imperat.
ja
Past Cond.
Past Ind.
janda
gea or ga
Partic.
geha
jae
jaa
oi'
jae
07-
jS or jaie
jaa
jan
jao
/.
gei
PI.
ge
/.
geia
raihna, remain.
Pi'es.
Cond.
raih
I'ehS
raihe
rehl or rehie
reha
Fut.
raihijgha
Imperat.
raih
Past Ind.
reha
Partic.
raihn
leha
baihna,
Pres. Cond.
bauhs, &c.
Past Ind.
baithea
sit.
Transitive Verbs.
mama,
paund.
Past Cond.
mahrgha
marda
Past Ind.
Fat.
Pres Perf.
,,
Plapf.
Passive
go, as,
marea liai
marea tha
is
slightly irregular
kha^a,
Past Cond.
Past Ind.
khanda
khadha
eat.
22
Past Cond.
2H
Bhateali,
dand, tooth.
dhup, sunshine.
kann, ear.
nheri, storm.
bhar, load.
sar,
head.
bi,
seed.
jibh, tongue.
loha, iron.
khara, good.
pitth, back.
buia, bad.
deh, body.
badda, big.
pothi, book.
lanhka, small.
kalain, pen.
susfc,
manja, bed.
ghar, house.
darya, river.
chora, swift.
nal, stream.
lazy.
painna, sharp.
hill.
ucca, high.
chail, beautiful.
padhra, plain.
thanda, cold.
khettar, field.
tatta, hot.
roti,
bread.
mittha, sweet.
pani, water.
saf, clean.
kanak, wheat.
tear, ready.
kukkri, maize.
ghatt,
rukkh,
mata, much.
biita, tree.
little.
girl, village.
saihr, city.
auna, come.
ban, jungle.
jana, go.
macchi,
bauhna,
batt,
fish.
way.
sit.
laina, take.
phal, fruit.
dena, give.
mas, meat.
pauna, rirkna,
diiddh, milk.
utthna,
anda, egg.
gheo, ghi.
dikkhna,
tel, oil.
khana,
chah, buttermilk.
pina, drink.
dihari, day.
rat, night.
sauna, sleep,
dihara, sun.
cann, moon.
raihna, remain.
tara, star.
marna, beat.
pucheanna, recognise.
janna, know.
b^rkha, rain,
fall.
rise.
see, look.
eat.
lie
down.
24
Bhateall,
pujna, arrive,
bagna, flow.
nhasna, run.
lapna, fight.
jittna, win.
banana, make,
harna, be defeated.
rakhna, place,
calijana,
sadna,
rahna, sow.
call,
go away.
jotne, plough.
sikkhna, learn,
dand
parhna, read,
khuaaa, give
likkhna, write,
piai.ia,
marna,
die.
to eat.
give to drink.
sunna, hear,
cugna, graze. ^
hatna, turn,
Numerals.
25
BhafeSli.
Ordinal.
Jst, pailila.
ik beii, once.
2nd, diiwwa.
3rd, triyya.
duwwi
cantha.
4tli,
addha,
5th, panjuS.
paune
Gtli, cliittlia.
7th, satuS.
dhai, 2i.
10th, dasu.
do, If.
daidh, 1|.
sadhe
car, 4^.
ik pa, i.
Sentences.
1.
2.
3.
how
far
4.
Kashmir
is
{or
dure kicha)
haiidi aya.
I to-day
6.
My
uncle's
married.
horse's saddle
8.
is
hai.
di kathi hai
is.
Upon
the saddle.
9.
much.
11.
hai.
He under
that
Udda
12.
brother
13.
is
His
hai.
Its price is
rupees.
14.
Mera bab
father in that
1
5.
little
(bapti) us
house
lives.
Uskea eh rupayye
dei dea.
To him
My
26
BhateSli.
16.
Se rupayye us kacha
lei lea.
22.
village.
From
well.
is
coming
liast
thou
28
Gurahl.
Nouns
N.
G.D.A.L.Ab.Ag.V.
in Consonant.
bhin, sister
bhinj
bbini, &c.
dheu, daughter,
is
thus declined.
G.D.A.L.Ab.
Ag.
-ue
-ua
-Tie
-tie
V.
-lie
-uo
dhe-ii
ro, &c.
ga, cow.
ga
N.
G.D.A.L.Ab.
Ag.
Note.
The
sometimes
this
kara
ga-i
-ia, &c.
-e
postposition for
ga-i
-ie
of,
thus gaia
Bhadrawahi gJwre ru
when
Padari
ham
of a
is
For
This dependence of
the form of the genitive not merely on the word following but on the
word preceding
languages.
is
a characteristic of Kaslimiri
20
Cttrahi.
Sing.
N.
G.
kosera
jasoia
D.A.L.Ab. &c.
Ag.
kos, &c.
jas,
kuni
jini
kitil,
ka nu
&c.
anyone, someone
kot,
Plur.
who
jg
kunhera
kunha, &c.
jinhura
kunlia
jinha
G. kiserd
what,
jinha, &c.
Ag. kcnni
G. kedrd
anything, something, /e
kicch,
kO,
whosoever,
je kicch, whatsover.
Adjectives.
any
Comparison
the positive
is
as, khard,
good;
Correlative.
much
utrorea, so
Interrogative.
what
kitea like
much
or many.
or many.
tliis;
sahhnd
all, best.
Demonstrative.
etroyea, so
es
Tielative.
how much
many ?
ketrofea
or
much
jetrorea as
or many.
of list of words.
Adverbs.
as adverbs.
The following
is
list of
adjectives.
Time.
ebbe,
now
tidheo, then
kidheo,
when
jidheo,
when.
ajj,
parhs,
parshu,
day
before
yesterday
cauthe, day before that
to-day
dotte,
yesterday
to-morrow
30
Curcthi.
Place,
down
inde,
nir, liidhe,
near
dur, far
where ?
jetthi, jeri, where
eri te!, np to here
erha, from here,
koi, kori,
aggar, in front
picco,
behind
antar, inside
beir, outside
ubre, up.
why
es
jngie kari,
Prepositions.
The commonest
nouns.
Subjoined
is
a brief
list
of others.
is
frequently
mSh
nsere
pran, upon
below
majh, manjh, within
hetth, tale,
muh
kane, beside
me
sariga,
tei,
with
for
me
him
it*
,
:.)
'
31
CiirSlii.
Impf. Ind.
jliart
-a
Past Ind.
jliar
-ea
thea
(/.
/.
Pres. Perf.
jharea
a,
Plupf.
jliarea
tliea,
Participle
jharlo,
falling
-e thie)
-e
PI. -e
tliie
/.
-i tin
-i.
&c.
;
j'hari J:ar!,
having
having fallen
jharorS, in
fall.
Put.
/.
-e
&c.
state of
Some
PI.
tlie
about to
32
OuraJn.
Transitive Verbs.
Past Cond.
Past Ind.
Fut.
case
of
marela
subject,
marela, &c.
object.
mara
Pres. Perf.
a,
object.
mara
Plupf.
with object.
in the state of having been beaten.
marora,
Participle,
eat, (in
khSta
khau
slightly irregular
khaiti
/.
/.
penu, drink
Past. Cond.
pita
Past. Ind.
petu.
denu,|give.
Put.
dema
Past. Cond.
deta
Past Ind.
ditta
dela,
&c.
lainu.
Fut.
lemma
Past Cond.
laita
Past. Ind.
lea
lela,
&c.
botta
Past Ind.
bolu
kahnu,
do.
Fat.
kahma
Pres. Ind.
Pastlud.
kahta a
kea
Participle
Past Ind.
janu
galmlm.
like
alnu and
83
CurShi.
to khnini,
and khatd
to khaiti gives us
in Kaslimiri.
If
examples
wo count
I know)
from the South East, Cai-ahi is the first lani^uage (so far as
It becomes increasingly common as we go North
that has this change.
and West as, for example, in such dialects as Bhadrawahi, Paclari, Jam.mu
Siraji,Rambani and Pogull, and finds its fullest development in
( Doda)
Kashmiri.
List op
babb, father,
pakhru, bird,
ma, mother,
ill,
siali, fox.
hathi, elephant,
hatt, hand,
puttar, son.
dheu, daughter,
nak, nose,
munsh, husband,
tir,
jo, wife,
muh,
mardii, man.
tremat, woman,
dant, tooth,
kann, ear.
gabhru, boy.
kuli, girl.
shir,
jibh, tongue,
ghor-a, horse.
pait,
mare,
-i,
kite,
akhri, eye.
face..
head,
stomach.
pitth, back,
dant, ox.
pinda, body,
ga, cow.
mliai, buffalo,
kalm, pen.
bakr-a, he-goat.
manja, bed.
-i,
she
ghar, house,
daryau, river.
kutt-a, dog.
-i,
bitch,
dhar,
hill,
rikkh, bear,
padhr, plain,
sih, leopard,
patti, field,
roti,
gadha,
pani, water,
ass.
kukkh-ar, cock.
ri,
bera-],
-li,
ut,
hen.
cat (male).
,,
camel.
(female).
bread,
kinak, wheat,
kukhri, maize,
butt, tree,
gira, field,
naggar,
qity.
..:..;)
34
GurShi.
ban, jungle,
gahnbu,
go.
machi,
beshnu,
sit.
fish,
bat, way.
laina, take.
phal, fruit,
dena, give.
mas, meat,
duddh, milk,
jharnti, fall.
andherii, egg.
gheu, ghi.
heina, look,
tel, oil.
khan a,
cbab, buttermilk,
penu, drink.
dib, day.
bolna, speak.
rat, night,
kahnu,
uthnu,
rise.
see.
eat.
,,
raihnbu, remain.
shukli, moon,
manu,
tara, star,
paryanna, recognise.
byar, wind,
janna, know.
jhari,
maigh, rain,
beat,
pujna, arrive.
dhup, sunshine,
nashna, run.
bi, seed,
banana, make.
loha, iron
I'akhna, place.
khara, good,
bak pana,
bura, bad.
milna, meet.
badda, big.
shikhrna, leavn.
mathra, small,
parhna, read.
daliddri, lazy,
likhna, write.
hosear, wise,
marna,
mara, ignorant,
shunna, hear.
taula, swift,
hathna,
pina, sharp,
uthfa, high,
bbirna, fight.
cbel, beautiful,
jitna, win.
aira, ugly,
barna, be defeated.
tbanda, cold,
call
tatta, hot.
mittha, sweet,
ujla, clean,
taiar, ready,
thora,
little,
call.
die.
tux'n.
gahnbu, go away.
mata, much,
carna, grave.
35
Curahi.
Numerals.
Cardinal,
ak.
37 satattri.
2 doi.
panj.
6 che.
7 satt.
39- -untali.
40- calhi.
47- sattali.
49- -ununja.
50- -panj ah.
57- satunja.
8 atth.
59- -unahat
nao.
60- -shatth.
trai.
cour.
10 dash.
67- -satahat,
yahra.
12 bahra.
3 tehra.
14 coudlia.
15 pandhra.
16 sh5la.
17 satahra.
18 athalirai
69- -unhatthar.
11
70- -satthar.
77- -sathattbar,
79- -unasi.
80- -asi.
87- -satasi.
89- -unainue.
90-
97- -satainue.
19 unn!h.
20 bih.
100 sau.
29 unattrl.
27
-nabbe.
satiri.
100,000
lakkh.
30trihi.
Ordinal.
1st,
ak
peiWa.
beri, once,
2nd, dul.
3rd, treS.
4th, coiitha.
addha, half,
5th, penjui.
adhae, 2|.
10th, daisua.
deddh, li.
The word
is
not
sa-tliatthar,
but sat-hatthar.
3!6.
Curahi.
Sentences.
,T
1.
2.
horse
, .
From here
hpjv- far is
5.
Au
come.
aj j diir
I to-day
married to his
7.
In thy
larke.J,nte ?
6.
is
Kash-
son
is
?
3.
mir
My uncle's
sister.
ri
kathi
In the house
a.
is
the saddle of
is
Useri
11.
Oh
pittlii
a.
He
under that
than his
13.
24.
a.
His brother
is
biggei-
sister.
Usera mul adhae rupayye. Its price is two and half rupees.
Minda babb us mathre ghara majh basta a. My father lives
5.
18.
19.
Walk
From
before me.
22.
the village.
lea.
From
is
a shopkeeper of
38
Ldhuli.
N.
G.
D.A.
Ab.
Ag.
V.
39
Lnhuli.
Adverbs.
The following
Time.
ente, ente,
list of
now
der, here
when ?
abela, when
to-day
to,
where
aiir,
raiida, to-morrow
mra, day after to-morrow
muii'a, day after that
kinu, where
yere, yesterday
tsambi, near
dots,
tori,
tura,
Place.
abe,
[^
is
tiii,
tiiri,
formerly
in front
thalar, behind
tS,
from here
up
Prepositons.
The commonest have been given in the declension of nouns. SubThe same word is frequently both a
joined is a brief list of others.
preposition
and an adverb.
me
me
him
upon
poea, under
giu
on this side
dii^a,
tothi,
tui, in
Auxiliary.
Pres.
am, &c.
or
Past
I was, &c.
shuk
me
Verbs.
front of
40
La hull.
Intransitive Verbs.
dapi,
dapoii
dapdo
dapoiii
dapog
daponi
dapor
dapani
dapa
-d
-doni
dapa-do or-dog -don
-doui
-dor
-de
-deni
-den
dapa-deg
-deni
-der
-den
-de
-deni
daje -deg
-deni
-der
ma dag ma dan ma dad
ma dani
ma dani
ma daur
dapeni tlio
dau tha
Fut.
Imperat.
Pres. Tnd.
Impf.
Past, Ind.
Fut. N'eg.
Imperafc.
fall
Neg.
Other tenses.
Fut.
Imperat.
bajesa
Pres. Ind.
bajesa -d5
Impf.
bajesadeg
Past
bajesdeg
Fut. Keg.
ma
Imperat. Neg.
bajesu tha
dawn,
dapog
bajesani
-dog
oi-
bajes -ik
-in
-id
-ini
-ur
-ini
bajeseni tho
shog
Pres. Ind.
Impf.
Past Ind.
or
-oni
oni
-or
abi, come.
Fut.
ab -og
Imperat.
adeuh
abad -6 or -6g
Pres. Ind.
-on
-do
adani
or
-du
-oni
-oni
-or
abadeg
andeg
Impf.
Past
or
or
adig
adin
adi
adini
aiija
anjad
used
only in the
Fut. Neg.
maqg
Imperat. Neg.
thsdeMli
mSbado
man
man
adini
1st
mani
tliSdani
^
adir
41
L^hrdi.
Irapf.
Neg.
mlbadgg
from aiideg
agg^mu
anii^mu
aiiniemu
anniemu
ibi,
ySg
Flit.
Imperat.
Pres. Ind.
Impf.
Past Tud.
or
you
11
H^ni
yuad-o or -og
yuadeg
annSrau
anniemu
go.
J<r^
yfidu
yoni
yor
yoni
ideoo
ido
idou
ilea nr ilead
Fnt. Neg.
melig
Imperat. Neg.
thel
Impf. Neg.
mayyuado
mayyuadeg
from ideg
melin
mehl
Idoni
idoni
mehni
Idor
mehni
mehlur
thelani
inn^mu
iggi^uui
inni^mu
luni^mu
il^mu
iluremu
fit.
brau
Imper.
brau
Pres. Ind.
brSd(5
brauoni
braudti
bi'auoii
brauoui
brauor
braini
Impf.
brSdeg
Past Ind.
bretho
Neg.
ma
to other parts
pipi, arrive.
Put.
pipo
Pres, Ind.
pipadd
pipon
pipudu
pTpoiii
plponi
pipoi'
pijido
Impf.
plpadeg
pi j ideg
Past Ind.
pig
pin
pir
pini
pini
pi
khosay
Put.
Impf.
-o
-on
-lidu
-oni
-oni
-or
khositeg
Past
kliosiga
kbosina
khosiri
kliosiiii
khosiui
klioslra
krabi, weep.
Put.
Pres. Ind.
Impf.
6
krabog krabon
krabado
krabadeg
kiabudu
kraboni
kraboni
krabor
42
43
Lnhuli.
Ihai, do.
Fut.
u
Lnhuli,
sho
slion
Imperat.
shil
shilani
Pres. Ind.
sliido
Impf.
s^ideg
Past
shida
Fut.
Pies. Ind,
Impf.
Past
Past
-an
shudo
-o
shoni
-ani
shoni
-ani
-or
sliOr
45
Ldhuli.
(slightly modified)
thus
the
of
verb
tha ddpa
l/iao,
am
ge aha Ihado, I
falling.
Gompound
Compound Veibs
to the
Verbs.
common.
are very
As a
rule they
add emphasis
meaning.
and
randi, give
kei% leave
Jceri
gl kezh
keo,
gave
left,
gave altogether
shall leave-leave,
leave
altogether.
beat, kerl leave, kg
tSzt,
terj
much.
Ihal,
do and
and
randi, give
beat and
m? tema
thou
man
shubl,
become, and
became,
Thus nenz
and
aza
is
Ihao,
thalo,
(cf.
I shall
ibi,
go,
and nenz
take away.
compounded with
jana). ge azays,
dbi,
shizi,
ibi,
I shall
sentences.
'
again
'
back,'
come back or
bring,
return,
hSibi,
come, expresses
go av?ay.
Conditional
shtijido,
become.
habi,
shiz'i,
haza with
tema
Ihai, do, ke
Fut. tBmog) kg
{lit.
Ihai, do,
Fat. ramo).
(cf.
tSzi,
do leave, do thoroughly,
did not
notice
any
become
special
alive.
forms for
cated changes.
In a
number
verbs.
of the subject is
used with
all
is
employed
46
Ld,huli.
all
The Future
is
List of
milyo, daughter,
ba, father.
ceje ba,
etc.
ru, father-in-law.
gahsezi,
husband,
mez, wife,
ya, mother,
kag,
elder brother
nua,
youugor brother.
milyo,
girl,
rhi, sister,
cor, thief,
yo, son.
puhal, shepherd.
Animals.
rhs, horse
(common gender),
nabrhS, mare,
thar, leopai'd.
bar), ox.
venz, calf,
kar, ass.
rahd, cow.
str, pig.
mhei, buffalo,
yag, yak.
bhir, cat.
la,
(female),
ma,
(female),
fir,
ur, camel.
pya, bird.
ill, ill
kite.
gna, jackal.
hathi, elephant.
me, bitch.
Parts of the Body.
gur, hand,
kra, hair.
kunz, foot,
punz, head.
il,
nose,
til",
eye.
mob, face.
a,
mouth,
rif, ear.
Ihe,
tongue.
phug, body.
47
LShtiU
Gommon
Objects.
pad, book.
kliam, clothes,
mfishadan, pen.
gutbab, ring,
manni, bed
paular, shoe,
cumh, house.
sha, meat,
bendi, river.
panu, milk,
gar, stream.
tigli,
rai), hill.
mar, ghi.
patthar, plain.
tiell, oil.
rlii, field.
bodi, buttermilk,
ran, bread.
hari, shop,
tl,
water.
egg.
tai), tar)g
rupee,
chna, wheat.
nihr, day.
kugi, maize.
niurodb, night,
buttli, tree.
,
palanz, saddle.
laza,
karh, star,
banh, jnngle.
lanh, wind,
matsh,
mug,
fish.
moon,
rain.
amli, way.
kurb, load,
mal, property.
be, seed,
cij,
nilam, iron.
thing.
A bstract Nouns.
aijga, famine,
gunah,
mansa, intention,
dab, pity,
habsi, lying.
tehl service,
c5ri, theft,
niab, answer,
kam, work,
hugam,
biah, marriage,
khushi, happiness,
mir),
name,
cal,
sin.
order,
sound,
barsh, year.
laha, price,
kharc, expense.
Adjectives.
mtb, good,
madam,
beautiful, clean,
bad,
lazy, ignorant,
tslioi, fat.
jSshi, befitting,
shil, wise,
rush, swift,
more, big.
ceje, bae,
kuajh,
little,
dralda, sti-aitened.
(5nyi,
hungry.
tsanji, sharp,
raijgi,
high,
sohi, cold.
48
LdhtiU.
much, many,
tor, hot.
haje,
gur, sweet,
yue, bater,
tliofe, little,
sSsi, white.
jama,
all.
togetljer,
Verbs.
pipi, arrive.
come.
ibi, go.
brai,
know,
nezi,
sit, live.
habi, bring.
randi, give.
parephi, read.
sliizl,
away.
take, take
adkiiri,call
khaya
down.
shubi, rise,
'
[/tsezi, wiite.
(Zif.
si,
stand up.
die.
thazi, hear.
tumi, drink.
aza
ibi,
kushi, sleep.
har
tsSzi, plough,
khandi,
ze, eat.
tsatsi, send.
make.
Ihai, do,
go away.
krabi, weep,
keri, leave.
sezi, recognise.
Numerals.
Cardinal.
1- -itti,
sapi.
15
16 satrHi.
17 sahni.
18 sare.
y 19
1/14
i.
2-
sar).
3- -shum.
4 pi.
5
i)a.
6 trui.
7
soskii.
nhi.
8 rhe.
9 ku.
10
20 nizz.
sa.
11 seidi.
100 ra.
200 nirha. (700?)
900 kurha.
1,000 sara.
100,000 lakh,
sani.
13 shashura.
12
Ordinal.
shummi.
1st, tfimi,
3rd,
2nd, jurnji,
4th, pimi.
4e
LShuli.
5tb, ijanii.
6th, truimi.
khanni, half.
7th, nhiml.
dhai, 2|.
10th, sami.
Above
20,
scores
up
to 100.
Sentences.
1.
Ke
mil) chi
shu
is ?
3.
4.
KS
2.
6.
Ge
how many
to 5hetare audo.
In
is ?
Cuqli {or
cumh)
made marriage.
rhan
sSsi
On
his
tod.
In the
sister
than bigger
is.
13.
Do
14.
15.
Dobi
16.
Du
Do
17.
laha dhai
Its price is
tar).
hvU.
To him
this
ropes bind.
From
hund.
18.
Baini
19.
20.
21.
22.
ti
Me
in front of walk.
doi
he
kute (kui)
said
one
miS
man-to
jur
two
yo
toi
sons
were
ceje
young
50
LahuU.
bara
y5i
kui,
mal
gebi
pipa gebi rau
ba anyo
Father what property me-to ari'ive me-to give
own
lie
jama
cij
madam kam
doi
did,
went.
kefco.
Da
bela
ri
left.
That
time
at
du
Doi'a
dore
Doi eno
ma
challa
anything not
kute
tl
then he said
Laje
DorS
Then
ramader.
Giu
ba5
My
father-of
much bread
is.
ganah
Ihega.
thy
(own)
dor
bao
ili
father near
dah
adi,
doers
(ide).
went.
doi dro
kui
dobi
hira-to
said
kham
khae
ge
dying,
own
stand arising
will say
sargo
kS
heaven-of
thy
gi
kS yo
thy son
haza
ge
atsa
DorS
make. Then
kuri, gebi
to-say,
eno
atsa
Ihao.
me
having-risen
own
bab
Ente du ohetar toi
do
da tSri
father-to
his
Now he far was him having-seen
re,
doi
muthn
gi sargo
I heaven-of
came
not-am again
like
(sense)
kog
Yoi
hira-to sense in
mad
joge
ande
am
him-to
(keno)
(hosh)
siuado,
kS
hoshari
(workers)
did.
But him-to
fill.
(dumbizar)
father
sin
Azla dobi
di
here hungry
di
to
dobi
Ente
tSi
kamlhaza
gi
yog,
mansa
how-many work-doers
woi
dor
bao
D5
might
dobi
anyo
Ge der ^ onyi
tod.
rofi
money lender
pimadeg.
own stomach
of one
sent.
khog
eno
sahukarS
tsatte.
swine to graze
field
zauader
s^raz
shag
deshari
ruatsi
rhiri sfirar
He own
near went.
do
straitened became.
ide.
du
Dora
shujide.
dralda
Then he
He
Dore
There
ide.
country-to
phage
cej
days young.
mulkliarl
far
mal
eno
lliato,
work
bad
he
made,
dine
few
after
things together
all
thals thora
From- that
yoi yui
son
Dots
phae rando.
mal
eno
(loi
hunj
ks
thy
Do
guah
au
masfc
re,
re.
gun ah Ihega.
sin
made.
bae
His father
hadani,
kez
bring,
ye
Ente
Now
di
jSge
this worthy
nokarari
kiii
ruthe
servants-to
said
good
debi
kham
rahni,
51
Lahuli.
guthab
gui
hand-to
put on
ring
zauani
yez
we
kSnzavi
ralini,
paular
rahni,
more
r6nz
shoes
put on
fat
calf
feet to
khushi
Ihauani,
shall-eat happiness
shall-make
du
gappa
this
matter
shareni
kill
di
giu
this
my
Ihaji
making
haza
shii) ili,
tiii
[hiSshtS nte khosa
son dead was now again alive-went, formerly was-lost now has-been
yo
side
'
khushi
Ihater.
Dora doz
Do
Then they happiness made. His
ilea.
obtained.
cumh kacha
ghari
aii
eatS
toi
what time
heard.
D5i
dobi
He
him- to
calf
is
bi
servant
killing
nua
anjad,
younger-brother
came,
for
he
well
was obtained.
mliade.
Do
ba
became-sulky
His
father
babi
father-to
Ihateg,
gi
service
I did,
gibi
ma
me-to
not
randen
abela
make:
when
kharab
works in
evil
Doi
dobi
He
him-to
tod
du
KS
was.
Thy
tiii
formerly
(rSshi
Dh8
barsh
ki
answer
made.
So-many
years
thy
hugam
thuasi
ma,
order
rejected
not,
keno
shu.
is.
di
son
came
he
now
madam
bad
ke
do
thali
renz
shaiaden.
thou
him
for
calf
killedst.
kacha
thou
always
me
near
this young-brother
talk
thy property
giu
nua
gappa
mal
kS
hamesh
Happiness
was-lost,
khushi
kii
Khushi
ente
with happiness
this
la
friends
doi
hiSshte
abela
sade
adi,
Ihaji,
kl
yarada
kam
ka
di
e yo
said O son
du
anji
datlii
lhat.
thy-own
Du
He
uiab
having-made
kiii
that thine
toi.
ks
thy
kammari
is
kS
thy
gave
Ihau:
ks
bae
tshSi
thy father fat
that
not-went.
tehl
chi shujad.
what became.
khosiri.
Doi
cal
raji baji
in
He
mi
dii
toijg
persuaded.
was,
thale
roshe shiri
chSndi.
field-iu
d5
shaiado,
renz'
tSi,
garpi
ad kute rhugade
to called
asked
cagara
Kl
said Thy
kiii
son
rhiri
DsrS i
Then one
that (thai).
yo
big
gido
pi (adi)
near
house
more
khushi
Ihai,
to make, happiness
side
toi
dead
was
khosa
has been
eute
haza
now again
ilea,
obtained.
todon
art
gin
mine
shubi
jftshi
be
fitting
to
shiq
''
ili,
alive became,
called Bhadhlfi,
is
Kashmiris
call it
BodarJcnh.
Bhsiles
is
the second
name
the
of
drawahi
is
spoken.
are
the",
was
the
{cf.
grammar passim)
Kashmiri
gave, Kashmiri dyima, dyut ; in some
or
^,
my
as lyekhan, write,
tuhund
its
word
always
pifitth,
jour
cf.
meeun or men.
Kashmiri myon,
con, son,
ij
and
^JJj,
motlier
pifth
and
In the presence of r instead of r in the adverbs of place, one is reminded of the Sisi dialect which has kare, where ? jare, where. For these
54
kori,
zan
and
Padnrl kor,
whereas
Foi- here
zar.
luis tth,
same, having Agent Sing, un and in and n in the Oblique Plural (Agent
Plur. wno, ino).
An interesting feature
and dhl to hr or hhr, and of tl (or tl) and thl to tr. Thus we
have Bhadrawalii dhlihbu, red beat-, dhln, brother-, cUnhg, leopard, for
what in other dialects would be hhrahu, bhrd, and barnhg. We notice
dl
(or dl)
The
Bhalesi we
In
very name for Blmdrawali, Bhadhld, illustrates this.
have dhJiblihu, red bear, ding, leopard also dhledd, sheep, for bhed.
;
In Padaii there
Again we
is
find in
to-monow
after
(lit.
Bhadrawalii
thli,
woman,
tlrie,
thirty,
tlehbi,
In Bhalesi we have
three,
thledi,
day
twenty-thi-ee;
tledht, for
the
cf.
day
and in Padari tide for three, and tlean ior i\\e (\.a,j
I do not remember having noticed these two features
after to-morr()w\
in any other dialect, although the mere intercharge of I and r and of I
after to-moirovv,
common.
Bhadrawalii makes
ftnd r
in
is
very
karu,
Dative in jd,
its
Genitive Sing,
Locative
in
tyiU,
in
Genitive
ru,
Ablative
Plural
kara.
in
The
Accent Sing.
and
Pies.
Iiid. in
Feminine foims.
Bhalesi very
Genitive
Sing, in -eu.
Plui-.
in
keii,; its
It
of)
has
Dative Sing, in
ofien
is
its
-e,
find
in -ord.
Genitive
and Dative
its
Ablative Sing, in
Padari has -ar for the Genitive Sing, ending and kar for the
Genitive Plur., as for the Dative Sing, and apparently no t-uding for
the Dative Plur., el for tbe Ablative Sing., and kal for the Ablative Plur.
The
Its Future takes I throughout with nl in the 2nd and 3rd Plur.
55
Future has two forms for the Ist Sing, ending respectively in -ui
when tlie root of the verb ends in a consonant, itnd in nasiil n when the
root ends
in a
in -* kar.
for
devil,
harmon,
is
reraarkaljic.
Whether
is
/-,
ii, iii.
58
Bhadraivah)
59
Pronouns.
1st
2nd
Sing.
N.
G.
D.A.
L.
Ab.
ail
8rd
ih, this
BhadrawUhi.
60
Adjectives.
Adjectives employed as nouns are declined as nouns, bub adjectives
qualifying nouns liave the following declensions
have
obi. sing.
m.
Those ending
indeclinable.
Feminine
Plui-al -e,
-e.
i indeclinable.
Correlative.
aitrn, so
all, best.
much
or taitru,
many
or
much
so
Relative.
Interrogative.
how much
many ?
many
kaitrii,
or
or
as
much
many
Adverbs.
Most
as adverbs.
The following
then.
kes,
when
kori, kora,
most
iri tai,
day
after to-morrow.
ittha,
where
up to here,
from here,
bah, up.
bunh, down,
yesterday.
nero, near,
pattri, behind,
an tar, inside,
behr, outside.
prez,
zara, where,
kala, to-morrow.
hij,
the
zaj-i,
tsoiithe,
of
zes, wlien.
thledi,
list
Place.
hun, now.
tes,
is
kujo,
why?
dur, far.
a,
Zws^f,
quickly
is
Bhadraiunhi.
61
Prepositions.
The conimonest
Subjoined
nouns.
prepositions have
is
brief
of
list
The same
ntliers.
word
tere
hetth, below.
mS,
witliin,
mi
sathi,
sili,
is
and an adverb.
par, beyond.
mi
mi
oi'
me.
lei,
tisere
with me.
about thee.
ware
pare,
round aI)out
it.
him.
Verbs.
Auxiliary.
Pres.
Past
am, &c.
ai
was
Sing,
ahm
ahe
as
/. thi
thio,
thie
PI.
ahn
ahth
/.
thi
Intransitive Verbs.
bitsharnu,
Pres. Cond.
bitshar-au or -i
-1
Fern.
bitshar -alo
Fat.
Fern.
-as
-e
-i
-i
-alo
-alo
-am
-am
-ath
-male
-ale
-ath
-an
-an
-ale
-a^lai, &c.
Imperat.
bitshar
Pres. Ind.
bitshar -ta
bitshara
-ti
-te
-c3
-ci
Peni.
Impf. Ind.
fall.
-ce
-tam
-cam
-tath
-tan
-cath
-can
Past Ind.
bifsh -aro
Plaf.
Part.
/. -eri
hitsharto, falling
in the
about
state
to fall.
of
PI.
-are
/. -eri
having fallen
bitshaforo,
bitsharnSbnlo,
faller,
62
Hhadrawahi.
slight irregularities,
be,
become.
Pres. Cond.
bliau -i
-s
-e
-m
-th
-n
Fut.
bho -l6
bhuo
-lo
-lo
bhau-mle
-le
-le
Past
Part.
Iiid.
Bhadrawahi.
fty
Pres. Perf.
Plapf.
kuttii thio
Part.
kutta
The following
khanu,
Past Ind.
eat.
Bhadrawahi.
64
The
epenthetical
bentshe ru
bitsliardld,
vowel
change
in
Tiatthe
hath'i,
ru
batshl,
banhdthet.
List of
Oommon Nouns,
babo, father,
kuk-kur, cock,
-kari, hen.
haj, mother,
dhla, brother,
(female),
camel.
tint,
tsafoUi, bird,
munash, husband,
shen, kite,
thli, wife,
gidar, fox.
mafd, man.
hathi, elephant,
thli,
woman,
hatth, hand,
matthu, boy.
pao, foot,
nakk, nose,
etshi, eye.
puhal, shepherd,
tuttar, face,
tsaur, thief,
ash, mouth,
ghor
dant, tooth,
-o, horse.
-i,
mare,
kann,
ear.
dant, ox.
shiral, hair,
batshi, cow.
dog, head,
bhai, buffalo,
zibbh, tongue,
tshero, he-goat,
pait,
tshailli,
she-goat
stomach,
pitth, back,
bhaidd, sheep,
jind, body,
kut-ar, dog.
katab, book,
-ri,
itsh,
bitch,
black bear,
kalam, pen.
khat, bed.
ghar, house,
dlilahg, leopard,
niru, river,
khauthau,
gad, stream,
sur, pig.
ass.
dhar,
hill.
65
Hhdtirtiirnhi.
paddhru,
plain.
tshethl, field.
bread.
rotti,
fear, ready.
kani, little.
maste, much.
pani, water.
gah^a, wheat.
ejnu, come.
kukkri, maize.
gahnii, go.
buta, tree.
nainu, take.
djaii, tield.
dean, give.
.shahr,
town.
bitsharnu,
fall.
ban, jungle.
utliiiu, lise.
masli, fish.
batt, vvay.
meuo,
khanii, eat.
fruit.
mas, meat.
pinu, diink.
duddh, milk.
zaunu. say.
thul. egg'.
zhiilnn, sleep.
ghi, ghi.
katrnu, do.
tail, oil.
rehnu, remain.
tshah, buttermilk.
kutnu, beat,
zhez, day.
pushaauu, recognise.
know.
dlaz, night.
zannii,
diharo, suu.
puznu, arrive.
canani, moon.
nashnii, run.
taro, star.
biio,
wind.
bananu, make,
deu, rain.
rakkhnii, place.
dhupp, sunshine.
kujanu,
andliaru, storm.
malnu, meet.
bharo, load.
shiklinu, learn.
bidz, seed.
parhuu, read.
lahft. iron.
likkhnu, write.
shuunu, hear.
nisna, turn.
baddo, big.
aznu, return.
nikro,
tsalnu, flow.
little.
shnst, lazy.
takro,
wise.
call.
larnu, fight,
zitnu, win.
jahli, ignorant.
liarna, be defeated.
tsalu gahnu,
tliandii, cold.
baihnu, sow.
tattu, hot.
mitthu, sweet.
lial
go away.
lana, plough.
khuanu. cause
to eat.
66
Bhadrawahi.
pianii,
cause to drink,
zhulnu, He down.
Bhadrawnhi
Mere cac ro ko
6.
with his
dlaoro
satl>i
My
ai.
uncle's 8on
sister is married.
7.
saddle
bshni
tiseri
67
ri
kathi
In
ae.
tlie
lionsc the
white horse's
is.
8.
9.
10.
Ml
tiseiu
matthu
On
latli.
inasl kuttu.
liis
back bind
l)cat his
On
tsiielli tsarte.
son
that
tlie
saddle.
niiicii.
12.
Tai
biite
h'y/th
t,rhore
pnr bisliMro
ai.
Under
that tree he
is
on a horse.
Tiseru dhla apai behni kara baddo
ai.
His brother
is
big^^er
Its price is
aii.
14.
20.
18.
you
rope.
From
the
vpell
Before
ai ?
me walk
(you.)
Whose son
is
coming
after
21.
22.
piaul
village.
muUe aao
re ekki
hetribale
Bhalesi.
69
70
Bhalesi.
Adjectives.
Adjectives
used as nouns
ai-e
adjectives
All adjectives
ending
Those
endintj
ill
ii,
au,
any
in any of these letters change it to -e for Obi. s. m., and N. pi. m., and
The genitives of nouns and pronouns come
i for Fem. Sing, or Plur.
under this rule, as ghorei zin, the horse's saddle.
Comparison is expressed by the positive of the adjective used with
qualifying nouns have the followinsj declension
letter othei- tlian a,
are indeclinable.
o,
made as
Kulu Siraj)
white
Ufi chitta,
(cf.
Panjabl, cittn
whiter than
DemonstraUve.
ehu,
like
Kului
tehn,
and
shitta in
this.
(JorreLatwe.
this
shettd,
is
like
Interroyiitive.
that
kehii,
like
what?
Relative.
dzeha,
like
which
much
many
tetkur, no muc\\
ethur, so
or
or
many
many
dzethnr,
or
a,H
much
many
Adverbs.
They then agree with the
Most adjectives can be used as adverbs.
The following is a list of the most important
subject of the sentence.
adverbs other than adjectives.
(Time.)
huphe, now.
tied hi,
tessa, then,
kessa,
when
hi,
yesterday.
dzessa, when,
par,
adz, to-day.
kala, tomorrow.
Place.)
ere, here.
dzere, where,
kore,
wheie
BhtilSsi.
71
Vbrbs.
Auxiliary.
Pres.
Past
am, &c.
was
hew
hjis
Sing. m.
thio
ha
/.
Intransitive
khirkau,
Pres. Subj.
Fut.
Fern.
Imperat.
Pres. Ind.
rn.
fliie
ahan
/'.
thi
Verb."!.
fall.
-tath
-te
-te
-te
-t
-tarn
-tath
-ti
Fern.
-6i
Pres. Perf.
khirko
Plupf.
khirko
thio,
Past
khirkoi,
&c.
having fallen
slight irregularities.
bhonu,
Pres. Sulij.
PI.
hath
-as
-6 -am
-ath
an
khirk -an or -en -al or -el -el -kamal -el
-an
-erm
-eul
-eu\ -amettl
-en\
-Him
khirk khiika
khirk -tau or -tii
-tus or tos
-tau or tu
Pem.
Past. Ind.
ham
khirk -a
-tarn
Impf. Ind.
the
be,
become.
72
BkalSsi.
Transitive Verbs.
kutnu,
Bhalesj
78
74
Bhalesi.
S^^> cow.
zanan, wife.
man.
rautear,
ku^nsh,
bhai, buffalo,
(nasal ),
woman.
tsherjo, he-goat,
ko, boy.
tshelle, she-goat,
kui, girl.
dhledd, sheep,
kutar, dog.
cowherd.
gor,
puhal, shepherd.
kutre, bitch,
tsor, thief.
dant, ox.
khotrii, ass.
dlag, leopard,
Sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
how many
5.
Aii adz
have come.
Meii pitlao ko tisei bhain sathea biaho ahe. My uncle's son
6.
is married with his sister.
Ghare madz chitte ghorei zin ahe. In the house is the white
7.
horse's saddle.
8.
9.
10.
Upon
Us
is.
Under that
its
tree
is.
His brother
is
bigger than
his sister.
13.
Tiseii
ha.
Its price is
rupees.
14.
that
Men
little
father lives in
house.
16.
17.
Te hacchS kuttath
15.
My
te shell sai
bannhath.
BJialesi.
From
Walk in
18.
19.
Mera agre
20.
21.
Te! kisa
22.
piaua hattibale
tsala.
muUe
it.
einfco.
75
bcliind thee ?
ano
shop-
Pd^arl.
77
78
Padari.
Adverbs.
is
list of
{Time.)
himmi,
novp.
hi,
yesterday.
kapal, when. ?
dzapal, when.
shui, tomorrow.
pare,
tapal, then.
tlean,
(Place.)
..;;
dzal,
eeul,
dzatth,
ien.r tikar,
ettb,
,,
up
ifi,
61,
bih, up.
otth,
naind, down.
tatth,
nere, near,
tal,
,,
dur, far.
kor, whei'e ?
agar, in front.
kol,
pa'ittar,
behind.
andar, inside.
,,
bahr, outside.
dzar, where.
Others are
to here.
from here.
kotth,
is
where.
ieur, here.
kyes,
why;
S,
yes; na,no;
cfeer,
well
/in!.5aZ,
quickly
Conjunction.
dzai,
if.
Prepositions.
par, beyond.
war, on this
andar,
side,
in.
pad, beneath.
pettr,
upon.
rae.
P&dari.
79
Verbs.
Auxiliary
Pres.
am,
Past
was.
mas.
&c.,
fem.
han<,
Siug. m. the",
/.
Iiin*,
all
through.
PI. theg,
thi,
/.
thi.
Intransitive.
dzharan,
dzhar -al
-al
-al
dzhujul
dzhair -el
-el
-el
dzhur-el
Fut.
Fem,
fall.
Imper,
dzhar
-nal
d/.hair
-neM' -ueM'
dzhar
Past Cond, or
Pres. Ind,
dzhar -na,
Fem.
Impf. Ind.
dzharua
Fem.
dzhairni
Past Ind.
dzliara,
Fem.
PI. dzhairne,
the,
thi.
PI. dzhaire.
dzhairi
dzharna, falling
Part.
bhol
Fem.
bhol
bhoM
slight variations
bhon,
Fut'.
become.
be,
bhonal
bhol
bhfil
bhonal
bhune*l
Past Cond. or
Pres. Ind.
Past Ind.
bhouna,
bhu'nn*
/.
PI. bhoe,
bho,
bhui.
/.
adzan, come.
Fut.
ozul
Fern.
azil
eznil
Imperat.
aih
adzai
Pres. Ind.
azna.
PI. azne,
Past
a,
/.
Imperat.
ghau
gah
Pres. Ind.
ghena
Past
ga,
Put.
ae,
ghel
ozul
ozul
ozul
/.
aznal
aizni
PI. ae,
/.
ghen,
go.
ei.
ghel, &c.
ghe
/.
gei,
PI. gae,
/.
gi.
aznal
-nal
80
Padari.
Fut.
Fem.
bishul
beshan, remain,
sit.
beshal
bishul
beshal
beshnal
beshnal
beshel
Imperat.
besh
Pres. Ind.
beshna
Past
betha
Part.
bithor, in
beshai
Transitive Verbs.
kotan.
Fut.
Fem.
Imperat.
kotal
ku^al
kutal
kotnal
kotnal
kutneM'
kutal
koetel
koetel
kot
kutal
kotal
kutne*!'
kotai
Pres. Ind. or
Fem.
Past
kotn -ath
-ath
-ath
-eth -gth
-etb
kotta
(PI.
subject
Part.
fem. koetni
PI, kotne,
kotte,
khan,
Past
kha,
beaten
kotta,
khanna
with
agent
koitikar,
kotor,
having beaten.
eat.
pin, drink.
pinS
Past
pia,
Part.
pior, in
pi
/.
din or den,
Pres. Ind.
dyen^
Fut.
daii
Past
dyitta
Pres. Ind.
lena
Fut.
leS
Past
lea
Part.
give.
deal, &c.
lei^,
leal,
take.
&c.
bola^, speak.
Pres. Ind.
bonna
Part.
bolor, in
of
in the state of
khaii.
/.
Pres. Ind.
case
kotna, beating
Pres. Tnd.
koetti),
/.
81
Pndnri,
karan, do.
Pres. Ind.
karna.
Fut.
korul
Past
kea
Part.
keatir, in
ghin (ghm)
tnke
aclzan, bring,
-I or -ul, as korul,
sit.
parhan,
cause to eat,
The
fut.
pi.
e in
thee
account of
bhu^nn^
from
parhain de or parhaini de (Urdu., parh de). So khalan,
changes to khalain when in agreement with a fern, noun
resid,
having fallen
from
and
be) has
koetnl
f.
difficulties of
type
it is
printed on the
(sen-
On
line.
Numerals.
1
yak.
barah.
13 teirah.
14 caudah.
15 pandrah.
IG^shorah.
17 satarah.
18 atharah.
2 dui.
3tlae.
12
5 panz.
6
7
8 atth.
9 nau.
tsour,
tshai.
satt.
19
long.
first
It is
'Unnih.
20bih.
10 dash.
The
1yarah.
syllable of dui
probable
that the
and
tlae
common
and shorah
is
pronounced very
''''*
following
not use separate numbers between 20 and 100 (sum)numbers used by some are doubtless due to commujiication with towns.
82
Pndnr'i,
27
sataii.
Pndurj.
83
adham,
phat,
alag, ugly.
hill,
itiadaii, plain.
Iiigh.
atara (accent on
baig*, field.
.st^coml
syllable), ugly,
ruait', bread.
tlianda, cold,
paain, water.
latta, hot.
geoh, wheat.
mettlia, sweet,
kukkur', maize.
tear, ready,
bott, tree.
kam,
less, little,
thao, village.
shaihr, town.
sobh,
ban, jungle.
bh5n, be.
macch',
adzan, come,
bat,
fish.
way.
all.
ghen, go.
phal, fruit.
mas,
len, take,
mefit.
duddli, milk.
thul, egg.
dzharan,
(accent
ghiii
on
second
syllable), ghi.
(/tV.
become
standing),
heran, see, look,
tel, oil.
tsliali,
fall,
kliarbhon, stand
buttermilk,
khan,
eat.
disu, day.
pin, drink,
rat, night,
dius, sun.
tsainne,
moon,
uijhan, sleep,
karan, do.
tara, star,
bat, wind,
paryanan, recognise,
megli, rain,
puzhan. arrive,
dhupp, sunshine,
nashan, run.
bhara, load,
bedza, seed,
banan, make,
loh. iron.
rakkhan, place,
hak den
bura, bad.
{lit.
(din), call,
give
call.
bora, big.
mathar, small,
shitsan, learn,
nimta, lazy,
pafhiin, read,
khara, wise,
lyekhan, write,
betal, ignorant,
maran,
ha sal, swift,
khunan, hear,
pain, sharp.
ghiran,
die.
move away.
Pddari.
84;
paiti adzan,
come back.
liHiidan, flow.
shatsan, fight.
dzittan, win.
haran, be defeated.
tsaran, graze,
tsharan, sow.
uqhan,
lie
down.
Sentences.
1.
2.
3.
Kashmir
father
is
Tieuii
4.
How many
Adz ail bara diiral aur han*. To-day I from very far have come.
Miean mathar babbar geobhur taser bheni samet beah keo na
5.
6.
7.
saddle
My
hin*.
is.
Put it on
mata kota. I beat
8.
his back.
9.
Mai
his son
tasar koa
10.
te
heu^kev tsarna.
He
much.
on the
hill is
grazing
15.
16.
17.
20.
21.
22.
Thawar
well bind
18.
19.
brought
it.
Fi'om
whom
From
SANSI GLOSSARIES.
INTRODUCTION.
In the Panjab census of 1901 no less than 18,180 person were I'eturned as belonging to the criminal tribe of the Sasis. In describing
is
paramount.
may
The
will certainly
its
source
by
latter.
which owes
it
undoubtedly in the
lies
Sisi dia-
variation.
But
of,
its
and abetting
not a
is
is
a carefully laid plot to keep in natural darkness deeds which would not
bear the light."
The
difference
common
is
thieves' argot:
I
different
it is
words.
but
it
An
in
a distinct dialect.
and
account of
its
It is
not a
grammar, which
wrote seven years ago, will be found in the Journal of the Asiatic
LXX,
Part
I,
No.
1,
1901,
In fact
am
Young children
make the necessary
p. Iff.
86
come
variety will
selves
and
to be less
less
At present
Government Reserva-
most
of them, in the
tions
under
Panjab at any
rate, live in
Many, hov?ever, on
strict discipline.
There
is
The
by surrounding languages.
used by Sssis
who
They certainly
Panjab.
live in the
been out of
which appear
Opinions
division,
in
there
all
is
words
first,
to be
may
differ as to
it is
This
The
of the
to
Hindi words.
me
United Provinces.
tlie
Panjabi
l)ave a
of facility of reference.
language of Panjabi
In this glossary
villages.
stereotyped as to be virtually
r or r is
:
as,
(all in
XVIIV
kom
terd,
mhdrd, tuhdrd,
(XVIII) from
frequently change d to ko
so
new words.
become
as,
kol.
kodmi (X).
(XIII), konnd (XIV), kodhd and koth (XVII), koj (XVII), from
dj.
a often alter
it
(XII
to
),
ku
from hath.
as, kiikkhi
(XII),
kurji (XIV), kugge and kundar (XVIII), from akkhi, arji, ayge, andar.
Cf. also
km
(XIV) from
hatti.
Kahnd and
rahiia
87
prefix 6
heihi
for
(oi- siihstit-,iite it
(XVIII),
h)
Hindu, eh,
for
hindU
as,
efl,
(XK
bek,
(XVTT\
beil
hue,
iw, etln.
nhitta,
ho]u pnir,
pet, pagg,
parhna, piichnri,
coll
6 gjenerally
is
6 to c or
cfe
as,
chattu
change
bhalakbnhnr.
nhik
ns,
(XVII) from thik, nhanednr (X) from thanedar, uhana (XIV) from
thana, vikat (XTV) from tikaf, nombu (XIV) from tombu, nalll (XIV)
from lalll, na\l (XVII) from cMl, non (XV) from corf,nhdlle (Xfll)
irora chdlle, 7ihtkhnn {XYl) fvoTxi si khnn, nhir (XII) from
nhakkn
( XYIl) irom. sakka,nahb (X) irom snhb (^nhib), naihr (XIV) h-omshakr.
.s'lV,
khiTchna
(XVII)
deuga,
kh
I will give.
is
dha
for depnrgrn
Some words
galli, tliroat.
mod (X)
is
b is
changed
to r in runj'l
employed
in
There are
Tlius from car,
jhukha
sona.
ca-Qga,
rerjgnn
h'omsanduq,nadhuk,iindiivo\n
and
in XIII),
(all
gupahl (X)
still
fi-om hhtikhn
and from
lathi, barlathi
(XIV)
sipahl,
from
nikalnn,
khtgalnn
They have,
in
There
are,
some words, a
These words, so
far as
this
88
vowel
is
ndtt, load of
grain
bapp father
gandd, anus.
and batand,
khupp, salt
middle vowel
tlie
applies to the
first
is
batata,
strangely prolonged.
This
putt, son
from gumana
remark
similar
thus,
a greatly leng-
first
vowel being
first
is t!ie
ordeal
warning
rd-;
B^ndjat, justice or
statement
legal
sair,
judgment
saihl, notice
instruments
goli, teari
cliaggl,
The words
notice.
They
following up a thief
The
iombu,
'
jemmy
'
kokd, sign
all
The glossary
presented.
265 words.
latter,
by Panjab
much more
extensive than
and
so
it
is
This
is
all of
a Slsi
The
is
re-
well composed
Owing, however,
to the
for
when
conversation
the speakers
vocabulary.
tic position of
Gujuri,
impossible
quite
the Sasis.
defined as that of
understand anything at
out of
here
system of disguise,
is
all,
clearly
Sasis, but I do
It is
sufficient
between
The causes
of the
to the
it,
like
coming volumes
to say that
pirjgl,
excluding the
or,
have secured
is
stabbing
ine forms,
I
or
berdsi, injustice.
hindd,
Gr.
still
pronouncement
Languages
in the lieport
89
of the
I
On
IV of
this
Volume,
of
It
Grammar
here.
similarities
may compare
to pp. 70-72 of
Part
IV
will be
sufficient.
the Sisi Future with that found in Mandeali, Suketl atid Bilfispini (see
below) is very remarkable.
1st
Per
90
Pronouns
Agent Sing.
and
this.
Oblique Plur.
Sisi
un
in
n retained throughout
Bhadrawahi
uni ini
n retained throughout
The
Ciirahi,
make
their Pres.
Pai't.
in
-fa are
when otherwise
I. People.
badia, snake-cliarmer,
/.
kheta, Jat,
(caukidar)
police inspector (thanedar).
bahn,
or
sister,
baila,
Cuhra,
baili (see
/.
/.
badiani.
watchman
bogra,
speci6ed.
cucnci,
kumbhla, potter
/. kumbhlani.
Urdu
/c/tm/u//).
mauti, mother,
munchi, wiiter, &c.
munda, boy
goUa, nokh).
(see horn).
bapp, father.
mundi,
bami, wife.
naithi, barber
khattri,
bitrani
/.
(see
bogna, faqir.
mundd, neokla).
bori, girl (see mundl^ neokU, nikki).
chamk, Brahman, /. chamkani.
bora, boy (see
cyurani.
/.
f. cucoi.
dhamnS, husband.
gaddi, plaintiff or defendant (see
ciirdwa)
gaim, thief
(cf.
golia,
kajja,
non-lowcaste
Cuhra,
J at,
codger ?
/.
/.
ndl).
girl,
nikki,
little
bori;
(see
girl
and
nthd in VIII).
carpenter
thdknd, to
(cf.
Paiijabi
hammer).
II.Animals.
balea, cat (accent on la.st syllable),
/. baleai (see gaunn, kuned).
/.
chahri.
culkna, m. cock,
/.
culkni.
dhebra, m. cat,
/.
dhebri.
(Urdu
woman.
bhataai, Sssi
(English
See kheta).
kinds of iguana.
edri, /. sheep.
gaddar,
m.
jackal,
/.
(See
gaddap.
gauna, m.
cat, ass.
baled,).
92
jaggar, m.
(ciittle)
jhabbar m. jackal,
TO.
bedgeliog,
kabra, m. goat,
/. jhaihii.
kabri.
/.
gauna,
kagar,
khimat,
/.
buffalo,
gicli, /.
kukar, m. cock
m.
kuiiei,
/.
;
cat
(accent
dog
cow
lalsi, /.
on
flesh
last
(see hhiikal).
/. kiiti
karoH,
(see laud).
with
clavicle
kanheri, /.
attached (a).
kukkri.
spine (a).
/.
kudri.
/.
breast.
).
m.
flesh
anus.
/.
kaijgal,
kiidra, horse
with
pelvis
woman's
dokla, m.
gandd,
jlianda,
jhau,
dhuddi,
/.
attached.
/.
laudi
(see
breast (a),
/.
khum, m.
face (h
inverted).
perhaps
mukh
kdrjgal, lalsi).
mohra,
attached
rukra,
TO.
sammi,
/.
tambla,
[In this list h stands for human, a for
animal, b for both human and animal,
according as the words refer to the parts
of the human body or the parts of animals, generally cattle.]
/.
pi.
entrails
(a),
used by
back (a).
scapula with flesh
m.
ramba,
m. pig,
atts,
breastbone
thUb, m. camel.
tiinda,
with flesh
[Cuhras.
krumbli, /. scapula
attached (a).
(b).
If
a).
kidney
Cuhra rukrd.
to.
woman's
to. coccyx
tached (a).
tenda,
breast.
with
flesh
IV.-Pood.
the
(6),
bagOUe, m.
pi.
gram.
bera, m. meat.
cai,
dhandha, m. carrion.
dhuUa. m. gur (coarse sugar).
bellar,
bet,
m. skin (a),
m. skin (a).
by Cuhras.
m. water.
cumbli,/. rice (in the husk).
kanji, /. soup.
khissii, khisu, /.
khupp,
kunj,
/.
TO.
salt.
wheat.
wheat.
at-
kurkni,
hill
Camba
dialects
JammS
also dialects in
wahi).
unboiled fat (Cuhra minj).
paijgat,
m. ghi
(claiified butter).
bnrkfl.
by
cf.
t^arablers,
is
onoraato-
word
wages given
/.
q. v.
to
carawa,
[.
caughli,
/.
tandal, m. rice.
tandli, /. straw.
Cuhras,
'V\\e
also
as(>d
hiKiqa,
an.l
bit.
raiqk, m. meat.
tiik,
i.
Qasais
carawi,
raijii,/.
tugra,
hurkiia.
93
food
and skin:
(Panjabi
teari,
tnkra
fhlma)
word used by
Cuhras.
m. food.
m. fl. barley.
wassal, m. onion.
tusle,
chill,
blers'
V.
Common
Nouns.
/.
wind.
Of.
various
hill
[bit.
balua, m. rupee
(see
chill,
ruknn )
badewela, m. early morning.
bena, m. shallow brass vessel
lahha,
chaggi,
dhama, m.
q.v.,
is
ex-
only a
village.
dhormi,
bit.
dokla, m. pice.
(
Pan-
jabi channa).
binda, m. ordeal.
Two kinds of
ordeal are common.
According
to one the
persons concerned
dive into water or hold their
heads under water.
The one
who stays under longer is
deemed
same as
daftti, /.
gl,
village.
TO.
gappni,
bat),
(Urdu
gSB).
goli,
/.
by Cuhras).
guliiba, m. tobacco.
jiwi,/. land.
karjgri, /.
movable
mud
fire-place.
khahta, m. way.
Kashmiri,
/ bed (khaf in
Punchi, Kairali, Doda Siraji,
bogmS,
Bhadiawahi),
/.
wealth.
khat,
94
khaula, m. house.
khludh,
/.
quilt used, to
cover the
sleeper.
ment
/.
plaintiif
sutthan,
for digging.
tear!,/, poison given to cattle (see
kondh, m. dark
month, i.e., from about the 22nd
of one lunar month to the 7th of
half
of
the next.
kothli,
sair,
/.
word used
chaggi),
also
by
Cuhras.
thima, m. poison given to cattle
("see chaggi), used by Culiras.
huqqa
tohgna, m.
burkna ;
(see
tohgna in VII).
tobacco pouch.
kSdhi,
/.
XIV).
m. earthenware
kudra,
waterpot
for
night,
lalli, /.
c/.
instrument.
Arabic
laila.
(Panjabi
m. earring.
lamTcna, hang).
wood (Urdu
nahd,
in.
lakri).
(Panjabi
chok,
m. house-breaking
(see tombu).
pirl,
m.
inquiry
jadda,
m.
cold,
(cf.
(with
Outer Siraji
dzadau, JJrdujard).
/.
thirst
(accent
on
saihl, /.
legal
second
warning or notice
(see carawa
verbal
jemmy,
oil.
(Urdu ann).
(Urdu bahnd).
(Urdu baithnd).
asarna, corae
bagna, flow
baisna, sit
binkna, run.
piijgi, /. fire,
m. cloth,
rukna, m. rupee (see halud).
cekufna, seize.
ricj-a,
used
VII.-Verbs.
phal,
turban.
/.
I)
[^laggna).
police
/.
netri, /. sword.
pauhni,
see ras)
in I).
naStha, m. name.
/.
by Qalandar.
generally
pand).
pagg,
in
syllable).
village.
baut
jat,y. justice,
lamkna,
leokri,/.
(see
berasi, /. injustice
(Urdu ghard).
kuhdi,
theft
/.
used by Cuhras.
chegguna, ask
for,
demand.
95
tohgna, drink
nthna,
rise,
iohqnd in V).
(.see
culkna, speak.
dhor, two.
ea, this (Urdii yih).
(Panjabi
ditthd).
hau,
many
Rajasthan.
gauhgna,
above).
go, pa. p.
gauhga, gone,
gum
gumana,
conceal
(Persian
gum,
(Urduy^na).
jasarna, go.
khimna, weep.
khona, open Urdii kholnd.
khusarna, laugh.
kukna, accuse, inform'about, peach.'
kulna, do (used by Ciihras).
:
'
kill (cf.
Cuhra
lothnn,
ja^a, big.
mhara,
our.
taS, thou.
ther, three.
not
age, yes.
bai,
sexual
retna, cut.
siyya, was, /. si, pi. siyye, /. siyyg
(see thlyyd; cf. Panjabi si).
is
found
in
takes
It
the
tuhara, your.
See Introduction.
IX. Adverbs,
Prepositions,
Interjections,
hush!
Found
in
many
dialects.
'
'
thiyya,
dialects.
desired.
thing under
plainer reference
It may be translated
the thing or person we are speaking of.'
pudana,
form
when
'
/.
ham
indicated.
was, /. thi,
thiyyS (see siyyd)
ive
have
See Introduction.
is
Kashmiri Idyun).
cause
to
intercourse with.
Introduction
loaa, beat,
See
pi.
.
thiyye,
similar
many
hill
thee.'
etthe,
tion.
Stthi,
here.
See Introduc-
96
ma,
ettho, hence.
up
ettho tikar,
in.
nU, there.
to here.
ida, thus.
ottho, thence.
kad, when
where
kida, why.
kare
See Intro-
satlitha,
i
GLOSSARY OF DISGUISED SANSI WORDS
Note.
X.-People.
binds, Hindn.
net, pet,
stomach.
bappta, bapp
nhir,
head,
sir,
head (see
nhis, P. sis,
khis).
charai,
(see bhattu
Sasi
chattu, bhattu,
in I).
XIII.-Food.
kotta, ata, flour,
nuk, tuk
(q.v.,
XIV.
dhuraalman, Musalman.
IV), food.
Common Nouns.
gupahi, sipahi.
[or.
chanda,
P.
bhanda,
household
vessel,
ranjar, P. kanjar,
madan
a low
Muham-
coli, boli,
caste.
animal
breeding
sabn,
(q.v., II)
calf.
dog,
cf.
city,
Gipsy jukel.
ratta, P. katta,
pot.
speech, language,
XI. Animals.
bahn, P.
young
baffalo.
XII. Parts
of the Body.
P.
sis,
98
khat
kharaju, P.
Urdurazi, willing,
>aji,
khawwe, nawwe,
XV. Abstract
ninety.
Nouns.
khika, nika
(q.v.,
VIII), small.
kodha, adha,
mharga, mhara
half.
VIII), our,
(q.v.,
ours.
XVI. Verbs.
tell.
nanjah, P. panjah,
fifty.
nikalna, go out,
e.g.
sakkn
nhara
come
nhatt, P.
nharga, sara,
or
satt.,
all.
seven,
nhau,
tuharga, tuhara,
.sau,
hundred,
(q.v.,
VIII), your,
yours.
XVIII. Adverbs,
Prepositions,
Interjections.
betthe,
boh,
P.
that (h is prefixed
throughout the declension),
oh,
IX),
etthe,
etthi
(q.v.,
iwke
(q.v.,
IXj,
otthi,
(q.v.,
now.
botthe,
betthi,
liere.
bottlii,
5tthe,
iX), there.
jihrga, P. jihra,
which
(relative).
koi^gi, koi,
-j
1
,- .
kliupa.-a,
99
anyone, someone.
n.
APPENDIX.
0. S. P.
From the
fact that
my
bogna, danger,
nanj, nine,
bola, father.
nilian, gold
chaukuni, four-anna
bit.
ment,
chepri, cloth,
nojna, gold,
chhekia, cow.
parausi, master.
chhipri, pice,
rabdi, sister,
chilakni, nose-ring,
rakhia, sheep,
chiwar, policeman,
rupya, cloth,
dhagun, bangle,
sagla, pot.
hat, eight,
sekhiya, policeman,
jhandla, utensil,
seth,
khapla,
sipri, rice,
salt,
khumna,
gram,
takna, workman,
rupee,
kukiya, cock,
tapgi, turban,
manuka,
thangia, brother,
salt,
mat, mother,
materi,
thangna, arrest,
woman,
tonga, rupee.
nakauni, nose-ring,
tora, liquor,
namalta, meat.
tshukr, dog.
mohurs.
kot.
chipya, sheet,
thengan, bangle,
sarat, pillow.
thoya, old.
PANGWALI
[Paijgwali.]
Nouns
in
a.
Sing.
N.
''
G.
D.A.
L.
Ab.
Ag.
Plur.
ghor-a, horse
-e
-e di or je
-e bice,
-e kana
-e
Sfc.
-e
-e
-e di or je
-e bice ^c.
-e kana
-e
Pang wait.
102
L,
Ab.
Ag,
mo bice
mo kana
me
tau bice
tes bice,
tau kana
tes kana, us
tai, te
teni, un!
Plur.
N.
its
bice
kana
is
bice
is
kana
in!
Panywali.
10;
Place.
here
iri,
bunh,
there
uri,
nir,
where
jeri, dzeri, where
iri tikar, up to here
itthi kana, from here
baih, up
kori,
why
kis,
near
agar, in front
pata, behind
aiitar, inside
bbarilh, outside
neJn, no; jugti, well
hi, yes';
?;
down
dur, far
'f
Others are
ure,
utaulu (adj.)
quickly.
Prepositions.
The commonest
of
is
and an adverb.
beyond
war, on this side
par, beneath
putth, upon
par,
Verbs.
Auxiliary.
Pres.
asa
asa
asa
ase
ase
ase
Fern, asi
as, indecl.
sing,
Past
fern, thi,
and
for the
3rd
Intransitive.
bish^a,
Put.
sit,
bish-S or -al
remain.
-al
-al
-el
-el
-tl
pi.
-te
-el
bish
Imper.
Past Cond. or
bish-ta
fern,
Impf. Ind.
bishtath
fem. bishtith
Past
bitth-a
fem. -i
Part.
hishtd,
Pres. Ind.
sitting
seated
kai,
bithora,
pi.
all
-e
in
through
fem. -1
bishnetvala, sitter or
having
feni. -ti
about to
sit
bishi
sat.
would be
bishs, bishdra.
104
Pungwali.
slight variations
:-
bhuna, become.
Fut.
bhol
Imper.
bho
Past Cond. or
Pres. Ind.
Part.
bhuta
bhua
all
through
Pangwidi.
105
F any wall.
106
hatth, hand.
mother.
khur, foot
brother
bhau,
(older
than
speaker.)
bhai,
tir,
brother (younger
than
speaker.
deddi,
eye.
.shund, far.
mouth.
asi,
(older
sister
than
speaker.)
bhain,
nakh, nose.
dand, tooth.
kann, ear.
sister
(younger
speaker.)
than
kes, hair.
kupal, head.
koa, son.
magar, head.
jibh, tongue.
ghareth, husband,
peth.
wife,
jolli, dzolli,
stomach
dheddh,
back
sarir,
koa, boy.
pothi, book.
kui, girl,
katab,
gual, cowherd,
kalam, pea.
puhal, shepherd.
manja, bed.
pitth,
body,
,,
ghora, horse,
gih, house.
ghori, mare.
darya, river.
lind, ox.
gaddri, stream,
ga, cow.
bhai, buffalo,
shappar,
bakru, he-goat,
paddhar, plain,
bakri, she-goat,
bag,
field,
bhed, sheep,
roti,
bread,
k attar, dog.
pani, water.
kuttri, bitch,
giSh, wheat,
kukkri, maize,
but,
kukkar, cock,
gira, village,
kukkri, hen.
saihr, city,
ban, forest,
balari,
macchi,
(female),
pakhrii, bird,
ill,
kite,
batt,
till,
fish,
way.
phal, fruit,
sagal, fox.
mas, meat,
hathi, elephant.
duddh, milk.
PangwaU.
107
andheru, e^^.
bhuna,
ghiu (accent on
become,
be,
ina, come,
first), tjhi.
tel, oil.
ghena, go.
cha, buttermilk.
bishuna,
din, day.
neua, take,
rat, night.
kharabhuna, stand,
des, sun.
henu,
surj,
khana,
josan, raoon.
pina, drink,
purneo,
sit,
see.
eat.
tara, star.
sona, sleep,
kana, do.
megh,
mana,
i^ain.
remain,
beat,
dhupp, sunshine.
paryanna, recognise,
bujna, know,
near, storm.
pujna, arrive,
bharotu, load.
nashna, run.
bhara,
baiju, seed.
luha, iron.
sikkhna, learn,
panha
bura, bad.
likkhna, write,
badda, big.
marnu,
mathra, small.
sunnu, hear,
dhilla, lazy.
phirna, turn,
takra, wise.
giciggar, ignorant.
jhagarna, quarrel,
utaula, swift.
jitnu, win.
painna, sharp.
hana, defeated,
ucca, high.
alagga, ugly.
haljocna, plough,
thanda, cold.
garm, hot.
piwana, cause
raittha, sweet.
tear, ready.
carna, graze,
thora,
barkhea,
,,
little.
(?) read,
die.
to driuk.
mata, much.
how
1.
Tan nau
2.
Is
.3.
Iriya (itthan)
far is
ki ahi (asa)
Kashmir
What
?
?
is
thy name
How much is
this horse's
ahi (asa,
^c.)?
age
From
here
108
Pangwali.
Talm babbe
4.
bow many
bouse
5.
6.
7.
fathei^'s
Use
9.
Oh
pitthi
jot
In tbe house
the
is
8.
10.
In your
My
abi.
sons are ?
puttb katbi
la.
kutta.
He
on the
hill is
a horse
12.
Oh
is
bute par
He under
bill
on
His brother
is
the
seated.
(ahi).
Ise
(ahi).
abi.
Tbe
My
price of this
two
is
small bouse.
15.
16.
17.
well tie
him with
ropes.
18.
19.
Man
20.
21.
22.
him
Studies
in
BY
Rev. T.
GRAHAME
Wazirabad, Panjab.
CALCUTTA
BAPTIST MISSION PRESS,
1903.
1-f
'
PREFATORY NOTE.
These Notes constitute an attempt to throw some li<'ht on the
Northern Himalayan dialects, their connection with each other and
their relation to other languages.
They are framed throughout on the
same model, a fact which will show more readily the agreement and
difference of the dialects concerned.
First comes Gujuri, and following
it are eight dialects which are arranged roughly speaking in the
order
of their resemblance to Panjabi and unlikeness to Kashmiri.
Consequently we begin with Pahari dialects from Hazara and the Murreo
Hills and end with Kishtawari which is very like Kashmiri.
It need
hardly be pointed out that in calling them dialects I do not at all
intend to prejudice the claim of some of them to be called 'languages.'
'
'
of persons
who
Unfortunately most of
the inhabitants of Punch returned themselves as speaking Panjabi, and
14,743;
Poguli
Kishtawari 12,078;
6,.351
Padarl 4,540;
Rambani 359.
As regards the system of Romanising hardly anything need bo said.
The system is that of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. It should be noted
that the sound of ch in child is represented by c' The aspirated c
'
'
being
'
ch.'
'
eu
'
is
'
'
'
JammS
State.
number
and Rambani,
That there should be some connec-
of points of resemblance
between
type
it
is
perhaps
less
remarkable.
I
am
Census Operations, Pan jab, for the great interest he has taken in these
Studies and for his kindness in having them printed.
'
'
T.
Waznahad,
Dec. 6th, 1902.
Grahame Bailey.
QUJUEi.
Gujuri presents an interesting
phenomenon. It is very
closely allied to the Mewari dialect of Rajasthani spoken in MSwar in
Rajputana. I found Gujurs in Hazara and Gujurs in the wilds of central
Kashmir speaking the same dialect, and yet Gujurs living in the plains
of the Panjab, as for example in Gujrat district and GujrSwala
disti-ict (to both of which they have given the name), speak Panjabl.
By Panjabis the word Gujur is pronounced Gujar.'
'
liiigaistic
'
'
hills
near them.
Noun.
Masc. Sing,
N.
bapp, father
PI.
G.
D.A.
na
Loc.
Abl.
te
Ag.
ne
Nouns
in
-o,
bapp
bappS
or bice, in
tarS up
to,
>
Sing,
-a
Obl.
N.
adml,
Obl.
(fee.
&c.
ghor-o, horse
N.
ko,
man
Plur.
-a
-S
admi
admiS.
Sing.
N.
Obl.
bakri,
goat
Note that
clhl,
bakr!
-iS.
In a consonant.
PI.
Sing.
N.
Obl.
trimt,
j
woman
n
trimt -e
-S.
So also behn,
buffalo, bJied,
The
sister
Pronouns.
e.g.,
ke nal, witli
from
far.
am
Pres.
beating.
mar-Q
liofl
or
lie
-e hoe
~e hoc
-S
lioS
-o hob
- hoe;
Impt.
was
tha
tlio
f . thi
-e th5
-e tho
-is
tha
(f .
th!)
-6
-e tha
Past.
Jduno.
go.
Aorist.
Past.
ge-o
Parts,
With
formed
pa. p.
-a
-o
-o
-a
-a
mdrnd.
like
is
s.
p.
past, adds
to tho
(ureo,
frequently used
f(ir
the Pres.
The following common verbs have irregular pa. pp. lend, take, llyo,
karno, do, kio, deno, give ditto, auno, come dyo, hdno become hud or ho.
mal
tera
bajl
ai
mal
unha
property them
bice
son by
te
all
us
my
band
in dividing
mana
ko mero hisso oh
kar
part that to
ditto,
te
me
de
te
usne
apno
mal
chureo;
jia
bele
days
what time
all
ka
country
of
kise rihonhala
some dweller
carun
de
oh
kol
mS
in
chureo
us
milkh
jehri
shilr!
zanaur
bice
in
us
and that
apni zamiu
usne
calayo,
little
kharab kar
bad making
taijg
rahgeo
own
cale
geo
going went
hon laggo,
he straitened to be began
kaht
pai
te
geo,
severe famine falling went and
milkh
kar
spent making
dahdo
zanaur
after
lucpun^
saro kharc
apno
usne
te
was-said
keho.
own
khaS
eating
land
tha, oh
were he
cahe
tho ki
wishing was that
usna
nih
inliS
these
dee
tho,
hosh bice
bele
jis
to
came own
in
dil
na
heart
to
apna
ayo
kihon
laggo
mera
bapp
ka
kitna
mazur
hg
jehra
to say
began
my
father
of
how many
labourers
are
who
rajke
roti
khae,
te
hS
peo
eat
and
fallen
H3
I
uthke
having arisen
k5le
calSgo
own
near
will
me
Khuda ko te
God
of and
ghuuah kio,
Father by-me sin was done
Baji
apna bapp
and
his father
usna
kol
him
to
that-time he
near came,
rehm
usna
will
say
tero,
tero
put keh5n
thine,
thy
son
dur tho
oh
iccur
ayo,
kah^o
usna
te
go and
jogo n!h
reho,
mana apn mazurS jeha bana,
worthy not I-remained, me
own labourers like make
te
hi.
this place
apna bapp
father
bhukkhS marS
ja
is
cale5
te
and he went
bapp
uska
was
far
to say
ne
father by
his
daurke galh
nal
to him was seen and to him pity came and running neck with attaching
la
hereo,
piyar
te
liyo,
te
caijgo
kapro
good
garment
te
uski
and
his
Bapp
ne
te
jogo
of
and
tero, tero
aijgli
aqguthi
finger with
ring
te
kill
and
khS
we may
hun
gone was now
tho
khushi
they happiness
ji
eat
uska
make
galh
luao
and
luao
paleo
kept
te
ho bacchS
calf
leake
having brought
te
khushi
kar ki mer5 yo put mar
and happiness make, for my this son dead
geo,
karun
caqgS te
quickly good from
belo
his
gum
geo tho
to
worthy
to say
te
shoes cause-to-be-attached
koho
te
Baji
put kShoii
nokar
ao
le
chittur luao
we
ko
na keho
remained. Father by servants to was said
rSlio.
not I
geo
Father
was given.
love
te
Put ne bapp na
keho
Son by father to was said
ditto.
kio
Khuda
ml ghunah
sin
was done God
by me
nih
ayo,
lagga.
began.
hun
tha geo,
te
Usko
His
baro
put
zimi
big
son
land
bice tho,
in
was
hog, te
usne
gal
usna
kgho
tero
bhai
aggd,
te tera
matters are and by him to him was said thy brother came and thy
tha
koh
killing
oh
te
chureo
ki
usna
was-left
for
to-him
khafe huo
andar
te
usko bapp
hire geS
went and
apna
bapp
na
zawab
own
father
to
answer giving
de
well
sound
jae
tho,
tarla kia.
great
his
bhald
Usne
by him
entreaties were-made,
chureo
mS teri
much time by me thy
samS
itna
was-left, so
te
in
uska bara
te
ii!h
carjgo
te kade teri
khizamt ki
gal nih
raori,
te
t
kade
service was-done and ever thy word not turned- was and by thee ever
mana
to
me
bakro
nih
goat
not
khushi
ditto
yft
apnS
dostS
own
friends
karS,
yo put
bele tero
jis
yarS
nal
companions with
ayo
jisne
tero saro
happiness may-make what time thy this son came by-whom thy
mal
kanjri
bice
property harlots
koh
udayo
Te usne
was-given, and by him
usna
ditto.
killing
nal
rahe,
jitno
to
mal
mero
how much my
with I'emainest,
property
te khush bono
caijgi gal thi.
and happy to be good matter was.
geo,
ji
gum
daijkeo
near
hS
cried-out, I
tho.
had,
Hft
I
hamesh mere
to
me
thou always
Khushi
thine
Happiness
is
is.
mar
bhai
this brother
honi
to
be
was
I.
little
daurke
having run
lattho,
back
on
in
gatti
stone
khalo
tho,
bakro
ricch tanS
descended, bear
son
calf
tha
geo tho hun
geo
gone was now being-found-went.
Story
HS
said
Tero yo
Thy
sake kept
Puta
keho
him was
ho baccho
te
all
down jangal
mari,
was
ban
struck,
usne
caleo
lef
taking
na
by him not
gone
chureo,
was
left,
bhi
duji
again
second
stone
nasgeo
running wont,
bice,
fix*
was-struck
neck
in,
then
ns
mere
te
place
daurke
direction having-run
my
dar
Laving
bS
ja
wbei'e
chorke
left
jake
having-gone
bhi
ricch
a geo.
came.
again bear
patto
kuhari
mari
uske,
nib laggo
small like axe
was-struck to him, information not attached
nikri jehi
Bj-me
je
kubafi
that
axe
uske
laggi
nasgeS
running
1 went
having-lifted
ageo mere
bhi
hai
ya
is
or
him attached
to
cake
te
bakro
satte5
became and
standing
Me
gata
jit
buo
kbalo
mari
gattij
Then goat
reho
remained
Killing
it.
Mero
dujo
sanji
pauc
My
second
companion
arriving
direction.
hamne doS ue
bakio
Koh
koheo usna.
fir
Fir
laggi.
not attached.
then killed
dar.
my
nih
mari
oh
nasgeo
came then by us two by stone was struck and he running- went.
ayo,
fir
gatti
Stoey
HS
kha
usne
eat
mangke
slh
ani
ml
rah
That way
chal
in placing
Sih
Leopard
came
Ose
That
bele
catching
ai.
gone
has.
mar
sih
was-fired, leopard
cake
legeatha.
men
lifting
took away.
ham na
to
tri
30
phas
bice
in
his
pakrun
ke waste,
of
seizing
for sake.
entangled
bakro
bannh
ditto.
goat
tying
was-given.
gei,
laggo
daijkuu.
went,
began
to-cry-out.
gira
na.
village
to
Keho
was said
sih
leopard
dying went.
jana
and us
this side
ham
rat
gea
we by night went
geo
marl,
was given on
leg
very time
pakre
iqa
ditti,
Jagg uski
ayo.
Seven goats
ka
Wa
to.
bakri
Satt
churi.
Wa
was.
te
hilgeo
II.
small
sih
tho
nikro
te
Do
Two
Kbalrl ekun
Skin
man
Atth
2| raaunds of was heavy. Eight
adai
jagirdar
one landowner
ditti.
rupayya bakshish
rupees reward was given.
ko tho bharo.
ne
ca
lei,
by lifting was-taken
Gujuri.
1.
ek, one.
10
71. dur, far.
86.
behind.
73. pieche,
who.
74. kon,
76. kiS,
why.
but.
78.
79. je,
if.
ghor
-6, a horse.
a mare.
84.
-i,
85.
-a, horses.
ghor
-1,
mares.
J,
2.
3.
4.
father's house ?
5.
6.
is
7.
citta
mariied to his
to-day.
the son of
my
uncle
sister.
ml
is
the saddle
10.
uski kand pui' kathi ghallo, put the saddle upon his back.
coti
uppur g5 bakri
of the hill.
11.
is
sitting on a horse
under
that tree.
12.
J
3,
bliai uski
half.
14.
my
house.
15.
16.
17.
J8. is
19. raer
20.
21.
22.
agge
cal,
TINAULI.
TinauH is spoken in Tinaul in western Hazara, and resembles very
closely the Dhundi or Kairali dialect which follows, see p. 15.
Nouns.
N. addh-a, father
Tlur.
addh-e
G.
-e
D.
-e
da
ko
Ab.
-e
tin, kolo,
So dhaka,
hill.
Nouns ending
nom.
pi.
and
s.
the same.
Other nouns
are
jar,
gual,
kite,
cow-house,
char
jungle.
Sing.
Pronouns.
N.
G.
who ?
kon,
ke,
Plur.
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
me
tii
oh
as?
tusi
oh
asda
tusda
nnhS da
mahra
tohr,
usda
what ? Mch, something.
mandn, bad.
carjgd,
hal, well,
good
are not
declined.
Comparison.
parison
or
))a?S
is
There
is
thus expressed,
Auxiliary.
Verbs.
carjgd,
ai
ai
ai
(q.v.)
which
is
is
given in
its
own
place.
The leading
parts are as
follows.
mama,
beat, pr. p.
mama,
pa. p. mared,
Ind.
Aor. mdr%, fut. mdrsa, impert.
mdrnd ob, Impf mdrnd ds%., past, mdred, with agentive form of pronouns,
.
pres.
perf.
mdred
ai,
plupf.
mdred
dsd.
For
Kairali verb.
details
see
Dhundi
or
Tinauli (Hazara
1.
hikk, one.
2.
do, two.
3. trai, three.
district).
14
71. dur, far.
78. te/but.
79.
if.
who.
75. ke,
what.
81. nih,iio.
76. ki,
why.
74. kon,
the language of
Western Panjab.
common
matical rules
Dhundi
How
to both.
and Kaifals I'esemble each other will be realised from the specimens
which follow the Prodigal Son is in the Kairal dialect and the succeeding
story in that of the Dhunds.
;
Nouns.
Masculine.
Sing.
Plur.
N.
Pe, father
Pevre
G.
D.A.
pevres
ki
Loc.
Abl.
thi,
Agent
Nouns
Piu
in -a-i
&c.
up
to)
nfi
&c.
16
17
Negative,
Pres.
nt
am
not, &c.
na
ne
Past,
was
not,
uel) iig
(f.
neo
iie
(f
n6il)
<fec.
There
is
thea
thai
masit
(fem. thei)
a mosque
Is there
the'i ?
theS
theo
tliae
Thcj, there
<o exist,
used abso-
(fem. theiS)
is.
Cond.
mama, beat.
may beat, &c. mar ~E
-e
-e -5 -o
-an
shall beat
mar -sa -sal -si -sa -sau -sun
mar maro
should beat
mar -na (f. i) -na -na -ne (f. niS) -ne -ne
Pres.
am
Impt.
Conjugation of
Aorist.
Fut.
Imperat.
Past. I beat.
Pres. perf.
beating
auxil.
was beating
Agentive form of pronoun with marea agreeing with
marea a, pluperf. marea asa, &c.
Having beaten
marite
object.
mari
or
for
am
gachna
ea,
he was bea(en
marina a or marine
e,
is
marea
may
gd
bo used
Gachna go
is
but future
(f. get,
hence.
or gesU, &c.
gaisd,
Slight irregularities are found in some verbs, but the tenses are
usually formed regularly from the root, pres. pa., pa.
Achnd, come,
hot;
hoia)
hoe,
dend,
Habitual Action.
dittd
fall,
harnd
hond, become,
do,
karnd, kitd
am
-p\,
dyd
He
p. as
above.
hdnd, hied
(f.
ghinnd, take,
pae, pe/d).
me mdrnd hond ea
used to continue to
eject,
oh
Hiks
ki
akhea
to was-said
18
male
tere
aji
biccO
acche
hissa
jo
Os
By-him
de.
lifting
give,
mal
apna
own
khud
lucpune
nal
he
in
all
kal
kari
spending
making
paiigea
ne admia
place
kol
man
of
waste
feeding of
sake of
cabna
wishing
was
that
to
by-him
carae
ki
rajite
that
mhare
said-was
my
zanaur
busks
animals
own
piu
ne
worthy
migi
me
not-am,
uthite
apne
having-arisen
own
dikkhi
having-seen
6s
khane
te
uski
animals
in
eating were he
stomach
may-fill
and
apne
hoshe
bice
own
sense
in
mazur
ai
apnea
my
will-say,
te
thae
are
bhukkha marna e me
hungry dying am I
me
ni
oh
ase
how-many labourers
akhsS,
apne kise
thy some
zanaur
khane
kitne
father of
severe
bhaiS,
oh
he
wela
What time
Jis
j6ga
in
dhiddh
apna
dahda
oh hiks
te
own land
liim
phaliS
with
dena.
ges5,
utliite
by
nal
giving.
togra
lagga,
bice
os
what
akhea
rutti
satisfied
jo
these
him not-was
6s
aya,
fell,
inhS
nasa
uski
koi
anyone
wele
jis
us
hone
pea
sent was,
me
own property
ghallea,
ki
in
ditta,
tar)g
lie
rahi
asa
that place
mal
apna
milkh
remained that country
near remaining
ne
carae
bice
reha
oh
te
kita
kharc
oh sara
us jae
lutai
me
batla
son
dur
te
mal
puttre apna
by-little
to-me
unhs wicc
bandi
ditta.
them in dividing given-was
property
nikke
migi
hissa
oh
me
aji
by-me
father
mazur
jeha
an.
labourer
like
binng
Bas
;
well
uski
tars
to-him
pity
achiga,
coming-went
te
and
daurite
us
having-run
by-him
10
apne
gachi
Puttre
By
given-was.
tuhara
thy
akhea
was said,
uski
son
to-hira
kita,
rae
hun
sill
was-done,
now
uot-am.
Piu
apnea
By-father
own
kapra
servants
kaddhite
te
pairs
ring
and
feet
nal
anite
having-brought lawful
mhara
karo
tl
make
that
eh puttur mari
my
dead
son
this
ae.
joga
worthy
th!
caijga
te
aijgli
nal
and
finger
with
kept
calf
khush
hoS,
happy may-be,
khai
we having-eatcn
ga
asa,
phir
jina
hoiga
gone
was,
again
living
becoming went
came.
and
of
te
as
tg
halal
God
caijge
was-said
luao,
love
to-say
akhea,
cause-to-attach
jutti
with
son
luana
him
to liim
puttur akhne
thy
uski
to
ra
by-me
to
piyar
Khuda na
aji
ki
uski
te
father
tuhara
naukari
garment having-taken-out
chap,
ai
ghanaii
ni.
ghiuda,
lai
having-gone
ditfca.
nal
galli
Bas
asa,
wela oh apne
time ho own
jis
was, what
in
khushi bice
bari bice
field
oh
hiks naukare
te
was-heard and
hoi
Os
i*eha ?
tuhare
te
and
piu
thy
waste
is
this
by kept
uski
cause
to
hwa
te
became
and
him was
hwa baccha
ue pa]ea
father
to
him
uski
to
andar
him
gachi
bahar
uski
having-gone
out
him
jawab
ditta.
answer was-given.
bhala
sound
well
Dikh
See,
in
ga
went
karaya,
halal
ga.
being-found
na
sa
not-was
lagga,
to persuade began
me
by me
ai
coming
brother
went.
gachna
manan
said
labhi
of going
ke
what
lawful was-caused-to-be-madc
calf
caijga
bhra
akhea
uski
Yo
This
pucchn lagga.
ki bulal
kitne
Oh khafe
He angry
usna
lor,
need,
his
pe
father
os
apne
piu
ki
by him
own
father
to
wars
how-many years
tuhari
thy
khizmat
service
20
te
kad
tuhara
akha
and
ever
thy
saying
kiti
was-done
tti
kade hik
by thee ever one
dostS
nal
friends
with
aya
jis
bakri
na
goat
of
khushi
morea
bacca
little
kara
happiness may-make,
tubara
na
sara mal
one
jis
what
kanjril
time
nal
thy
udari
this
son
chorea-
was
left
21
gatta
marea,
stone
was-struck,
unbS
by them
kancale
gatta
galhe
bice
cloth
throat
in
ne
5h
te
nalii
from near
to
dliaii
patka
ditta
lagga
precipice
bai
ghinda
to
twisting
was-taken
and
raari
he
ga,
dying
te
went
bice
bun
khari
satt6a
in
below
taking
wfis-throwu
lorne
waste
bhra
usna
Second
day
looking
for-sake-of
brother
his
found him.
satt
fell,
and
3.
trai, three.
30. be we,
5.
panj, five.
6.
che, six.
man.
woman.
7. satt, seven.
34. kurhi,
8. atth, eight.
nau, nine.
39.
fifty.
hundred.
^ulam,
slave.
hand
42.
nakk, nose.
17. akkh, eye.
16.
18.
mSb, mouth.
45. cann,
19.
dand, tooth.
moon.
(lower
(upper back),
went,
4. car, four.
25. lakk
ga,
baras
do, two.
14. hatth,
by-tliem.
kaid
hoi
goi
seven (each) years imprisonment becoming went.
satt
2.
panj a,
bill
walking
12.
dhaks
turi
hekk, one.
13. sau,
squeezed
ne.
1.
9.
galfa
dhtuitG
dihare
Unha ki
Them to
te
Due
lablii rihai-s.
pea,
back),
kandh
kukkur, cock.
54.
22
56. khota, ass.
1.
tuhara ni kai a
2. is g]ore ni
3.
itth5 (or
kai
is
what
amr
jaeo)
here to Kashmir
4.
:s
your name
how
old
Kashmir
is
this horse ?
how
far
it is
from
e,
how many
father's house ?
5.
me
6.
mhare eace ua puttur usni bhainu nal biaya hwa, the son
7.
ghar bice
ajj
uncle
is
married to his
citte
way
to-day.
of
my
sister.
ghore ni kathi
thei, in the
house
is
the saddle of
many
stripes.
10.
dhake ne
sire
top of the
a,
he
is
hill.
11.
12.
a,
is
sitting on a horse
sister.
13.
14.
usna mul dhai ruppayye, the price of that is two rupees and a half.
mhara pe us nigre ghare bice rehna a, my father lives in that small
house.
15.
16.
17.
him with
18. is
19.
20.
21.
22.
ropes.
PUNCHI,
The Punch
is
in SSsi.
It will be noticed
how
This
may
of Kashmiri.
is
in
Punchi as compared
uncommon.
Masc.
Nouns.
Nouns
Sing.
Plur.
horse
-e
-e
-e
nS
Loc.
-e
ice (in)
&0.
Abl.
-e
thi,
Agent.
-e
ne
-a
ghor-a
in
N.
G.
D.A.
ti,
-
nauk-ar,
Obi.
Ag.
So
Sing,
Plur.
servant
nauk-ar
-ara
-e
-are
-e
is
So nathi,
guest.
Sing.
Fern. 1^.
Obi.
dhi,
PI.
-dig
raun-di, head,
-dia
daughter.
hhain, sister.
-dis
Obi.
s.
dhuc
Obi hhainu
-0 indicates motion from, diirb from far, gharoj from the house.
dhlA
25
Pronouns.
1st,
2nd
3rd
yo, this.
Sing.
N.
me
G,
mhara
D.A.
Agent.
tft
oh
yQ
usua
isna
ni5
tuhara
tn
usiift
isnft
me
tft
uni
ini
26
Conjugation,
am
Pres. I
Mama,
beating
marna
beat.
beat marsa
I shall
ases or ses
marnau
s!,
marne
es
sea se
marlea marie
raarsi marneaii
mar
Imperat.
nea
mara
Past, I beat, oec, agentive form of pronouns with marea, which agrees
Plur.
as
neS,
tus
nea,
oli
marno ne
Other tenses are similarly formed.
Gaclma, go.
went
ga
gesa, &c.
Fut.
slight irregularities
p.
dyd
e.g.,
pa. p.
Jmd
hoi).
(f.
jolnd, cause to walk, send, cf. Panj. ttirnd, tornd with the
same meaning.
na jehra hissa
part
of what
mal
unhe bicca
property
in
by him them
usne
mal
puttre sara
by-son
all
bandi
me
ena
to me comes
kita,
te
de,
give,
hinda,
few
dividing was-taken,
kattha
me
to me
diir
far
kusa
days
in
milkha
some country
ice
in
mal
sara
ne
lucpuna
us
te
jae
uthi
ga
went having-arisen and that place licentiousness with property all
barwad
ruined
kari
making
chores,
was-left-by-him
jis
wela
sara
what
time,
all
kharc
kari
spending made
27
chorea
was
mulkha
us
left
paii
in great
us
kuse giraewale
jae
(in)
sur
bari
own
kal
that country
hwa
apni
bara
ice
field (in)
some
famine falling
na
careajolea.
mhare
my
father near
how many
mama
es,
ml
hungry
dying
am,
akhsS
te
was-doneand
fill
dsnS
te
and
k5i
him anyone
to
mS
khadewale,
gesS
kol
piii
itthe
here
te
Osnfi
me
abba
ai
father
to say
son
bharS,
may
thy
5h
husks pigs eating were ho
rajjite
uthi
him to-him
ice
mazur
kitre
bhukkha
gacchi
usnS
uni
uni
aya
dila ice
akh^a
time sense in came by him heart in was said
what
kol
piii
wela hosa
jis
very straitened
taijf;
What
dina,
went,
gacchi relia
kcil
sa inhe
sa
bauh
ne me apna
pet
saying was them with I
own stomach
akhna
gea,
piii
Me apne
me own
reha,
worthy not-am-I
uthi
fer
nais
joga
remained,
apne kol
own
ga
oh
he
near went,
aje
still
usnS
dauri
te
and having-run
him
to
kiss
clothes
taking-out taking
chora,
tg
arjgli
leave
and
finger
choras
leave to
te
him and
khusi
khiii
by father servants to
accha
on ring
palea
kept
war
jina
luai
pair!
jora
lai
and
feet-to
attaching
ani
halal
kara,
as
having-brought
lawful
make,
we
waihra
calf
mhara
karg,
hoi
good
te
cagge
chap
te
akhea
was-said
joijgte
te
to
and
was-taken-by-him
naukare
piu
dinaes,
hine
hindes,
lai
attaching
(to)
was-given-by-him,
khad
kapre
neck
him-to
cam
usnS
gala
ga,
my
ga
yo puttur marl
dead
son
gone
this
kute
hoi
somewhere becoming
ga
asa,
was,
sa
gone was,
28
karn lagge. Usna bara puttur
khasi
oh
son
was-found, and they happiness to make began. His big
labbhea,
phiri
again
gane bajane te
aya os
was what time own house near came by-him singing, playing and
jimi wicc
land in
sa,
dancing of
what
na
kept
calf
k5l
te
naukara
puccliea
saddi,
da.
palea
bujjliea,
voice
kai
this
jis
na awaz
naccan
yo
te
is.
baihra
karaya
halal
is
usn^
ki
galla
him
oh khafe
hwa andar nehl gehnau usne
cagga bhala labbhea
going by his
in
not
well sound was-found, he angry became
;
piu
uni
apne
mitauna es,
bahar
gacchi
father out having gone was-persnaded-by-him, by-him own father (to)
peo
akhea,
dikkh
ml
was-said,
see
by-me
baras tuhari
kitne
klti
te
tahl
service was-done .and
tS
kade me
mori,
kade tuhan aklikhi ml nehl
saying by-me not was-turned, by thee ever to
ever thy
na bakrota nae
kid
of
ml
ditta
not was-given
apneaii
own
bakrea
me
jis
te
khawS,
friends (with) may-eat and what
dostc
mal
jis
tuhara sara
yo puttur tuhara aya
property
thy
all
thy came by- whom
time this son
kanjrie
wele
ice
in
barwad
kita,
spoiling
was-made,
karaya
art
kujjh
palea
na baihra
halal
by-thee
kept
calf
lawful
puttura tS
akhea
uni
what something
khush
and happy
te
dui
war
bona
mhara
mine
thea
to be desirable
jina
yo
exists that
cauhni
hoiga,
harlots
tS
goat
was
this
tuhapa,
thine
thy
me
thou always
son
yo tuhara
si,
hamesh me kol
te
khusi
near
karni
and happiness
to
make
marl ga asa,
brother dead gone was,
bhra
hoiga
kute
sa
phiri
was found.
Story.
koi na sa,
te hiks
malia
Sahre milkha ice apraji si, te
Our country in self-rule was and property-tax any not was and one
29
carhea
raja
jim!dar6
jo
ho'iU,
laggi,
larai
kappan
heads
of
to cut
te mundi
de
ap
hinne,
jad bauh kappan
reward may-give and head himself may-take, when many cutting
bakhsis
dine
rupayye
car
four
chekur atth
finally eight
mukaries,
jad
atth
annas,
when
eight
t6
in
ki
that
mulkh
kun,
ujarea,
will-live
who ?
bhuhekanne bharia
te
is,
trig
and three
te
fer
dA,
ane
fi
annas each
country wasted
bassi
bice
trai,
ane,
refused-to-him
country
fer
l)e(;anio
hikk rupayyfi, to
to give began then three, then two, one
rupee and
rupees
mulkha
lagga,
]ir.i$
bheji
puttur
^^S"^
rcha
kf)i
remained
any-one
nn,
men
of skins
dinia
raje
nc
t,
is
this
nikhtiS,
were skinned
kol,
te
puttie
and straw with were-fiUed and sending were given king near and by son
marie nau, iuhe mulkha ice
basau,
te
kill
them
not
country in cause-to-dwcll and
was-said these people to
akhea
malia
inhe loke
hinnau,
property-tax
take,
nS.
malia
mukarrar kita
ga.
Funchi.
1,
hekk, one.
31
72. aggS, before.
74.
kun, who.
why.
92.
-1,
78.
but.
93.
-e, dogs.
79.
if.
94.
-iS, bitches.
80.
auhaS, yes.
95.
n bitch.
96.
-i,
97.
-e, goats.
82.
85.
-e, horses.
86.
-Vc
mares.
98.
99.
100.
bar
a female goat.
a female
-n, deer.
dcei-,
1.
2. is
ghore di kitri
3. is jal hoi
mir
4.
umr
what
di ?
is
your name
how
old
di ?
this horse ?
is
how
far is
it
how many
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
white horse.
ghore ar kathi ba, put the saddle upon his back.
m usne puttre nS phats ne mitea, I have beaten his son with
many
stripes.
10.
a,
he
is
of the hill.
11.
is
sitting
tree.
12.
is taller
than his
sister.
mul dhai rupayye, the price of that is two rupees and a half.
mhara peo us nikke ghara ice rehna, my father lives in that small
13. isna
14.
house.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
you?
21.
from
whom
village.
PADARi.
an extremely intei^esting dialect, spoken in Padar, five or
six marches east of Kishtawar, on the banks of the Cinab. In some striking particulars it resembles Paqgwall, which is spoken in Paggi, in the
Padari
is
Nouns.
In the
list
Plur.
bab
bab-au kar
-au
-au kol
Padari,
1.
yikk, one.
2.
* doi, two.
* tlae, three.
3.
4. tsor, four.
5.
panz,
five.
6. tsbeh, six.
7. satt,
seven.
8. attl), eight.
Naran,
43.
Harman, Devil.
Grod.
moon.
nau, nine.
10. * dash, ten.
45. tsaner,
51. ga,
9.
cow.
16.
nakk, nose.
17.
eye.
mouth.
tir,
18. totar,
56.
ass.
57.
camel.
22. *
magir, head.
61. bishn^,
64. *
65.
67.
33.
34.
35.
mohan, man.
ghion, woman.
* zoHS wife.
sit.
marn^,
die.
down.
35
73. poWtr, behind.
74. kahn,
who.
what.
* kyas, why.
75. ki,
76.
79. agar,
if.
80. 3, yes.
95.
96.
gho
bak
-ra, a he goat.
-r*,
a horse.
97.
84.
-ri,
a mare.
98.
a male, deer.
85.
-re, horses.
99.
a female deer.
86.
-ri,
mares.
JOG.
83.
deer.
SIRAJI.
spoken
Siraji is
in the
gives
what
way
On
its
to Kashmiri, on the
West
to
the North
framework
Its general
of
In
it
its
Panjabi group
resembles, but
bab,
father
G.
babba
bab bo
no
(f.
it
has
many
s.
Plur.
bab
m. na
p.
f.
babbS, &c.
ni)
,,
Log.
mS
Ab.
atha (hatha)
Ag. babbe
in -no
is
that in -to.
Plur.
ghar,
G.
D.
L.
Ab.
Ag.
ghar
house
gharS, &c.
ghai'-6 to
-o
-6
m^
-o atha
-e
Plur.
mahnwe
mahna
mahni
Shund, dog (with an accented -a) has the same in the plural.
Ghar -6 horse
obi.
-e
Feminine Nouns.
baig-i
Ab.
-ia
land, field
-ia
points
in -o
will be traced.
ni pi.
to
Camba
of languages,
Sing.
N.
D,
like the
Camba section,
Nouns.
is
Its
and
N.
38
-i
-alo
-athala -entliala
mar
Imperat.
mara.
mar
Pres.
or
Cond. Past.
Past.
I beat.
mart go
shall be beaten, su or oh
I
I
ro,
Gisno, go.
Future
galo
gelo
Pres.
gS
chi, &g.
Past.
ges
ges
Plupf.
go-ie -re
geilo
gl
Impf.
&c.
te,
go
ga
gath
ga
-ro
-ra
-rath
-ra
Fut.
jalo
jelo
Pres.
js
chi, &c.
Past.
awe
Plupf.
awe
-re
jamaia
jelo
Impf.
ao
-re
-ro
(awo)
-ra
jethala
jS
te,
awa
jinthala
&c.
awath
-rath
awa
-ra.
p. bh'oita.
p. d, pa. p. ditto.
zabueni, Idioeni,
(s)
hhBjd,
Thu and su
will
Babbe
tine
mala
to
hisso
zo
ml
to
jS
me coming
zabue
to
chu su
is
that to
was
mi
me
said
de,
give,
39
mal
apno
own property
sab
all
banti
teni
nikke puttrP
jame
son
dur mulkho
safar
keiu^ni
together making was-taken far country to journey was-made-by-him,
kerl
16
mal
teni
titthe
apno
uzari
leni,
apno
uzari
leni
go
te
baro
sii
mulkho m
te
bhol
taijg
ges
rahnebale laba
near went-to-him
dweller
go,
karS
au apn5
to
making was
by-him own
phalia
fill,
to graze
ta
mene babba
not.
When
sense
in
came
then
was-said-by-him
dying
am
nehf
sii
apne
he own
tino
te
babbo kane
heruo,
te
was seen
and
sin
tino puttur
may-say
father
gunah
and thy
of
zabenth
lok
people
not
to
thy
to
him
sathi laweni
labourer
su dur but5
far
was
ao
phiri
daurita
pity
came
again
running
shundia
dittiani,
caijgj
matter good
mazfir
ao
he
will say
gall
own
rehm
te
ya
this
apno
go
is,
uthita
of
zabalo
galo,
chu,
son
father
here hungry
will
keoryem,
done-was-by-me
te
au itthe buccha
chi,
uthita
cale
apne babbo kanS
father near having-ai'isen going
God
Father
khS
roti
my
own
Babba Khudayo
to
zabueni
chi, aii
dS
to-him
tyebla
marS
mane
he heart
ke
te
ao
how many
sii
Avere,
mS
labourers
one
swine
hosho
rajji
of
in
Zabla
kita
ekki
tsarne
kha
sar
te
sur
na.
mazur
pai!
field
bhari
pet
was-sent-to-him-by-him,
bare
mulkho
te
apnia baigia
teni
zina
bhejuseni,
kal
mK
zabia
mal
by-him property own wasting was-taken-by-liim when property
then
in
mS
thorgdiiigne
ditto,
mi banawa,
me
make
su
babbe
hira
by-father
go
went
te
gale
and neck
puttre
te
he
zabue
was-said
ya
this
gall
to
te
tino
gunah
keoi-yem
of
and
thy
sin
was-done-by-me
zabenth
tino
puttur
people may-say
thy
son
Babba
Khudayo
Father
God
caijgi
matter good
nehl
not
lok
chu,
is
Babbe
By
Father
40
naukarS
zabuo
lie
sabbane
atlia
all
than
paluro batsuro
having brought
calf
kill
him
lawa
joro
thu>
khamu
khushi
te
and
happiness
we may-eat
it
karamu,
te
aro,
quickly bring
to-hira, feet
phatta thu ah
arita
lush a
perS ne
thu,
te
on attach
kept
clothes good
pur lawa,
cagga
tall a
go
gone
te
ro,
arose well
m%
began his
in
son
big
baje
to
instrument
of
field
was
natsne
to
bar
and dancing
of
noise
te
awo tjebla
when house near came then
iiere
ekki apno
shunueni,
was-heavd-by-him
one
own
shadueni
su
putsueni
mahno
yo kut
man was-called-by-him him was-asked-by-him this what
chu,
teni
by him
is,
zabue
tin5
brha
ao
tine
babbe
batsure
palure
was-said
thy
brother
came
by-thy
father
calf
kept
keraweni
ya
galla
caijga
was-caused-to-be-made-by-him
this
matter-for
well
halal
lawful
su
ladueni,
bhue
roshe
antar na gahne
beihr
teto
went
out
his
patiane
su
him
lague,
to persuade
babb
cace,
in
began
teni
by-him
apne
babbo
own
father-to
kite
barie teni khidmat
mi
keuriem
answer was-given by-me how-many years thy service was-done-by-me
jiwab
akho
tino
thy
ditto
kade
saying ever
kan
na
dittuifc
au
for
not
was-given-by-thee
keramutu,
may make,
ni
zabla
tino
when
thy
puttur
ne
sathi
khushi
own
of
with
happiness
vir5
udzarueni
liath-a
friends
phatt
bau
killed
was, by
te
teni
him
to
zabue
him was-said
tino
zeiii
mal
kanjrie
wasted-was-by-him, and
with
of little-one
me
me
apne dOstS
came
son
bacco
to
tete
his
harlots
sake
kept
puttra
tu
sada
Son
thou
always
calf
me
me
sathi
with
41
zo
k!
mino chu so tino cbu, pnr khushi
what anything mine is that thino is
but happiness
chi
art
khush
happy
bhono
carjgl
gal
buti,
tino
yO
to-become
good
matter
was
thy
this
r5
te
huni
was
and
now
mli
uthilo
razi
arose
well having-become
bho!ta,
brha
kSrnl
make
to
marl
go
gone
brother dead
ghadza
go
lo
hiinl
now
gone was
lost
g5.
Extracts,
Rati
icch
p5uo
kukkria
khiani
phiri
bacUlo
nuksan
At night
bear
fell
hens
to eat
then
great
harm
kerueni
padro
mS,
was-done-by-him
level
in,
magar
bhiia
after
became
BU
to-him
light
men
ten
mS
and den
in
track
there
tila
hatha
then
from
cale
house to coming
gal
ti
of
letter
coming
is.
ami,
bakro,
khat,
bhanda,
to bring,
goat,
beds,
vessels,
ghare
kukkur
cocks,
itthe
jeno,
chip.
is.
Au
I
about
arna,
dero
to bring,
dwelling
any
bhei
niay-liecome
fault
bhue.
hazir
present became.
cilki,
waddie
Buffalo
of
tax
two
ten-annas
big
hapat
dwelling
in
dm
also,
by people
dere
kih kasfir
ghiwano
drinker
there
loke
day
to
bi
ga
went
nashi
di
Labourers
MaT
cumnewali
fell
phiri
Mazur
to-give
his
is.
Tahsildar
fine
tet
pouo, titlhe
to eat
second
chi.
then
food
came,
j^
deno
far
doke
citthi
zerimano
dur
awa,
ti
ta
su,
to-him,
ga
lagia
TahsUdare
laijgheita
again
chi.
Last-year of matter
killed.
early
ghare
Paru
mara.
was
phiri
and
khane khan
na
su,
otrei
going went
was
asleep
te
cale
titthe
bunduki
dittia
again
guns
were given
went,
became
suttoro buto,
phiri
go
bhm
zaro
te
lo
zulm chu.
yo ahi pur
is.
this us ou violence
also
Shdu
100
nikkie
bi
duddli
milk
little
bheda
sheep
bnkri
goats
.shO
six
1
42
rupayya
tsSur
rupees
four
ik sala
map
ana
annas
gahcarai.
ghini
az
buta,
taking
diara
hukm na
deodar of order
are,
chia badne na
is
to
da
not
mS
beuro
in
kid
buto
which
lagua,
len
ze
if
banawa
making
cha,
are
chu
katne
to,
is
cutting
of,
was
te
to take they-have-begun
taking
ghar
house
gana
cha,
g5ru
to-day cows counting are,
az
chan,
Here
grass-feeding.
ghins
Ittbe
and
ilia
to
mul
it
of
price
bori
lakri
zo
cha.
JammS to
and their
The
Sri
escort).
.)
from
Siraji.
1.
ikk, one.
2. dui,
two.
kamo,
3.
trei, three.
39.
4.
tsour, four.
5.
panta, five.
6.
shah, six.
42. Panniesar,
seven.
slave.
7.
satt,
8.
atth, eight.
9.
nau, nine.
45. cann,
11. bih,
twenty.
14. hattb,
hundred.
hand.
nakk, nose.
muh, mouth.
God.
46.
moon.
tara, star.
kukkur, cock.
camel.
57.
61. mishno,
63.
65.
30.
i,
mother.
lit,
sit.
marno, beat.
marno,
die.
33.
34.
mahnu, man.
zanan, woman.
down.
44
73.
pat, behind.
who.
74. kani,
75. ki,
what.
76. ki,
why,
shun
-a, a dog.
91.
78.
but.
92.
-ei,
79. ze,
if.
93.
-a, dogs.
80. a, yes.
94.
-eia, bitches.
95. chero, a
82.
liai,
alas.
a mare.
84.
-i,
85.
-a, horses.
86.
-ie,
mares.
a bitch.
he goat.
100.
-a, deer.
1.
tino
2.
ye
3.
tS kitto dur
chu
this hoise
is
how
far is
it
from hero
6.
6.
mene
4.
tine
is
married to his
8.
9.
tete puttre
chitte ghore
me mate
my
sister.
7.
tlicro
uncle
to
tl
korre raarii
a, I
have beaten
of the
many
stripes.
10.
paharo
te shire
is
of the hill.
11.
ghore bi butto
tal
bishru chu, he
is
sitting on a horso
under that
tree,
12. teto
taller
13.
is
than his
sister.
half.
14.
chu,
my
house.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
RAMBANI.
Rambcani
is,
conuected with
it is
two.
Nouns.
Plur.
Sing.
N.
babb,
father
G.
babb-a
-a
D.
Ab.
-a
mahn-o, man,
So
Shnna,
Fern.
sanyi)
tha
obi.
s.
ghof^, horse,
also
babb
babb-an sun, &c.
-an
-an thi
dog and
-a
u. pi.
lOk or lok"',
tsirru,
-a
obi. pi.
-an
boy
pi.
Nouns.
Sing.
N. kurhi, daughter
Plur.
kurh-ia
-ian, &c.
D.A. -hi
-ian
So ghori, mare
Zanand, woman takes zandni in the plur.
Shnnei, bitch does not change for the nom.
hahin, sister has obi. hahina.
pi.
The short vowels at the end of words are very indistinctly pronounced, and as Rambani is never written it is often extremely hard
which short vowel is being used, or whether what seems like a
short vowel is really one, or is merely the necessary emission of breath
to tell
after a consonant.
Pronouns.
Hambani.
1.
ik, one.
2. dill,
two.
3. cei, three.
4. tsaur, four.
kam^, slave.
40. zamindar, cultivator,
39.
5.
pants, five.
6.
sh6, six.
7.
satt, seven.
8.
atb, eight.
9.
nau, nine.
45. tsanni,
moon.
13. sbau,
hundred.
khur,
16.
nakk, nose.
foot.
18.
mu!, mouth.
54.
kukkur, cock.
56.
58.
khot^, ass.
pakhrii,
biixl.
61.
62. enu,
63.
65.
67.
daurnu, run,
68.
ubhu, up.
33.
34.
mahn, man.
zanan*, woman.
bimnu,
sit.
come.
marnu,
marnu,
beat.
die.
down.
49
73.
pat, behind.
74.
kam,
wlio.
what.
75. kut,
90.
gawa, cows.
91.
^lun
92.
-ei,
79. zekar,
93.
-n, dogs.
80. a, yes.
94.
-ei, biU'hes.
gho
if.
84.
-r^, a horse.
-ri, a mare.
85.
-ri1,
hoi'ses.
99.
86.
-ria,
mares.
100.
83.
-a, dog.
a bitch.
male deor.
-n, deer.
1. tino
2. es
3.
nam
kut chu
what
umr
is
chi ?
your name
how
old
is
this horse ?
Kashmira t5. kito diir chu, how far is it from here to Kaslimir ?
tini bappu sani gi kita loka che ? how many sons are there in your
father's house ?
au az dur hanthi kari call gyus, I have walked a long way to-day.
mini pitrie sana lokii teshwe bahini sathi biahtumut chu, the son of
my uncle is married to his sister.
gi m chitte ghore sani kathi chi, in the house is the saddle of the
itt
ata
4.
5.
6.
7.
white horse.
8.
kathi teseT pithi bhei lathas, put the saddle upon his back.
9.
many
ches, I
stripes.
11.
pahar sani shiri bhei bakriS gawa sunal chu, he is grazing cattle
on the top of the hill.
yu ghora bhei buta khal bimi chu, he is sitting on a horse under
12.
10. yii
that tree.
is taller
than his
sister.
13. tesau
1-i.
15.
16.
17.
price of that
is
mino babb is matthe gi rah chu, my father lives in that small house.
tes yu rupayya denu, give this rupee to him.
tin rupae tes thS ghinni laina, take those rupees from him.
tes juan marnias gazari sathi ganthi, beat him well and bind him
with ropes.
18. talao
19.
20.
21.
22.
half.
mS
mi agar
POGULi.
The Poguli language
Ramsuh which
east of
therefore spoken in
is
is
Jammft
State.
It resembles Kashmiri,
to
the
It is
though
it is
a number of points in
their fountain head.
Peristan.
common
Pogul and Peristan are two streams flowing into the Bishlar,
which in turn joins the Cinab. The tract of country across the Bishlar
from Pogul and Peristan is called Sar its inhabitants arc said to speak
;
the
same language.
Nouns.
Sing.
G.
maul
mala sun
D.
malis
N.
Plur.
Mal-a
(f.
Log.
manz,
Ab.
,,
laba
Ag.
mali
f.
sanya)
&c., &c.
,,
,,
The oblique
what word
it
follows, into
hun or uw or
Fern. Nouns.
Sing.
N.
G.
D.
to
kuhri, daughter
kuhra
Ab.
laba
Ag. klihra
Plur.
Kuhr-a
-an sun, &c.
-an
-an &c.
~an
2iH.
52
53
Verbs.
Auxiliary.
Past. I
chu
chus chus
was
ah -tus -tus
-tii
chisam
chi
clietli
am
Impf.
was
may
,,
,,
,,
past.
,,
abtas, &c.
,,
have beaten
had
,,
phartumut chu
ahtu
-ahoth -ahun
Pres. Perf. I
,,
,,
Plupf.
,,
,,
phat-iha
Conditional.
-os
Imper.
-aham
-ihi
phar
,,
phari.
The
tenses
Passive is formed
of
shall be beaten.
Gatshiu, go.
Aor. Fut.
gatsha
Past.
gos
gatshus
Pres.
-un
geo
geoath
SfC.
Part.
gyemut
as
p.
yauam
yeau
aosam
deti pa. p. dyutumut
deowus deu deauam
ao
as
youth youn
auath aua
deouth
deoun
Past.
Asuu,
geosam
go
gos
-uth
gatsh-am
getshi
become, pr.
p. as, asti,
asus
ais
Bylninn,
Past
sit
Aor. Fut.
bim -a
,,
-us -i
seated
-am
-uth
rah -
bimi
-un
am -uth -uu.
Rahnu, remain, Aor. Fut. raha rahus rili
rohn rahn -sam -ath -a
Past.
rahn -us -us
Bi7iu, fear
Aor. Fut.
Past.
biwa
or
biuwa,
frightened
&c.,
pint,
bii
54
e.gf.,
haga gatsh,
cue
am
One man
Baba
to
by-little
mi
yo
pata
lokhcye
loki
after
by-little
son
kaujuin
all
and
far
country
and
he
tin
samuztu
became
and
mal
lacar,
helpless,
hima
s5r
husks
swine
own
field
allakmat
kar
sut
there
bad
work
with
phana,
yebla
destruction,
tyes
kiin
when was-made-by-him
mulkus manz
that country
terki
mulkus
in
sakjit
kal
severe
famine
rahnawalis
laba go,
went
by-him was-sent
ter
te
fell
su
bainti,
together
te
mauei dusei
dividing, five
days
mal,
was-made
pe
kharc
give,
niulkus
ada
mal
me
to
diir
comes that
deli,
te
safar,
panun
kiin
mi
su
said,
jama
was-made-by-him journey
in
was
ko
saurui
all
jo,
father- to
part
own property
them among
own
yeau,
dyut
malis
hissa
me
property of what to
Father thy
manz
lokhcye panani
mains
tina
tin
in
sor
khalti
ahta
su
zapti
eating
were
he
saying
ahtii
Avas
ai^
for
khala
may-eat
yaii
and what
idd
stomach
55
ahtns
bhava,
te
may-fill
and anyone
klls
mlna malis
jiin
then
was-said-by-him
my
stomach
are
and
filling
gatsha te
tyes
him
zapa
avi
also
make
su ahtu
tirhui
nalmut
embrace
him
wontus
Hatse
was-said-to-him
guna,
chusna
ail
-worthy
thy
son saying-to-mo
am
sin
naukaran
pair
his
and
fat
miun
lok
may-make,
ray
son
miltu,
yablai
lok
waigi
son
dholau sun
drum
yu
this
te
was-found and
big
him
tars
te
and
kiss
was-given-by-him.
By-son
mi
ko
tiuu
te Khuda sun
by-me was-done thy and God
of
Mali
zaptiam.
By
all
hand
own
dadd
juan tswohai
garment good quickly
then
in
pananan
father
laugthas
bring
khoran manz
wail,
attach-to-liim
auri
ring
feet
in
karam,
ziith
to
ao
yiith wots
te
now
tyes
ditsen.
laug
tyes
te
laba,
mith
tiun lok
servants-to was-said-by-him
malis
te
sarni khota
jiin
ao
ml
mo
te
father
worthy
not
zaptiam
te
was-seen and
Baba
laik
malis
lok
baltiin
kusne
was-made
khafta
tiun
and by father
ful-ly
laik
pata kharuthi
tin
mali
te
far
tygs
sho,
laboiirer like,
was
he
to
mazur
p(Hh
mi
ko
tiun
by me was-done thy
father,
te
t!
cliyi, pfira
labourers are,
Hatse Baba,
say
I will
moznr
how many
phaka phatti, au
hunger of dying, I
am
gs
linsli
kyeta
father's
idd
yabla
deti,
tyabla
laba
na
of
kut
manz
field
in
karui
khu.shi
by-them happiness
auhtii yabla
to
ke.
make
own
His
was-raade.
su panani gharus
was when he
tyesau
house
wot
tin
arrived
by-him
huntiin
prustiiu
te
awaz
sun
dancing of voice was heard-by-him and was-asked-by-him
nasni
go
tin
joas
tiun
is
te
and
56
mali yiith
tini
by-tby father
fat
wots
hallml
calf
lawful
tyes kici
kiifi,
was-made-by-him
tjSs
tbat-for
to-liim
miltu
juana paitb, su go mast kabli au
geo
gatshaliana, te
like bo went very angry I bouse-to will-go not and
was-found well
tyesau maul
gotbo nyistu
his
tin
panani
by-him
own
kbySzmat
tin
manaltiin
te
and
out went-out
father
malis
was-persuaded-by-liim
dyutiiu
jawab,
te
kbusbi
own
happiness
ko
tiun
was-made
thy
fat
for
knal
kath
thy
word
was-turned
tselya path
me
goat
na
balti
au
kid
not
kara
may-make
yabla
tiun
lok
ao
yin
friends
with Avhen
thy
son
came
by- whom
mal
kanjriin
s!t
kharab,
harlots
with
evil
kyemut
by-thee made
joas
mina loka
sit,
property
him
to
kyet
tin
mi
na
dyit
zot
ti
to-bim
father to was-given-by-bim
ke
mi,
te
zat
service thy was-done by-me and ever
mi,
so,
calf
tin
halh'al,
lawful,
ti
my
by-him wae-said-to-liim
yu
ciz
go,
karnu juan ciz
Khushi
Happiness to make good thing went
tiun
thy
is
tu
thou
cliii
thing which
son
cliu
is
barun phatmut
brother
dead
auhtii, gf5
was wont
miltu.
rautumut auhtu yablai
was
now was-found.
lost
zinda,
alive
Extracts.
Ail as waiga
was
pesis
field
rara
manz
pashtumi
shaput, ada dhora ginn
there was-seen-by-me bear, then stone taking
ter
in
au
gos
went
I-fell-to-it
rushing,
ahta
mahna,
tini
were
trill
30
hakka,
men by him
hakka
jungle-beat,
janglas
jungle-of
bii
anta
lutus
pat
head
on
came house
sbal
were-killed jackals
pentUn
were-sent-by-him
Sahbas sit
Sahib with
gioh nisb.
as
aii
afraid, I
tsailih
forty
near.
pants
tin
pata
five
that
after
mahna
men
go
went
Sahab
rohn
Sahib
stayed
ter
shaput
antiin
there
bears
were-killed-by-him
abt
8,
te
and
57
khalo
Lassa
phirtu.
down he
watus
jamadav caprais
By Lass^
turned.
peutu nu Ss
dih dus
caprasi was sent I came two days
panin
ao
boH^
zop
own language
came,
auhtu,
tsat walti
pahrus
he went
tE,
one-watch
I stayed
ten
yards
deep
tamasha
laig
baini
fun
began
to see
up-to,
panin
jiin
days
Snhib
go
sui
swimming was
speak, two
bo^U
mahna
men
food
Wat wata
tap
trouble
On-the-way
sunshine
speak.
hat
Sahab
on.
Sahib was
pahran
din
two
pSt.
Avatches
(i.e.,
boH^
ahtu
zapti
saying
te
Mast
tap
ahtu
Sahbi
Great sunshine was and by Sahib
pananyi toipa
own
was
at night
sani
6 hrs.) language
kyici.
for.
not.
ahtu
sakht,
was
severe,
halla
was' bravo
bo^U
language
gonthtu
dastar
was-knotted
turban
rat
a-htii
na,
was-eaten-by-him
laiga.
pata,
That after
khain
was-attached.
gatsTiti ahtu,
Tin
50.
great
bimi
Sahib
pantsa.
mast
ahtu
with
taklif
tapus
Sahab
bakkhi, rohan
hit
khalnu
zop
sft
ratti
seizing
(i.e.,
keeping me)
P6guli.
1.
yakb, one.
69
72. agge, before.
73. pat,
74.
behind.
kam, wbo.
75. kut,
what.
76. guzzi,
why.
hu^nS
92.
79.
if.
a bitch.
gho
-r*,
a horse.
98.
84.
-ri,
a mare.
99.
85.
-r*, horses.
100.
83.
-u, deer.
.3
1.
tiun
2.
yes
mir
4. tini
6.
r.
what is'ydurnarae
kyit thi
how
3. ita
6.
i^
-I
old
?
is this
how
far
horse
is it
from here
to
Kash-
mala sani
g\
how many
my
7. chitti
uncle
is
married to
his sister.
is
white horse.
put the saddle upon his back.
8.
9.
with
many
chu ghofis
k5rrei sit
phartumut chu,
have beaten
stripes.
li,
is
grazing cattle on
hill.
pSfc kolis
khal bima, he
is
sitting
tree.
12. tesau barun tesei bina khota bor chu, his brother
is
taller
than his
sister.
13. ittek
14.
kimat
tes lokhcyis
garus manz
rahti,
my
half.
father lives in
17. ty6s
mast phari
te
razan
ropes.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
KISHTAWARI.
Kshtawari is spoken in and near the village of Kishtawar, an important place with 2,500 inhabitants, not far from the S.E. border of
Kashmir. It is a dialect of Kashmiri, which it very much resembles.
In Kishtawar Kashmiri is perfectly well understood.
Nouns
Masc.
Sing.
mhal
N.
-u, father
G.
-i
- ,, mauz
- hata
-is
-is
manz
Ab.
Ag.
-is
hata
-ien
-in
obh
-iau
-i
-ien hun*^
D.
ghtir*, horse,
mhal
sun
Log.
Then
Plur.
(Ag
ghufien &c..
shtirien)
ghar house, ghar -a sun, -as, -an, Plur. ghar, ghar -an -au.
So
Fern.
Noun
Sing.
62
or
yi, this
rel.
kas;
ko
miaun,
tsauiiy tyisun,
anyone, obi.
fcS
yim &c.
kBisi
how many.
and hun (of timan hun) are declined like
kitya
pi.
asun, tusun,
adjectives.
j||
much
Many however
like nouns.
are
indeclinable.
Comparison.
used with
'
is
zabar good,
nishi,
zahar, better
Than
than
all,
zabar,
nishi
better than,
is
sdriwi nishi
best.
Verbs.
am
thus thukh
Auxiliary Pres. I
Imper.
&c.,
tsot
tso^iu
Pres. Ind.
tsotan (pres. p.) with Pres. Auxil. boh thus tsotan &c.
Impf.
tsotah -a
Conditional
Past
me
-akh
Past.
-i
boh asus
,,
-au
-iu
&c.
-an.
tsotum, tse tsotuth, tin tsot, asi tsot, tusi tsoteau, timau
tsotukh.
Pres.
Perf.
Plupf.
me thum
me asum
tsotmut &c.
&c.
,,
gatshan, I
am
being beaten.
p.
gomut.
Past
gos
gokh
gou
Pres. Perf.
boh
boh
thus
gomut &c.
gomut &c.
Plupf.
marun
die,
past
asus
mud
-us -ukh
come, past
as,
is
mudu
ge
all
geau ge
&c. pa. p.
mudmut.
-ukh -u &c.
'
(with the
infin.)
Pronominal
common,
e.g.
will
say to him, even indirect connection as shur^ tyesun marigos, his son died
to
him,
Ace. hanayim
make me,
tsoiis
beat him.
6S
pJmum,
Agent.
I
I turned,
hanm
did
(.agr.
he struck,
tsof^ati
you
suffixes.
died.
Aikis
One
.shuri
two
sons were-to-him
asias
zabun
panani
was-said-by-him
own
mhalis
father-to
zhe
dyim
te
tin
give-to-me
and
by-him
lokrin
shufien
little
son-by
manza
daulata
wealth
timan
them-to
pananis
own
miaun
his.si
my
part
from-in
panan^
dolat
bantl
own
wealth
dividing
jama
ditsin,
kari
dishas
safar
country-to
journey
dui*
having-made far
mar5
karan
pata
evil
work
after
mal
korun
was-made-by-him
ujarun,
property was-wasted-by-him
barbad
karun
tath
dishas
wasting
was-made-by-him
that
country
helpless
of
may
manz
in
sinyi
of
ao
zaban
to say
pananis dilas
came by-him
and
there
ghari
sorui
what honr
logu
great famine
rathu
own
sSti
not.
Yei
yima
what
yad
own stomach
he
by-hira
panun
sSti
fell
tini
sozun,
yiman
all
peon su
kal
baddii
tsunawani
kS
tis
tin
tete
near remained,
diwan asu
and to him any one giving was
tg
fill
man
one
sur
in
t&
in
land
manz
lacar
own
yei
together
ghari su hSshas
What hour
zabun
he sense
miaui
mhali
my
father
bhuci
hunger
kitya
maran
mazur
lagus,
to die began,
thi
boh
I
wathi
having risen
own
father
near
gatsha
will
go
64
te
zabas
ai
mball
me
Sahiba
sun
te
and
will-say. to-him
father
by-me
God
of
and
ratbus
na
tsaun
sbur^
not
thy
son
karum
ath
was-done
that
me
me
laik
pananien
own
labi
worthy remained
near came be
mbalis
yet
was
far
and
gbuj^
thy
son
not
thy
sin
zaba,
I
to
may
say,
tars
him
pity
te
hun^i
and
kiss
ratun
mhali
ai
father
karum, ath
laik
ratbus
that
was-done
worthy remained
tsaun gunah
of
perceived
zabunas
Tin
By-him was-said-by-him-to-him
was-given-by-him-to-him.
tsaun
by-father was
father
tis
in-embrace was-seized-by-him
ditinus.
te
lawun
nalamati
baving-run
sun
mbalin
asu,
came-to-him,
zaba,
wathi
pananis
mazuran hish banayim,
own
labourers like make-me, having-risen
dorita
na
sin
may-say
awus
mg Sahiba
by me God
thy
su hazza dur
ao,
tsaun gunah
mbalin
pananien
by-father
own
naukaran
servants-to
zabun
sariwi
nishi
juan
poshak
kadi
was-said-by-hira
all
than
good
raiment
having-taken-out
aniii
tg
lagius
yis
hathas
isin^
aqkhuc
lagius,
ring
attach-to-him
khoran padiSru
feefc-to
te
and
sboe
kept
te
karius
halal
calf
mynl.
ramut ausu te
went lost was and was-found.
r go
Khushi
karan^
hgtsakh,
Tyisun badd'^ shui* wajjan manz ausu, yei ghari gharas nior ao
in
was what hour house near came
field
big
son
His
dbol
wayun
te
drum
beating
and
naukaras sad
natsunuk
dancing of
waz
voice
lawun
was-perceived-by-him,
guarun
dyit
aikis
yi
one
kya samuz
tin
what became by-bim
tyis
zabun
tsaun
bboi
aui
tsani
mbalin
to-him
was-said-by-him
thy
brother
6ame-to-thee
thy
father- by
tisine khatira
his
sake
rachmutu watsu
kept
calf
marun
aiji
was-killed-by-him this
khatara
tin
sake
by-him
65
juan
su
to-him
well
lawun,
was-perceived-by-liim
lagu
began not
father
his
out
having-goue
lagus
to-persuade began-to-him
mlialis
own
by-him
b5zawun
nyit
jawab
dyutun,
wucch
kityan
father-to answer was-given-by-hini
see
how many
pananyis
tin
warhien
tsan
khezmat
years
thy
service
karyim
was-done-by-me
tsaun*
zab*
thy
saying
phirum
na
me
zat
put
dyituth
was-turned-by-me
not
to-me
ever
kid
was-given-by-thco
yaran
pananien
zafc
ever
na boh
not
khushi
karaha
yei ghari tsaun
yi
own
friends witli happiness might-make, wliat hour thy
thi8
shur'5
yin
tsaun
mal
ao
kanjran sSt
udai
thy
property harlots with causing-to-fly
son
came by-whom
sSt
dyutun
khatir rachmut^^
isini
was-given-by-him this-of
sake
mhalin
sSt
thukh
with
art
zabuu
son
thu,
hamesha
thou
always
khushi
karaii
te
is
bho!
yi
tu
Ai shuria
ikentsa
was-causcd-to-be-
calf
killed-by-thee,
m5
me
kept
tis
marawuth
wats^
mudmut
asii
zinda
go,
dead
was
alive
went
this brother
ramut ausu te
myul.
lost
was and was-gained.
o"Stort.
Yeti
aseau
Here
was
pifcsan
warhan,
ponna
five
years,
then
ponna
basal at
complaint,
then
samuz ponna
became then
sapuz
he became
gyas
came-to-him
mari
gos,
dying went-to-him,
lukau
him on
rachmutu
placed,
tyespan
TahsllJar
by-people
zamlndarau
kliualikh
farmers
raised
kaid
maukuf, yath kilas manz
imprisoned
this fort in
put away,
tari
telegram
mhast
ryuwan
much
wept
manz
khabar
shur^^
in
news
son
zaci
clothes
tsacien,
tyesau
his
darh*
were-torn-by-him beard
66
panani
pucien
pahra
dyutos
sathi,
shalir
was-pulled-out-by-him, guard was-given-to-him along with, city-to
own
sozukh,
was-sent-by-thera,
Sahibas
sStbi
mbast
minnat
Sahib
with
much
entreaty
zari
nianaus
asi
wo
na,
will-agree-to-hira not,
faryad
gatsbau.
Su tbu
complaint
will-go.
He was
asi
Nawab Sababas
we
Sahib near
,,
baddu
zulmmiaru,
great oppression-maker
labi
pata
taii
tbat-very for
yath
mulkas
pananyi
marzi
sathi
zaminas
this
country-to
own
desire
with
land-to
Lacaran
Helpless
mahanyieu
men- to
kach.
measurement.
thukfi
banayin.
little
was-made-by-him.
katha pana
luk sari
This matter upon ppople all
Ai
tyispan
bira
upon
official
made
(The meaning
one
is
that this
out poor people's land to be more than it really was, and so took higher
taxes from them
similarly he understated the amount of rich people's
;
land).
Kishtawari.
1.
akh, one.
2. zhe,
two.
ghulam,
3. tre, three.
39.
4. tsor, four.
5.
pants,
7.
five.
6. .she, six.
"'
satt, seven.
8. eth, eight.
9.
slave.
nau, nine.
moon.
13. hat,
hundred.
14. hattho,
15.
hand.
khor, foot.
18. shund,
19.
mouth.
dand, tooth.
61. bihun",
29.
mhalu, father.
65.
marun^,
sit.
die.
33.
34.
mahnu, man.
zanan, woman.
down.
68
73.
1.
2. is
3.
4-
5.
6.
7.
tsaun
horse
9.
me
upon
his back.
stripes.
10. su
11. su
thu kulyis
tal
is
grazing cattle on
hill.
is
tree.
is taller
than
his sister.
13.
is
half.
14.
Ibkuri gharas
manz rihwan, my
father lives in
jan paithyi te razan sat gandis, beat him well and bind
18.
19.
me
22.
of the village.
The
Sasi Dialect
The Sssi
are employed in
(Bandeli)
Tim
(Tinauli).
Mar,
Dh
Me
There are also Panj in the Panjab and Tinauli in N.-W.F. Province.
The Criminal Argots referred to are the Cuhra, Qasai and Gamblers' Argots.
Compare,
Sasi.
Pu
Ga
Pu
obi. in
~a
obi. pi. ~e
Panj, &c.,
Loc.
bice
thd,
Br
ts,
bice,
Me
add -a
tat,
Gjt
thi
Panj wicc
Pronouns.
1st S.
Nom. hau
Pai),
Gujar, Mai,
Mar
Ga au
:;
71
Isfc
Plur. Gen.
mhard,
Kul
Kar)
iuhdrS;
Gnjar,
ISfew,
Jfar,
mhdro
while for the Gen. 8ing. I'u
and Dh have vihdrn, Tin vmhra Miil,
;
Jai,
2nd Sing.
2nd pi.
tau
Kul
tarn
Gujar,
Gen. tuhara
thau,
Mew
Gjt tamB
tarn,
Pu and Dh have
Jai, Mar ^/mro.
thiird
for
Mar
Gen. Sing.
Sasl,
Gjt
Braj
tarn,
2/?i,
Panj Gjt
o,
Mar.
G ujar have yd
Agent
Pag
in.
in
Cui*,
Bha, Kar)
Ga
iju
inni
remote
oh,
Agent nn
and
nni (Mai) un or
tint
(Mar) for
yeni,
tlio
and
re-
and tnn
Demonstrative Plur.
Near
Mar Mai
Oblique in
Agent ind
Remote Obi. un
ina,
Pag
ini
Ag. nno
There
ai'e
n la-
Verb.
Auxiliary Pres. I am, resembles very
Sing.
Past.
Thiyyd,
much Urdu,
Plur.
Thiyye
thiye
Ga, Bar
pi. thit.
72
Kay
ho^gha.
Urdu
in
Cur
ta,
to
as the ending
Gujar
to.
is
-I but
Hazara
Tcare,
ithl, ithd
Kaij othu,
there
othi,
where
?,
jar^,
iw,
Bar
from here,
where
now
telhi,
Gujar,
that
Bar
Kul,
Dh
from here.
hlil
ih.
Vocabiilary.
lugna, die
Cuhra, lugna
tliaifQlcna. sit
kulna, do
Cuhra, kulna
bel hulna,
hnrlma,
Cuhra,
keep quiet
huqqa
Pu
pauniy shoe
hhat,
fauni,
bed
kajjd, farmer,
hel kul.
Sir, khat
&c
C libra, toma
it
are spoken over small areas and are for this reason less well known, and
in particular to draw attention to the hill dialects, with a number of
in
common.
}
The Notes on
the Kdngri
and
G:1di
live to pre-
pare his notes finally for the press, and when a proof copy was printed from
his manuscript it was deemed advisable to have it revised.
I have accordinffly
gone through
all
making uumeroui
additions.
my
Mr.
The KdngrI
Kdngr^
dialect is
District.
Man4i
State,
and
should be made
Kdngri
and
is
still
still
Ohamba
in
It
has
the Gazetteers of
many
of
these reference
closely
to
To
For a treatment
State.
Appendix
to the
a dialect of Panj^bi.
more
tijjo vich, in
For the
linguistio
Gd-di 18 the
Chamba
State.
The Chamba
it is
neighbouring
Bharmaur
The dialect
is
smh
as
District of
purely Pahari;
and the
Kdngri
dialo^'t''
in
Kaner^-
ia
Ita
grammatical forms will well repay study; the verbs as exemplified, for
example in gdhnd, go, are peculiarly interesting. Thus, forms hke gachhd,
go, ichhun, I may come, remind us of the gachhnd, achhnd of the Pnnchhi
dialect of Laihnda spoken in Punchh State, and of the dialect spoken in
except for the vocative ca-e, the
Simla States
game as the singular, a phenomenon common in dialects of the
Notes there are
and of Kulu. Among the songs which follow the Kdngr^
special iy indi.-ted.
included a number of G^di songs. They will be found
present
The tendency of Gaddis to say kh for s is very noteworthy. In the
the pp.x.mity of
sis quits common, due no doubt to
The
plural of nouns
is,
2m December
1904.
T.
GRAH AME
BAl LEY.
Notes ON THE DiALEOT OF THE Kakcra Valley,
EDWARD
UJ3RILN,
K'^^,;KA
GRAHAME
NOUNS.
The doclension of Kaagri nouns is effecUa (excopt for tlio
case) as in Hindostani, by the addition of Postpositions
to what
called the
Formative case of the noun. Thus Nomhiatlre
horse; Formahvs Singular ghore
may bo
Shu,nlnr Jiora.
"
<
Aj/ont
i"tc.
nominative ca3os io
Ablative
Genitive
Locative
Is
te,
"from
:^
Plural.
Accusative
Dative
Dative
declined a^ follows
i.
Agent
is
this."
these, they.'
/n/iVt
I
"these,
jo,
to
these
Agent
Ablative
Genitive
Locative
tc,
Example.
Eh
Kdngrd
The Interrogative Pronoun Kyd " what
"
is
declined as follows
:-
Plural.
Nominative
iTz/d,
...
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Locative
"
"what
"r
"
.
"r"
...
!"
...
Example.
Of wandering on
You
foot at night
Ram
paed.
what
(literally,
'
fruit did
"
is
light)
you get
of
Oh
thus declined
Plural.
"
Nominative
whom?"
^ Kus dd \
'^
\ Kus di >
\
(. Ku^ de
Genitive
of
Kinnin, " by
Agent
whom ?
whom
"
C Kinhdn dd
Genitive
,,
*^
)-
Kinhdn, " by
Agent
")
\Kinhdhdi
iKinhdnde)
'^^^
whom
dupatta dyed
Dative
"lf7/o,"him,tohim."
Accusative )
Unmii, '* by him."
Agent
CUs dd -)
Genitive
\ Vs di J- "of him."
Phdri chharjhdt
it."
Plural.
Oh, "they."
Unhiin jo, " them, to them."
"^
{Usde
"
dittd.
{Kdngra.)
Nominative
9>'
Nominative
Dative
Accusative
Plural.
Tinhdn
X Ti
jo.
Agent
Ttwrm.
Tinliau.
Genitive
Tis da.
Tis di.
Tis de.
Tinhdn da.
Tinhdn di.
Tinhdn de.
Relative Pronodn
Singular.
Jo,
"who, which."
Nominative
Dative
\ Jis jo, " to wliom, to
xA.ccnsatlvo
which."
Jo.
Plural.
i
Jo,
"who, which."
jo,
"by whom,"
Agent
...Jinnin, "
Jiuhnn,
(reuitivo
...J is da,
Ablative
...Jis te,
by whom."
"of wliom."
" from whom."
Examples.
hai.
Main
is
very qnarrelsome.
Tinnit'i
oiahiil hittd.
ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives used like nou la are declined like nouns. Adjectives qualifying nouns are not inflected unless the Nominative Singular Masculine
end in a. When the Nominntive Singular Masculine ends in a, the adjecThis
tive is declined like nouns ii; d, the feminine being like nouns in i.
is contrary to the rule in Ur. d, but in accordance with the rule in certain
Hrms
of Panjiibi.
didi'i
Comparison
good,
best.
is
te
hhard,
better than
this,
sahhhnih
te
Txhard,
te,
better
as Jchard^
than
all,
Idehd,
''
Hindi Aisd.
Waim.
T*c?e/ia,
,,
Jaiftd.
Kaisd.
Examples.
IdeJid guar Icoi mere dilckhne hich nifih ded.
fool like this came within my experience (within
No
8aih sdhah
What
my
seeing).*
hidelid hai.
Pronominal
Adverbs
is
he.
or
ilnhat'i,
Relative,
J/n/idu, " as."
"thus"
Correlative.
Interrogative.
"
Tinhdn, " so
Kinh dh,
'
'
ho w ?"
ADVERBS OF TIME.
Agdhdn, "before " (Hindi age),
Aj, "to day," as in PanjAbi.
also
agm.
Bdramhdr, "repeatedly."
Kadi, " sometimes, ever."
Kadi na, "never."
Kadi haddin, or Jcadi na kadi, " sometimes, rarely."
Nit, "continually, always.
Thii would be in Gadi
Such a
fool
)}
a.
seeing.
"'
to
come "=dyd.)
t J4ndar or Jhandar is tha term used by the Gaddfs for the country not included in
their country, Gadheran.
[It literally means 'cotton-clothed,' i.e., the people not dreBied in
TfOoUsn garments like the Uaddis.]
lah
ADVERBS OF PLACE.
Neren, " near."
JDilr,
"far."
m
^
"- {Gddi).^
Taithe, Tahthi, " there
Tai'thi, Gaddi seite galld hatd hari.
There with a Gaddi I talked. -D/iamtoZa.
Handrd, in Gaddi and Narti in Kangri,
m
.
tt-
Hindi.
''elsewhere.
o
So
Proximate Demonstrative
Interrogative.
Correlative.
-K^a/i^y^,
I
when?
Remote Demonstrative.
Proximate Demonstrative.
Interrogative.
Correlative.
OTHER ADVERBS.
Nehiri, ninh, no.
;)
PREPOSITIONS.
The commonest have been given under the declension of nouns. Suboften both a preposition and
joined is a brief list of others. The same word
are given :
constructions
For convenience sake most, of the
i<^
an adverb.
Assdh
or bald,
linhail
den vusen,
towards them.
all
Minjo
te
THE NUjMERALS
1,
Ik.
Do.
o, Trai,
4, Char.
2,
b,
6,
Panj.
Chkiyyd.
7, Salt.
8,
Atth.
9,
Nau.
10,
Das.
11, Gidrd.
12, Bd.rd.
17, Satdrd.
18,
19,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
Thdrd
Unnin
Bih.
Ikkl.
21,
22, Bdi.
23, Trei.
24, Chaubhi.
25, PanjL
26, Ghhahhi.
27, Satdi.
20,
afr/.
Teir;.
Ghautri,
Panjatri.
Chhiatri.
37, 8atattri.
38, Aihattri.
39,
t^wiwii.
40, C^d/i'
47, Sattdtl.
49,
Undnjd.
Panjah.
57, Saiunjd,
28,
T/ic?./.
13,
Tehrd.
29,
[7Ma;.
14,
Chaudd.
Pandrd.
30, Tihovtrih.
59, Undht.
31, Katti
60,
15,
16, Sold.
katri.
50,
or
(Saf/^i*.
67, Satdht.
6!.,
mean
CONJUNCTIONS.
The
chief conjunctioDS
are
Te, and.
but.
Apan,
Je,
if.
Bhdet'i, althougli.
THE VERB.
Auxiliary Verb.
Present.
Plural.
Singula^-.
Main hai.
Tun hai.
Assan han.
Tussan han.
Saih hai.
Saih han.
Past.
Plural.
Singular.
Main th^ (Fern. thi).
Assan
Tussiin the.
thi).
the.
Saih the.
Saih tha (Fern. thi).
The past thd, " was," is like Hindi.
Aj mere hoti hamahn pichhe hi rahi gae han.
To-dav mv <^ ^ servant 9 have remained behind. (Kcingrd).
.
"^
kitchen
han.
These are low Rdjputs.
{Kdnyra).
Pauna,
I.
nowadays
I'eading-
full.
may
fall.
Plural.
Singular.
Pauan.
Pane.
Pauie.
Paua or pauhn.
Pane.
Pauhn.
Future.
I shall fall.
Plural.
Singular.
Paunghe.
Paungho.
Paunghe.
Imperative.
Fall.
Plural.
Singular.
Pan.
Paua.
Participle.
Singular,
Paund^.
Paund^,
Paundd,
should
fall.
Plural.
Paunde.
Paunde.
Paundti,
Present Indicative.
I
am
falling.
Singular.
Paund^
Plural.
hai.
P;iundc ban.
Paundo hun.
Paunde ban.
Paundd, hai.
Paund^
hai.
Imperfect.
1
was
falling.
Singular.
Paund^
Plural.
th^.
Paunde
Paunde
Paunde
Paundii tbd.
Paundd
III.
thd.
Past Participle.
Past Indicative.
I
Singular.
fell.
the.
the.
the.
AUNA,
go.
go.
Jd^ii
Jah
Gec4.
Participles
Raihna,
Present Conditional
Future
Imperative
jdS..
Jd,ndd
...
...
Rehd,n,
...
Raihe,
Raihe,
Rainhghd,
...
Indefinite, Past
Past Indicative
Participle
remain.
Raih
Rahie.
Rehd, or raihn.
Raihn,
roll a.
Conditional Raihnd^
Rehd.
.
Rehd, in
Past
Past Indicative
Behd, baithe^
Transitive Yebbs.
MXrna,
beat.
Future
Imperative
Miire,
M^rle.
Md,rd or m^rn.
Mdre,
M^rn.
...
...
Ma-glid.
...
...
Miir
md-rd.
Past Indicative
Present Perfect
...
...
Main
md,redi.
Tain md,red.
Tinni mdred,.
Main mdrea hai.
Tain mdrea hai.
Tinni m^re^ hai.
As^h md,red,.
Tusdn m^re^.
Tinhdh mdre^.
Asdn m^red hai.
Tusdn mdred, hai.
Tinh^h mdred> hai
Pluperfect
Tain
Tiunni mdrcd
radreii tlid.
tha.
tliil,
with tho
rules for the agreement of w&rei,, rnAve^ hai, radrCii
Paujdbi.
object of the sentence are like those in Urdu or
Mdrehd, in tho state of having boon beaten.
Participle
The
Passive,
The
passive
is
formed by means
go,
used
Tvith
the
gei,
it
Khana,
eat.
Kb'indd.
Khddbd.
Past Indicative
Pi^iA,
drink.
Pindd.
Past Indicative
Vit6j.
Dena,
give.
^i^^'\
Future
Past Indicative
^^'''"^
,
Dmgghd.
take.
Lai?ja,
i''''''^^'V.<
Lamgghd.
Future
Past Indicative
^^'^
Galena,
say, speak.
Galdndd.
Past Indicative
...
Kabna,
Indefinite, Past Conditional
txalaiya.
do.
Kar^d.
^^ "'"
...
...
Past Indicative
jA^f^JA,
know.
^-
Past Ind.cat.ve
...
be
is
take ^'^^^
Lai aund, bring, lai jana,
f/
,^^ y,^,
"^^Vifo^^s
^nnd avdjduu,
._
grazing (transitive).
in the habit of
am
m the
act of falling.
Sentences.
1
2:
thy nan ?
Terimif^hydhair What is
age
hai ? What . .he
ghore Jkyi u.a,
, ,,
horse r
o! th.s ,,oo
12
.
3.
ItthuteKas].,nirJcitnidurhai?
'''
'^"
'
^^'' ^"''
""^^
^"^'^^'
came.^'
''
^^*^^^^'
''"^'^^'
8.
T^.^.'c?
9.
J^jatn
^imi>ar
'^'"
^*'
^ ^^^^^
''''''
^"'^^'
far
"
^^^-
uoele^Lo^;^arJS?^Iht':.^t!^
Lorse^LaddlT
(^--) how
^--^^^^^^-
^^ ^^^ house
is
My
the white
his
Kashmir
'^^
^"^-
is
many stripes
^^'^^^^^^^ ^- Hegra^e^
goats on tfrt^^th't^lf-^'^^^^^'^^^'
t hl'sf
'""'^ "' "
tree is'seafefon
than
Ms Illit
'"^^^^'
^^
'"^^^
thftlalTtlsC^''^
"'^
^'^
15.
Tisjoe\rnpayyedeidea.
16.
Ba^},^
rupayye
'^^^^
KMi^u^e
ly.
habif of
te
that
bigger
is
of that
is
^- My
two-
father
n.uchLhTm^;irt:p:r''"'""''''^^ '^^^^18.
P-ce
-'^-^^
^^^^^^'-^
^e under
His brother
^-^-
and-ltlf^pfei''
lives it
pdni haddhhd.
te)
agge
c!:^J^:^;:^^^'''
21.
8c,U^U.ssdnhuste.^ullenled?
22.
(^.ra.. de
is in
the
'^
tkU hai^dnie
te.
SONGS.
MARftJAGE SONQ.
^e ha^dhne jo chhaddi
deh, Kdhnd.
hoe. gharhdri, Rdm
Aggen tu thd, Kdhnd, hdlu
gudtu,
Mim hoed gharhdri, Bdrri.
-fi^a/
Hun
'
^W
'
'
Hun
hoea gharhdri,
Now'vou hav^f"
it^ai/ir IS
Rdm.
'^' ''"^'^."^ ^^i^^ ^^--' Kahna.
13
""""^
"' weddings cf
Khatris^?nfaoTa-''
BhmanB,
U.jput, and
Kurmeh
sit
down
in the courtyard.
'
[^oe.-In marriage parties the bride's family are " kuram "
to the
bridegroom's party and the bridegroom's pany are " kuram "
to tho
bride's.
There is no English word which ex))rcs3e3 the relationship.]
Ki
Ki
tussdfi
mangde
tulcrd
muchrd,
Geneeosity.
{Gddi).
Thikrid
ri
Kdnijo
pujdrf,i.
dhdl bandi;
tire Ide
giddar
Chalande
Sdli balandd hhujji khdni;
Mali balandd kdni lisai hai
Song on
Rd,ja
(Dharmsd,la)
Gaddi chare bakrinti,
Gaddatj, chare gain,
l^
it).
;!
Jandhae Song.
Be.
Pusd, p
usst,
Kajo russi,
Lahuld ged mandnd ;
Chal pussi bhat khana.
Darling, darling,
art thou sulking.
Why
A boy
(son)
2.
Tandnahifi trutdi
Sas nahin dkhdi
Je pdn ie je jdnd.
to an end.
My
(2
Mdlid Sdhmui ho
(3
Mdnhuh
(4
(5
Mdlid Sdhnud bo
(6
(7
(8
(9
(10
(H
(12
(13
(14
(15
(16
(17
ldi}i,
halale jp lildri,
I
ho !
Tundeid
Ldled
Pete kaserd halaru ?
ISdlid Tundeid ho !
Pete mdli-rd halaru.
Sdlid Tundeid bo f
Ktigti-rd thekd na laindy
Mdlid 8ahij,ad bo !
Kdfd, kdtd dagld na Land,
Mdlid Sdhy,itd ho I
Mdnhuh, halaleje hd thekeddr,
Mdlid Sdhnud bo !
(3
(4
Bring
(5
Oh M^H
(6
Of what
(1
(2
(7
(8
(9
(10
(11
(12
(13
rice of Bhati,
Sd.hnu
the skin on your back
!
is
(full) ?
Oh Laid, Tundei
In your womb whose child is there
Oh SiUi Tundei
In your womb is Mali^s child.
!
Oh
Do
Oh
Tundei.
not take the contract of Kugti,
Mdli Sahnu
Sail
(14).
(15).
(16).
(17).
A blacky
Ob
Notes. {2),
(3),
The wooiNa
1.
2.
Z.
5.
6.
Samhhud khdi
7.
8*.
9.
10.
l\.
12.
13
1.
2.
3.
4.
.^S
ho meri jdn
(*) hachhdi.
Khdi karijd
Dohar dindi
Samhhud
karijd,^
oi kari 0) jd,
Samhhud
Kdidjmd
Ammd
dord [^)hachha
(6),
meri
Samhhud dyd
of wheat, ghi
Bread
and
ddt,
,,
L,r
12
I:
11
(),
bo.
7.
10.
choia
(!)
6.
{Gddi),
of Sawbiiwa.
4.
from
(literally
,, ,
*
"having eaten
>'\
go.
)
,o go
s:SfsLeVSe
my bfe
you
go,
Sleep before
(Ute.allj "
karke," "
Dher " ,s the
be "
.
<.
(.)
1,0
wheuce
,,
^'-
comes
k.U
kW karke "nni" so HI
A
Hm a.d Pan ,A.
" dhira]
^^
,,,
8
_^
slowness,
^crkV.>t"i;^:t'th:i':rof"ka,ak"is
^^
aa.a
for
tl.em
^^,
to
(,)
".S"'"';
fo-n
similarity an^
Sr-'^ronominal adiectivo of
^.?S?ttt"cSt;'bLT:'oo, which
thoGaaa. winds
'
'
^^\:^ asl?^a:rh-t:a-:rirdt
th.
white."
the capacious woollen frock worn by Gaddi
men and women. It is secured round the waist by the
*'
The " chold " comes half down the thigh on
dord, ."
men and to the ankles on women. The *' (lord " round
the waist makes a large body in the " chold, " above the
THe body is called the " khokh/' and forms a
waist.
receptacle for very miscellaneous articles, such as a number of newly born lambs, biead, or wool for spinning.
C).
" Chold"
(8).
The Gaddi
1.
is
girl's choice op
deni, chdchud.
Sajre chiinde
2.
a husband.
3.
Td chdharajo
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
tui
1.
To an
2.
I shall
old
man
3.
4.
5.
To one who
call
comes
give
me, father.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
He
me
me, father.
my
and
all
the
"hos"
" Jo " in the first, third, fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth, eleventh and
twelfth lines is the sign of the dative case.
"Chach" in Gdddi and " chdchu " in the valleys of K4ngra is a
jommon word for " father."
The meaning
Iress
is
worn
of the
out.
" Bholi " in the second line is the feminine third person singular
uture, from " bhond. " " to be."
" Gorii " in the sixth line means a herd of horned cattle.
" Khokha " in the tenth line is the body of a Gaddi's frock which is
nade into a pocket by the frock being tightly bound at the waist with a
vooUen rope called " dord," which passes several times round the waist.
" is used. to carry miscellaneous articles. The wearer's dinner
[!he " khokha
aay be seen in iter even half a dozen new-born lambs or kids
"De]4"inthe
twelfth
line
is
third
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
0.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1.
person Bini'ular
ammar
On
was bathing.
2.
3.
" The heaven is clear like silver whence do the cold drape come ?"
Sitting in the balcony his mother, Nain Banti, was weeping
bitterly.
4.
5.
up.
evil
6.
''
to
evil
7.
evil
(at
will
8.
evil
abuse.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
immorfal.
A
1.
2.
Song.
(A
3.
4.
ho.
5"e
[i.e.,
jilted).
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Tdn dheddu
hdlii
Lubd,nn.
10.
11.
12.
Luhdnudh.
hd?l,
SoNa.*
{Gddi).
hd.
Tuddh
hin nindar
na aundi
hd.
Rddhd.
Krish'-aa.
is
sleeping
fanning a breeze.
shoes ;
I fair-complexioned (have) no shoes,
(To me fair is no slioe, literally)
Krishna. Do not pout, pout, my Rukmani
To Rddhd I will give shoes.
my
Rd'^hd. ?
elder
sisters -in-
laAV (have)
Ditty.
Khasam mare
...
...
...
Dal
...
...
..
hal hare
Rddhd
husband die.
One may wander
If a
to
Ydr mnre
...
...
Kihhdh
...
...
KhiJid httte
...
...
...
Talli pdie
...
...
o..
search of another).
If a lover die.
How can one live ?
"If a blanket ia torn,
l^nt on a patch.
Amhar
...
...
...
If
...
...
,..
How
jind
futte
Kinhdn sind
...
_
* This Song
...
is
heaven splits.
can one sew
incomplete.
it ?
and
fro (ia
Notes
EDWARD
Kangra.
the late
Di:puty Commissioneu op
Revised with Additional Notes dy the Rfv
T
bailey, B.D., M.R.A.8., Wazieabad.
O'BRIEN,
Es^uike,
c.s.,
GRAHAME
NOUNS.
The declension of G^di nouns is effected {except for tlio
a^ent case),
Hmdo.tdni by the addition of Postpositions to what
as
may bo called
the - Formnt.ve
case of the noun. Thus Nominative
Sinrjular khanddi
(a flock), l^ormative Singular khande ; Genitive Singular
khando rA, &c.
m
_
cases
Nom.
I.
Mase. in a
II.
,,
III.
IV. Fern,
Format. Sing.
Khanda
Khande
in u
Gobhru
Gobl.rn
in a eonsonatit
Ghar
Ghari.
in a
Biar
Biari
Khakho
Khakho
in
VI.
in o
V.
Sing.
Nom.
in
the various
The other
Examples
1st declension
Masc. in
a.
Norn. Sing.
My
h^.
Gen. Sing.
flock.
Agent Sing.
Loc. Sing.
Ahl. Sing.
Vac. Sing.
Nam.
PI,
Gen. PI.
T)at.
Ace. PI.
Agent
PI.
Loc. PI.
Ahl. PI.
Vvc.Pl.
Exception :^"Fem, in
a.
Aun bujhnun
barkhd, na bhone
ri.
Masc. in
2nd declension
Ak gobhrd madarse jo gdhndd hi.
Norn. Sing.
A young man goes to school.
Ise gobhru rd burh^ gyani hJi.
Gen. Sing.
The young man's father is wise.
*
Ise gobhru-ri kalam kharl ha.
The young man's pen is good.
:
Song.
Dat
Ace. Sing.
Agent Sing.
jo ditti.
Loc. Sing.
AhJ. Sing.
Voc. Sing.
tliat
young man.
Ai gobhrud
r^zi hairi.
Song of
V*
Khoji'i.
Lurhli " will roll down " is third singular feminine future from
"
Lurhnd, " to roll down
Nom.
Gen.
PL
Agent
Pi.
Loc. PI.
Ahl. PI.
Voc.
madarse
Young men go
jo gahnde bin.
to school.
Tid,n ():obhru r^
Grobhrii
PI.
Ai gobhruo
PL
Dative.
lover.'
lover
"To
Song of a woman on
the
choice
of a
husband,
" Deli " is the third person singular feminine and " dela " is the third
person singular masculine of the future tense from dend, "to give.^' Deli
Dela He will give.
I will give.'
Zrd declension
Kuse
.'-'Masc.
On what
Nom,
Sing,
in a consonant.
date
am
I to
hhond (Nagrota)
?
?
Gen. 8ing.
Fire
is
bari.
ag lagandi ha.
easily caught by houses which aro roofed with
grass.
Ghar^ manj
Loc. Sing.
All. Sing,
Voc. Sing.
(or
a house
are
Aith
declension
Nam. Sing.
Fern, in a consonant.
j
'
bara ha.
The power of wind is great.
Bid,ri-ri chher kannd jo taune karo dindi hd.
The noise of the wind is deafening.
Dat. Ace. Sing. Bid,ri jo rukhe de
Shut out the wind {lit. tn the wind).
Bid.ri sab khail bhani ditte hiu.
Agent Sing.
The slates are broken by the wind.
Bidrimanj (or man) matgachen na takasri bhuch
Loc. Sing.
Do not go into the wind or else you wUl get ill.
Bid,ri thaun pichtde bho.
Ahl. Sing,
Get away from the wind.
Ai biari meri kanakiijo khanlb mat kar
Voc. Sing.
Oh wind do not spoil my wheat
Gen. Sing.
Bidri-rd, jor
g.^hlu,
Nam.
Sing.
Gen. Sing.
Fern, in
i.
Ijji
The son
Agent Sing.
Loc. Sing.
Ijji
manj
There
is
(or
mdh)
much
mate
diih
hA.
love in a mother.
Ahl. Sing.
Voc. Sing.
Ai
ijji
Norn. PI,
hd.
hin.
Gen. PI.
Agent. PI.
Loc. PI.
Abl. PI.
Voc.
PL
Oh mothers cook
food
6th declension
Nam. Sing.
Fern, in
o.
mother-in-law
to sew.
is
how
Agent Sing.
Loc.
Gen.
PL
Dat. Ace.
PL
My
mothers-
in-law.
Agent PI,
Loc.
PL
AbL PL
PL
Agent Sing,
CakJ
By
Nom. PL
Agent PI.
My
POST POSITIONS.
The following require the nouns which they govern
with
re
before.
Tale,
below.
Andar,
in.
Sdmhne,
in front of.
Up par,
Bd,har,
above.
Paihle,
before, in
outiiide.
*Marure,
through, or in
*Mola,
qnence of.
conformable
Bdte,
in place of.
Tdin, tden, for, on account
Parant
in the
of,
formative caae
conso-
to.
re,
without.
Bin,
Pichhorn or
Manj
in or
behind,
pichhiiro
Sahi,
among.
Mdn 1
appearance.
below,
towards, with, near
like, of
Bimh,
Pdr
beyond,
Seite,
with.
Majat
tijne.
after.
to
Malle
(Urdu
is
feminine as
Ih
kam
pus).
majat
teri
bhu.-i
Examples.
Tudh
Without you
re fdeii d
sliop
come.
Meih heru tidn re bdl bachche m;ille koi
I saw to his children no neigiibours go.
Heru
is
singular past
tense of
hernfi,
Urdu pds.
Gahnde present tense of gahnd, to go.
Aun Muhane malle thu tinjii roti khane
Dharmftdln Gadi.
tliil.
Yor
salt
.'ir^khi
to
jo
parekhi nahin
see; malle,
na
to,
literally,
e.
g.,
Plurnl.
A-^so, assun.
Menl
rn.la.
Munjo, mao-o,
munhun, mun.
Munjo, muiihun, laun.
Ace.
Agent.
Ahl.
Loc.
Mein.
Asse.
Mun
Mun
Assu thann.
Assu mauj.
Form,
Meiii,.
fchaun.
manj.
vmh, ma,
towards^
balii.
Singular.
gillindo.
Asse,
Urdu
Examples
jo.
Song.
I do not pull out my own.
[Gadheran).
galin^.
Mun joid re raste Ku^rkhi 30
I am going to Kuarsi by way of tlie passes.
Dat.
Mun
"(or
mdgo halu na ha
in
another
>
nose-ring.
to me.
Munhun or mun dote khorairi jo p;abnA hd.
To-morrow to me is to go (I have to go) to
my
father-in-law's
house,
Munhun kbakho
1
There
Moge
must go
15 in
to
my
malle gdhna.
mother-in-law.
to me, as in
"
Khund "
Nom.
is
plural.
{Song.)
hear
''
;
" hd "
is
the
We
Examples
rarely beard
tlie number.
the
plural.
seems
the
singular
generally
do
duty
for
the
to
conversation
lu
in
PI'.ONOUN.
'
Examples-'-'
'
Nam.
Uh;
Gen.
Ace.
Agent.
Ljc.
Abl.
Form,
Uh
is
so.
Plural
So.
j^'J-
^^"J*^-
Uni.
U'ijen.
Us mauj.
U'dfi manj.
Us thaun.
U'dn thaun.
Us.
UViii.
indefinite;
So is definite^
" tis " are also used
and
Ida
jo.
lyypn.
Idh manj.
Idn thaun.
Idn.
ATIYE PRONOUN.
Pluraf.
So.
Tiaii-ra, tidn-ri, tidn-re.
Tidn-jo.
Tiyycn.
Tidn manj.
Tiaii thaun.
Tidh.
Examples-"
Jaseri khairi, tiseri nidhi.
Jinni bari tinni bid,bi.
Che spring crop belongs to that man to whom the autumn crop belongs,
rbat man marries (tbe girl) who betrothed her,
'
Khairi^Ms the autumn or Kharif harvest. ^' Ni^hi " is the spring or
Eiabi crop.
Formative Singular.
Terd,
man
"Why
is
Agent Singular.
Tinni
He
m6n
{Kdngra),
Formative Plural.
Singular.
Je and
Noon.
Gen.
Je and
jo.
jo.
Jas-jo.
Jid-h-jo.
Agent.
Jinni.
Jiyyefi.
Loc.
Jitin
All.
Jas-manj.
Jas-thaun
Form.
Jas.
Dat.
?
Ate.
manj.
Jian thaun.
Jidn,
Example
of the
Proverb.
Singula,r,.
Nom.
Oen.
Pat.
Kun?
Kun
Kas-jo
Kidn-jo
Ace.
Agent
Kui.ii ?
pGC.
Kas uianj.
Kas thaun
Kas ?
Ail
Form.
Kiyyen ?
Kian rnanj
Kidii thaun.
Kiah.
Eicamples
Singular Agent.
Tii
Kufii balle
Who
maode
heru, msita,
Who looked;
mother
mandi hiikkhi
(at
Song of Raj
Ta kuni bo
bol
'J.
Gopi Ghand,
29
The Neuter
follows
Interrogative Pronoun
''
kid,"
what
13
declined
Nom.
Kid
(tcw.
Ace.
Examples
^^-1
Eh
Koi.
Kaski-rd, kuski-ri, kaski-re.
Worn.
6^en.
Dat.
'
Ace.
Agent.
Loc.
Ahl,
No
Kaski
jo.
Kuni.
Kakl man],
Kaski thaun.
Plural.
Examples
Gen.
Agent,
Eh
bhair, kaski
bhoii.
and
Plural.
Tethi
is
Examples
uthi.
Muhan
Where
T;r.
kathi
is
Moge
hil ?
Mohan
To
ra patH^nchin.
tis
rae of
him there
no trace.
,,,,,,,
,^
(Dhar madia),
?
ADVJCRBS OF TIME.
To-day: Aj.
To-morrow
Day
Day
Dote.
after to-uiorrow Farohe.
after ihat Nacharohi.
:
Always: Sadd.
Mxamples
Agiim
Pliire.
Aun
my
father-iu'law's.
Yesterday
ADVERBS OF MANNER.
went
to
th&
Dharvisdla GdcZL
Littlfl by little
Dhakh dhakh.
Quickly Taula taula (or taule taule).
Taula taula ^ah. Gro quickly^ quickly.
Slowly Miittha mattha.
:
Mattha mattha
ild.
will
come
slowly.
Dharmsdla Gadi.
One hundred
To
me,, with,
khau.
me
bhaira bin.
Bhaird, plural.
ADJECTIVES OF PLACE.
Agi^n the nest before, as agi^n mahina, next month.
Naragidn the next before but one;^ as naragian mahina, one month,
:
next.
ifter
Chhur4
much.
Dharmsdla Gddi.
tude kindre bht chhura
On
hd.
much
(snow).
Dhai'msdla Gddi.
Right
Daihn^.
Left
bd,dn.
THE VERB.
The Auxiliary Verb
is
thus conjugated
Peesbnt Tense.
"I am."
''Thou art."
Aun hun.
Tu bain.
"
So ha,
Apse hun.
Tusse hin.
So bin.
Aun Gaddi hun.
Bat bin bara ha.
Asse chour bhai hun.
Mere chach iji bhi hin.
Examples.
He
is."
"We
are."'
"Theyarr."
am a Gfiddi."
"The wind too is
"
ftrong."
are four brothers,"
"There are also ray father
"
Wo
and mother."
de
karan
Kae
rnthi ha.
?
["a tu kajo ruthi ruthi,
cause
For
what
Rd,dha
my
?
art thuu annoyed?'*
annoyed,
then
art
Why
"
"
thou
Whither
art
going
?
.u kahra chalura haiu.
Sovg of Thakar,
Past Tense.
meri Radha
Masculine.
Exawjples.
iTerti
Aun thd.
Tu thu.
Feminine
Sothie.
,^
We
Kahr^
thu,
Rali re koda jo gahnd thu.
"I wras to go to the fair of Ralla,"
to the fair of Halla to go was."
^
Mo
jo kajo
" I was."
thi.
So thu.
Asso thie.
Tusse thie.
thi.
Why
go thu.
literally
"To me
"
To BECOME, TO BE.'*
Bhona, To be, to become*
I.-^Tens98 formed from the Root.
AORIST.
I
may be
or become.
Singular.
Pkiral.
Aun bhuclihun.
Tu bliueh.
Asse bhuchlnm.
Tusse bhun.
So bhun.
Fdture. *
So bhua.
I will
be or become.
Singular
Aun
bliuclihunla
or
riural.
bhola.
Fern.
Asse
bboH.
bhuchhunle or bhole.
Fam
bholi.
Tu bholl
Tupae bhole.
So bhole.
So bhola.
Example.
Jotd
ri
The way
difficult.
Imperative.
Singular.
Tu
Plwi-nl.
bho.
Tusse bhoa.
II.
am
or become.
Singular.
Plural.
So bhondd..
Present.
T
am
or become, &c.
Singular.
Plural.
or bbunun.
Tu bhonda hain or bbunen hain.
So bhonda ba.
Imperfect.
r was becoming.
Plural.
Singular.
thu.
III.
Past.
I
Singular.
Aun bbud
Tu
So
or bhuchhura,
bhua or bhuchhurd.
bhua or bhuchhura.
became, &c.
Plural.
* In Garhwali, "lo" is the termination of tlio future m4rlo let, 2ncl nnd ."^rfl persoas
singular future tense of " marn^ " to strike; " la " is the termination of all tliroe pTsona
plural future. The Kumaoni future ia similar. See Kellogg's Hindi Grammar, pp. 238, 239.
Perfect.
Flural.
Singular.
Ploperpect.
I
Singular.
Plural.
Auh bbuS
or bbucbbura tbu.
Tu bliud or bbucbbura tbu.
So bbua or bbucbbur^ tbu.
Conjunctive Participle.
Bbucbbkari, or Bbucbbkar "baving been " ^'or baving become."
Bbonde
Adverbial Participle,
"on being" or "on becoming."
site
Herna.
Her,
"eeetbou."
jS''^'^'^^
]"
Hernun
I.-
To
see.
Seeing."
^
Heru.
"Seen.''
may
see.
Singular.
Plural.
Ann berun,
Tu beren.
Asse hemfi.
Tusse beran.
So ber6.
So beran.
FOTDRE.
I will see.
Singular.
Aun berunld
Tu berl^.
Plural.
So berla.
berli.
Imperative.
Singular.
Tu
ber.
Plural.
Tusse bera.
"Look you."
Singular.
Aun
berandd.
Fern,
^ hernun.
Tu
berandd. or t bernen.
So
herandd,.
Plural.
berandi
or
or
Present.
I ata seeing.
Singttlar.
Plural.
Aun
Tu
So heranda
ha.
Imperfect.
was seeing.
Singular.
Plural.
Aun heranda
A.S80 herandetlik).
Tu
Tus?e herande
So
So heratido
Fem. horandf
thi.
thie.
thie.
Singular.
Plural.
Mein heru.
Asso heru.
Tu3se heru.
Tiyyeh heru.
Tain heru.
Tinni heru.
Perfect.
I
have seen.
Singular.
Mein heru
Tain
Plural.
ha.
lieru ho.
Pluperfect.
I
had
seen.
Singular.
Plural.
Conjunctive Participle.
Her, Heri kari. " Seeing," " On seeing."
Example
Her jaw^n ruiyd,.
Edjd; Gaddan behi.
" Seeing her young loo1<ing
The Rdia married the Gaddi woman."
Sovgof"
Nokhi,"
Rdjd Sansdr Chand married.
Adverbial Participle.
Herande
site.
"
On
seeing."
Past Participle.
Herura, " Seen " correBponds to " dekha hud " of Hindi.
Bekhna.
To
sit.
1,
may
sit.
Plural,
Singular.
Lun bekhun.
Cu bekhen.
5o
Root.
bekha.
Future.
I will sit.
Singular.
Plural.
kuYx bekhla.
Asse bekhle.
Pu bekhla.
Tuase bekhle.
So bekhle.
5o bel:hla.
Imperative.
Plural.
Singular,
sit.
Plural.
Singular.
PiiESENT.
am
sitting.
Plural.
Sirigular.
\.uh
3o bekhanrla ha.
So bekhande
Imperfect.
I was sitting.
Plura I.
Singular.
Pariici'ple.
PAfT.
I ^at.
Plural,
Singular,
&uh
baitha or bitluira.
Pu baith^ or bithiira.
So baithd or bithurd,.
Auh
liiu.
Singular.
baithd. or bithura huh.
Plural.
So baithe or bithure
bin.
6i
Pldpebpect.
I
had
sat.
Singular.
Plural.
Bekhna. To sit.
Conjunctive Paijticiple.
Bekhi kaii. Havinjr sat.
Adverbial Pahticiple.
Bekhande
On
site.
sitting.
To
*fNA,
come.
Infinitive.
Trui.
Present Participle.
Past Participle
I.
Tenses
...
Tnda.
or chhura.
may come.
Singular.
Ann
Tu
So
Plural.
aiefi.
Asse iclichhuh
Tusse aiva.
aiyd.
icbchhun.
FUIURK.
I
will
come.
Singular.
Ann iU
Tu
So
Plural.
Fern.
or chliunld,.
ill.
iU.
ild.
Aun
dote
come tomorrow.
I will
il^,
Fem.
Imperative.
Plural.
Singular.
Ttidi.
Come
Tusse
thou.
II.
ai^.
Come you.
Singular.
Aun
indd.
Fem.
Q'u indd.
So
indd.
Plural.
indi.
)3
)3
* To bring,
Bring,
lei-a,
Brought,
lei-a.
Bringing,
I will bring,
le-ind^.
le-ila
or
lei
chhxLuli,
indf.
it
fli,
Present.
I
come or am coming.
Plural.
Singul ar.
Aun
indd
Fem.
hufi.
Tu
indd, bain.
So
indd,
indi,
&c.
hd,.
Fem.
iudi, &c.
it
))
t)
Imperfect.
I was coming.
Plural.
Singular.
Fem.
indi
tbi,
it
>t
So.
Indd, tbu.
ainde thie.
thf.
)i
Past.
I came.
Phiral.
Singular.
Aun
Fem.
ai.
Tud.
1)
i>
So
^.
d.
have come.
Plural.
Singular.
Aun
Tu
Fem.
^ hun.
bain.
A ha.
A\,
&c.
a
Fever and ague has come.
S(>
,,
,,
Fem.
Asse Ae bun.
Tusse i,e hin.
&c.
6,
So
di,
chhurd, ha.
ae bin.
Pluperfect.
I
had come.
Plural.
Singular.
Aun
Tu A
So
Fem.
thu.
tbu.
A tbu.
d,
From
d-i
thi.
So ae
tbie.
A'l
thi.
i)
formed.
Past.
I
came.
Plural,
Singular.
Aun
chhurd,.
Fem. chhuri.
Asse chhure.
Fem. chhuri.
Perfeat.
I have come.
Plural,
Singular.
Aun chhurd
hun.
Pluperfect.
I
had come.
Plural.
Singular.
Aun
chhuri thu.
Fem.
chhuri
thi.
Infinitive oe
tiji^.
Coming.
Asse chhure
thlo.
Verbal Noon.
Of coming.
is
CONJDNCTIVB PaRTICIPLB.
Having come.
Adverbial PAUTicirLE.
tnde site. On coming.
Gahna.
To Go.
Gahnda.
"Going."
Past Participle.
Go
I.
or guchburd,.
" Gone."
may
go.
Singular.
Aun
Plural,
gachhfin.
Asse gachhun.
'J'usse gachha.
So gdhan.
Tu gachheh.
So gacbhd.
Future.
I will go.
Singular,
Aun galila
Td gdhl^.
Plural.
or gachhuhl^.
So gdhla.
Imperative.
Go
thou.
Singular,
Tu
Plural.
Tusse gachha.
gah.
Indefinite.
go-
Singular,
Plural
gabndd.
So gd,hnda.
I
Present.
am going.
Singular.
Aun
gd;lindd or
Plural.
gdhnun hun.
Tu gdbndd
bain.
So gdhnda
ha.
Imperfect.
was going.
Singular.
Plural.
So g^hud^ tbu.
So g^hndd
thio.
III.
Past.
I went..
Plural.
Singular,
Aun
g nr guchliurd,.
Tu go
or guchliur^.
So Soor guchhurd.
Pbesent.
I
have gone.
Plural.
Singular.
gucliViur^ liun,
hfin
or
go
Aun
Tu go hain cr guchhura hain.
So go ha or guclihurd M.
had gone.
Vliiral.
Sinaulnr.
guchhura thie,
Asse fifae
Tnsse gae thie or guchliure thie.
So ga thie or guchhure thie.
thie or
Conjunctive Participlf-,
Gachhi
kari.
Having gone.
Advkebial Participle.
Gahnde
site.
On
k\
going.
had gone
Indefinite, khdnda.
eat.
pindd..
drink,
Dena, give.
Laina take.
Balud say, speak.
do.
Karnd,
Lei-gahn4 take away
n
it
ft
is
te
Kugti.
Past, khd,u.
>r
piu.
ditta.
dinda.
Future, launU, lel^, Past, leu
lainda.
balandd. Past, balu.
karu..
kardd.
,,
^'-
-.
.
^
K-),
Kh,r4pali,l
aun hun.
.
'"
"''"^ "'^
,1,i^'i"
MA
j;'^.' "'.''
"'"kbi
blnibbu
fr^ihnda
h)1^t
nhatoan,,. h. .0 ^.jSi- ha
''"
a\e bhai^ ri
cUndt^l^rid?''"'''
J'un ate
jo
aun
Jdinda
1.
Ter^nankya?
2.
Es ghore
there in
ri
What
'^'"
J_
Mthi
bakri
11.
So rukkhii tale
seated on a horse.
bigtlr I'aThis'fL:?:-"
15.
6.
o. well
18.
19.
'"'^
"
'^"'''^'
^^' ^'^''"
Ho. an,
Today
^'^ >>-
son, are
Uve
eo,
1 tH huse
He "
h
gra.i,,.
s mazing
J ! on
goats
u^ under
j
He
W.
the tn c
H.
-J
is
b.othe,.
Its prie is
.wo-and-a-haif rupee,
,,a.
^'-^ ^
-">"'''
My
father
I,>e, in
Walk
Fr. him
^""^ (^"''
baonha.
Hav.g beaten
^''
'"
hat?^^"
^^^^22.
H.a
i^
'
^''*^"'
"^"
'^"^
^^oll
his
mSi-fi.
chiranda ha.
'^"
J^'.^Jh
''"" ''-?
On
pS.
limaU hos"""
'the
is
8.
13,
'^=''^'""' ^''-^^
is
with
^^
I'f'
P'^'^^^
Soptapur
^f
fn
Stber'Ao'Lel"
^Jn,t^i:.tX
10.
klanl'V"'' ff"'
^^
thy name
umbar ha ? What
ketri
J*^
""^^
'
ate fkke
hui^^^
el
a ate
I,
P^^''^'-^ ^"^^
^^ whom
From
^-
didst
^^''^^) 1^^.
thou buy
a shopkeeper of tha
42
Glossaet of woeds peculiar to the Kanc41ia District and the neighbouring
Esquire,
o.s.,
B. D.,
M.R.A.S.,
EDWARD
LATE
O'BRIEN,
Words
Additional
Bl THE
TRACTS.
HILL.
by the
GRAHAME
Revd. T.
BAILEY,
Wazieabad.
Note. The Sanskrit derivatioua are by Dr. T. Ph. Vogei, Archaeological Surveyor to
the Punjab Goverument. He Las employed the Irausiliteration eysttJin of the Asiatic {society
of Beugal.
i^
H.
.v..
Wfia
.^^
Cp. Compare.
Ij hoot.
Skr. Sanskrit.
......
._,id
Hindi.
Persian.
Kullii Dialect]
p.
Ku.
man forward
Agrola,
Means.
Related to.
in speaking..
(Of
what bird
it;
Ajhan, yet,
still.
G. Akhoka, adj., of this year, akho, as in " akhoki chhalli paroki chhalli
thaun khari hin," " this yt ar's maize is (lit., are) better than last year's.'*
Alliia= Amalfas.
Ambar, sky.
(Lambagraon).
Skr. ambara.
is
cf. oitar,
"known."
Skr. aparam = other,
Apan, bub,
Appun,
(Suloh).
further).
G. Aten, and.
A nkkh5, trouble
and enemy
field to
drain
it
chalra or
chala).
= Vadlin^.
(Kangra).
(Bandla).
Skr. y/ vadh
= to alay.
Baglu,
Bagnd,
ft
Ga'idi's purse of
untauned skin
(for tobacco).
flow.
G. Bagri,
field.
Bdgur, s.
whirlwind.
f.,
air,
(cf.
behau).
Baihri, year.
is
is
the
camp
Banhd
= Samalu)
(I
have excommuni-
G. Baragh, leopard.
Barhnd,, Subst. masc. or verb, rain or to rain.
Baran, Skr. var?hana.
Skr. varsba-kala.
Barsdla, rainy season. Ku. barbal.
* Baruthi, the court-yard of a hou8e = cZd/dn, cf. uan. (Hamirpur).
Bpsa, a hamlet when high up on a hill. Skr. vasa (dwelling).
Basab, trust. Skr. visvasa.
Basand, ploughed land = taraddadi.
(Gaddi).
Basdi, a hamlet.
(Kutlehar).
Skr. vasati = dwelling.
Basinda, a hamlet, (inhabitant). Skr. y/ vas = to stay.
Basunti, Adhatoda fsaica, Stewart, 164.
Bat, a road. H. bat.
Bat, s. f. egg.
G. Bd,t, wind as in " baia bdt jhulura," (' a great wind is blowing ')
Skr, vdta v^ va.
Batlohi, brass pot.
Batra 60 % per annum of interest. (Kutlehar).
(Bhawarna).
Batt, upper millstone.
Tali, under millstone.
Batti, a measure, = two sera pakka.
G. Bauh, fore-quantar of a sheep. (Dharmsdla). Skr. bahu ) ( = arm).
(house)
(Sujanpur). Skr. vyavahara ?
Bauhar, upper story, roof
.
11
affaiis.
G. Bauhrea, sown.
= ewe.
Bher, a ewe. Cp. bhedu.
(P^larapnr).
Bheth. a precipice.
" Bhittdn dei de^/' shut the door, {tit the planks used here as a door).
Bhrabhu, red bear
In Skr. powerful, lord.
Bhukr^n, a clod-crusher. (Dera).
,
Bhun,
field.
G.
(a
great wind
= the
flush.
is
blowing).
Skr. vidyut.
Chamrd, skin
'IChamri,
skm
(of cattle).
/
t:
(of
a^
man).
\
) ci
>
okr.
carman= skin,
i
(Gaddi).
ii.
i.leather,' shield.
i
is
tied
+ chdbr^=
r^cbof "Is^ jimfna 50 Irai chou lagdo, tap nan hao ;"
streams are attached, there are nine mouths for the
ChoiS, a stream,
[to this land three
water.]
(Kdngra).
From
in the sun.
P.
ongur
Skr.
Dalhunnf, hive.
domesticated tree-bee
little
by
cf.
bhandaur
"
Dhakh-dhakh,
little,
'
the
'
etc.)
dhakh,
little.
Dhamman=Beuhl,
Phig, precipice.
Pliingara, Hind, arhar, a kind of pulse, Cajanus Indicus,
Dhiotra, a daughter's son. Skr. dauhitra.
Dbirnd, to drag. (Cbaumukha).
bears a
dhurya, dhaareya
fruit,
Atocarpus
(Ramgarh).
integrifolia.
beast of burden.
(From
Dikkna
see, look.
Dohru, blanket.
Poind, to tremble.
G. Dote, to-morrow,
cf.
H. dan-thain.
Dudhar, a hut in the cultivated land for the purpose of being near the
fields.
Proverb.
H. gappi.
is
* G. Gadld, latngur.
G. Gaun, hot.
tjhdlak, helper.
^hdlki, help.
Ghalna, to help. H. ghalnd has qaite a different meaning.
Gharethal, stand for water pots.
G. Gharingar, saddle of a sheop. (Dharmsdla).
(Saloh).
-Gha-iini, the bird which makes bottle shaped nests.
"Gharu, a precipice.
Ghatti, slope.
Xihoru, horse smaller than ghord.
Ghnard, a stack of rice-straw. (Kdngra).
<3rhunRanian, parched wheat.
Gid, the name of a fish. (Bhddpur), Beds.
(Dera and Sujanpur).
Gidli, name of a fish.
GolDhru, son. H. gabru =boy.
(restricted
Guhd,rd, open.
Gullu, a cob of maize
G. Gurld,, sweet.
to
Skr.
Skr. accha
= clean).
Handhna, walk.
Handu, earthen cooking pot.
Bangi, sieve of wood and leather.
Hera, shikar.
G. Herna, see, look.
Hi, yesterday, ai in " Hi aun kachahri jo na go,"
Ku. hij, Skr. hyaa.
jtntcherry did not go).
(yesterday I to
47
Hiund, Hiund^, winter^ as '^akhoke liiundii man] tuBSO apnn)]iRir
j^oat^ ihiML.
bakri kitthf charni hin ?" where will you grazo your shoep luid
winter?) (Dharmsala). Skr. hemanta.
* Hiunwdt, snow-blindness.
IbMn, now,
ibhla, ibhk^., of
to this time.
now, belonging
G. Ijai, mother.
Ikkar, kind of sugarcane.
Illan, kite.
Irkhia, shame.
Itkha, itbakha, to this side.
^^effll^r^
V)lighiff.
G.
in " jar
_,
curca^,
kbit icl.hu.d
,
ry.
Stewart's Ptaujab
.
(fev^-
hd/'
r.i
*
Planfp
Jelld, hard.
G. Jhauntu axe.
Jliuddu, henpecked husband.
Jhugdnk, annoy.
Jhumb = a stack of Indian corn.
Jhangd, house.
Jhungi, inferior house, shed.
G. Jora, rope.
(Hamirpur).
Junds, a wife.
(Bhawarna).
Jungla, yoke.
Juthuttar, husband's elder brother
(Lamb^grdon)
r
cf.
ll _.
chhnmh.
son.
(there are
many
p. &y.
^^tt:'^:^t^J^^^v''^^^
m
"""' ''"'"'
.^^
kar^a
f^^^^
or oblong
stack of rice, .,.are
Maadi). +bkr.
KasikrS, a crab. (Pbelu
'"^Xri
^'"''^
^'
Kaaar, swarm.
^^^
sandstone whfcR
T^
^i^
u,eo or cattle
(Baragrdon)
""^
^^
J^Tlu'
tracks
by the feet o
cf.
Kasari, sick.
(Bara^rdon)
Kasa:al. Be, bens aristata.
Rasot is made of the root of tho
kasmal
* Knur, a weed w,th a yellow flower
(Lodhwan), observed
"^iveu in neias
fields
generally
February and March.
Kawar
^^^
G Khadnd,
call.
Kbi^du, a ram.
?V^T^??:^
^i^'^'P'
""
splititer.
""^
Beds)
fi^^'
'
Urdu Mahaser.
'(Bhadpnr on
G, Khalai, locust.
Skr. sdlabha.
Khal-dard, resin of the diil, (Pinus longifolia),
Darini
Khalri, skin (of a sheep or g.>at
a flock, (Dharaisdia)asin "tussere
.(> KJianda
.
.,
kh.nde mani
""^"^
Khard" ood
^'^
"'"'^ ^'''^'
-^^'^^
ketrr
flock)?
G. Kharal, hair.
G. Kharat, loss. Skr.
sar to break.
Khdri, basket. Skr. khdra, khan = a measure
of capacity.
^
G-. Knaiina. stand up.
G. Khauhrd, father-in-law.
Skr. svasura.
G. Kheil, a porcupin.^ ( = saihl).
Skr. salyaka
'
KheU.
cold.
Khukh,
fnm
foregoing.
Kf,
^hand went
to shoot).
Kichh, something
Kird, snake.
Kiun,
common
"^
= kuchh.
G Kod I foi?^''
KothM,
a clod-crusher.
Kudl, slope.
chalia,'
{vide pdrar).
(Kdno-ra).
(Bangar).
(Suloh)
(Lanj),
(Devi
^Levi
^'
(Suloh).
Kurkd,, name of a fish. (Dera and Sujd,npur).
Kuli,
girl.
Kunl^
is
of 2 or 3 years.
cf.
ka
(Lanj).
not grown.
Laira, Sawan.
Lairthi, lying-in woman.
Lak, waist, " Merd, lak dole"
("my
waist swings").
is fine).
LauhH, boy.
Leh,
thistle.
(Lodhwan).
Lhd;d or
Lurhnd,
(=
red blood).
(Tira in Kutlehar).
fail.
Mach, a kind
handle, for levelling
of toothless rake,
muddy land.
Machld, lazy.
Magar, kind of bamboo.
M^hnun, man.
* Makhar, a swarm of bees.
Makhir, honey.
Mandhd, flying fox. (Sujdnpur Tira),=manchd,h.
Manjii,
(Kotla).
in.
Nagar, town.
Skr, nagara.
G. Nai, river.
G. Nakarj, the day before the day before yesterday,
Ndl, stream, also nald n^lu, smaller thau ndU.
Napilii^, to wring, (clothes, &c.).
G. Nar, stone.
Naun, a masonry tank as in *' Thuiali da naun./'
;
Nindar, sleep.
*
Ph^t, meadow.
Phatnd, strike Tvith Bword.
Phattu, a shinglo for roofing (Darini).
G. Phiri in^, return.
as in " Parmesure di^ kirpa te tuereii ghareh ch6r
phukkdn ban" (by the favour of God there are four persona in ray house).
Picchen, behind, Skr. prsthe. Locative of prishtha =back.
(Hamirpur).
Pippal, red pepper.
Phuk,
life, soul,
get ready, as in
(Song).
palauquin)
Skr. pita.
Piuld, yellow.
Pirna,
to
pd,lki,"
(get
ready
my
:and
is
thread as
it is
spindle.
light).
wool
becomes thread
it
Pugnd, be acceptable.
Puhdl, shepherd.
Pukkd, pokd, kiss.
Pukkarnd, help.
G. Puthi, prep, and adv., up, above, upon, as in " pu^hi mal
tgachchhe," (do not go up).
* Rana, queen bee.
Skr. r^jan (= king) rdj^naka (= kinglet).
Rirhl, spur of a mountain.
Rikh,
(Rihlu'.
line,
= thoupand
Skr.
root),
salyaka,
Sandb, a
bull.
'
(I
(Baragraon).
Skr. sisa, sisaka.
Simbal, simmal, Bomhax ske-piaphyleum.
Sel, bark-fihre.
Sik, lead.
Sindh; whistle.
Sinna, wet.
* Sirignd, ground-bee.
Sit, (Gddi, kbit) ague.
Skr. sita (= cold).
Sitak. bark of a tree (Baragrdon).
young
(of
animals).
Skr. -^ su to bear.
(Rajhun).
Sotna, to glean, sweep, or collect by sweeping.
Sudru, suari, small field next to house.
Suhklu, sweet wheaten bread.
Sohd,, slight raio.
(Lanj).
Sukdman,
Sup
Tdhdn, on this
Ghhaj
is
a winnowing basket
(Hamirpur).
[Sartaj, sartdjri].
side.
fern, tei,
and
tair,
i,
are
his children.
Tauld, quick (also Jdudri). Cp. H. turat, Skr. ivarita, cp. H. tund,
Skr. turna.
(Gddi). Cp. H. tann.=i, Skr. tapas.
Tau'ndi, s. f., hot season.
Tepra, squint eyed.
G.
(Dharnis^la).
"
eh meri thaini hai," (this
Thain-^, deposit,
Th^har, a head
(of cattle).
is
to
verb, to deposir.
Thdk,
H.
s. f.,
thai.
G, Thandd, lazy,
means
of pieces of
wood
),
slow, creeping?
f hulla,
G.
thick.
Skr, sthula.
Tr^mb^, copper.
Skr. tamra,
Skr. trish,
Tuar, Sunday.
G. Tundi, sheep's trotter,
cf.
thudu
in Kuluhi.
foolish
man.
Undrfir, a hamlet.
Un8d,n, a spindle held in the hand.
(Dharmsdla G6di).
T/r, planting rice by hand, " ass^n nadda ur bhi-lei-chhadia,"
(we hav
Ut^h^n, on that
Utfirb, vomit.
side.
^*^,
ft
*.
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