Glossary

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri GLOSSARY
Braj B Kachru
Kashmir News Network
http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri
A Basic Course and Referene Manual for Learning and Teaching Kashmiri as a Second Language
PART II
GLOSSARY
BRAJ B. KACHRU
Department of Linguistics, University of lllinois Urban, lllinois 61810 U.S.A June, 1973
The research project herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. Contract No. OEC-0-70-3981
Project Director and Principal Investigator: Braj B. Kachru, Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, U.S.A.
Disclaimer: We present this material as is, and assume no responsibility for its quality, any loss and/or damages. 2006 Braj B. Kachru. All Rights Reserved.
An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

by Braj B. Kachru
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ....................................................................................................1 GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................2 ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................3 1.0 KASHMIRI-ENGLISH ........................................................................ 1-4 2.0 ENGLISH-KASHMIRI ...................................................................... 2-32 3.0 A PARTIAL LIST OF ENGLISH LOAN WORDS IN KASHMIRI ........... 3-52 4.0 GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS USED IN THIS MANUAL .............. 4-55 5.0 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING ........................................ 5-56

by Braj B. Kachru

by Braj B. Kachru
PREFACE This is a companion volume (Part II) to An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri. In this volume we have included a glossary which is divided into three parts. The first part gives English equivalents for Kashmiri words. The second part gives Kashmiri equivalents for English words. The third part includes a partial list of English borrowings in Kashmiri. In addition, there is also included a glossary of select terms used in this manual, and suggestions for further readings on the Kashmiri language, culture and history. BRAJ B. KACHRU Urbana, Illinois June 1973

by Braj B. Kachru
GLOSSARY The following golossary has been divided into three section. The first section gives English equivalents for Kashmiri words. The second section gives Kashmiri equivalents for English words. The thirds section presents a partial list of the English loan words in Kashmiri. The Kashmiri words have been arranged to the order in traditional dictionaries of Hindi printed in the Devanagri script. Note also the following: 1. A short vowel is written before a long vowel, e.g., asun 'to laugh' is listed before a:sun 'to be'. 2. A nasalized vowel is alphabetized before non-nasalized vowels, e.g., ?:th 'stone of a fruit' before ?:th 'eight'. 3. The items in the English-Kashmiri section are alphabetized according to the order of the English alphabet. 4. As stated in the section on the sounds of Kashmiri, i and yi are in free-variation in the initial position. We have listed all these items under i.

by Braj B. Kachru
ABBREVIATIONS adj. adv. conj. emph. f. hon. inf. inter. m. n. part. plu. pro. sing. v. adjective adverb conjunction emphatic feminine honorific infinitive interrogative masculine noun participle plural pronoun singular Verb

by Braj B. Kachru
1.0
KASHMIRI-ENGLISH
?
?mi:r (adj.) ?mra:k?al(m.) ?sistant ?s ?:th ?:n0 (m.) ?:l (f. sing.) rich Amirakadal (place name) assistant we eight mirror(s) cardamom
a
aksar aki aki ak0t?:j;ih ak0tr0h ak0namath akivanzah akivuh ak0s;i:th ak0satath ak0h?th akuy(m.) akh akhba:r(m.) agar ac;ha ac;hibal atsun az azkal az0ma:vun atho:vuh athas manz thavun ad0 ad0kah anathna:g angri:zi: (m.) anigat0 (f.) often one by one Forty one thirty-one ninety-one fifty-one twenty-one eighty-one seventy-one sixty-one one (emphatic) one newspaper(s) if all right The Achabal Gardens to enter today these days to put the test twenty-eight to keep under ones thumb (control) all right, so what all right, of course Anantnag (place name) the English language darkness
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by Braj B. Kachru
anigat0 gatsh0n an0na:vun anun andar anpad amarna:th(m.) amar ro:zun amikin amb0r tsu:th (m., sing.) amri:kah(m.) ar0t?:j;ih ar0tr0h ar0namath ar0vanzah ar0s;i:th ar0satath ar0h?:th ar0dah ar0ma:n (m.) alag ala:k0 (m.) ava:tar asar:tra:vun asar pon asun (n.) asun (v.) astha:n (m.) asli: asm?:n rang asma:n (m.) a: a:z?:di: (f.) a:thva:r(f.) a:bs;a:r (f.) a:b0havah (m.) a:ra:m(m.) a:ra:m karun a:rthi: a:va:z a:sa:n a:sun
to become dark to cause to bring to bring inside, within illiterate the Amarnath Cave (place name) to become immortal because of this a variety of Kashmiri apples the united States of America forty-eight thirty-eight ninety-eight fifty-eight eighty-eight seventy-eight sixty-eight eighteen longing(s) separate area, region incarnation ( of God) to influence to be influenced smile, laugh to smile, to laugh sacred place (s) actual, real sky-blue color sky yes freedom Sunday Waterfall (s) climate rest to rest, to relax (Hindu) mass devotional singing sound, voice easy to be, to have
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by Braj B. Kachru
i
ij;a:zath (m.) ij;a:zath dun ij;a:zath hon inc; (m.) intiza:m (m.) istima:l (m.) istima:l karun permission to grant permission to ask permissin inch (es) arrangement use, application to use
e
eyarme:l e:s;ya: (m.) airmail Asia
o
od ot ordu: (m.) o:pra: (m.) o:m dNd (m.) o:luv (m., sing.) half there the urdu language opera milk potato
k
k?ts k?n (f., sing.) k?mi:z (f.) k?s;i:r (f.) k?h k?hv0 k?:phi: k?:d karun k?:d kha:n0 (m.) k?:m (f., sing.) k?:m (f.) k?:ri:gar(m.) kari:g?ri (f.) k?:s;ir (adj., f., sing.) k?:s;ur (adj. m., sing.) k?:s;ur (m.) kad0na:vun how many (inter.) stone shirt; Hindi-Urdu kami:z Kashmir at what price? for how much ? Kashmiri tea enough, sufficient to imprison prison (s) work handwork, embroidary, workmanship craftsman (men) craftsmanship Kashmiri Kashmiri the Kashmiri language to cause to take off (clothes)
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by Braj B. Kachru
kata:r (f., sing.) kati kati path0 kat0r (f., sing.) katun katsath kath (f., sing.) kath kar0n kathba:th (f.) kaniphol (m,, sing,) kand (m.) kad0r karun kan bar0n kap (m.) kap?:r kapur (m., sing.) kam kama:l ha:vun kam0y kamr0 (m.) kar karun kala:kand kavita: (f., sing.) kavita: kar0n kas;un kas;t0va:r (m.) kah kah ka:g0r (f., sing.) ka:kaz (m.) ka:ni (f. plu,) ka:pi: (f.) ka:mi lagun ka:r (f., sing.) ka:r0ba:r (m.) ka:l(m.) kita:b (f. sing.) kith0kan kith0p?:th kin0 kilo: (m.) k0nun k0s0m
row from all sorts of places a piece of baked earth to spin (yarn) at which place story to talk, to speak conversation pebble cone-shaped sugar candy to value to poison the ears (of someone), in the sense of to prejudice ) cup which way ? in which direction cloth not enough, little to demonstrate ones excellence only a little room when? to do an Indian sweet; Hindi-Urdu kala:kand poem (poetry) to compose poetry to scratch Kishtwar (place name) any, a eleven the Kashmiri firepot paper cane used for basket work notebook to be of use car trade, business time book how, in waht way how, in what way, in what manner or kilogram(s) to sell type, kind
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by Braj B. Kachru
k0sm0 k0sm0k (m. plu.) k0:tis k0:t (m., plu.) k0:math (m.) kun (m., sing.) kuni doh kunivizi kun0t?:j;ih kun0tr0h kun0vanzah kun0vuh kun0s;i:th kun0satath kun0h?:th kunz (f., sing.) kul kul (m. sing.) kus (m., sing.) ku:t (m., sing.) ku:r (f., sing.) keh kot koh (m.) kohas khasun ko:c;0 (m.) ko:tah (m., sing.) ko:tah (m., sing.) kNkarna:g kNng kNndul (m., sing.) kath kamkha:b (m.) kah ka: ka:zi kut kuth kra:l (m.) kl?:r0k (m.)
of several types for how much how many? price alone one day, some day some time thirty-nine twenty-nine forty-nine nineteen seventy-nine sixty-nine fifty-nine key in all, total tree who, which how much? girl, daughter any, some, anything, something where? mountain(s) to climb a mountain, to hike lane(s), a narrow street how much? pigeon kokarnag (Place name) saffron round earthen pot in ( a receptacle) special material embroidered with gold thread what what? why? or what kind? potter (s) clerk (s)
kh
kh?:tr0 kh?:li:
for empty, available 1-8


by Braj B. Kachru
khaj;ar (m.) khatarna:kh khat0m gatshun khabar (f,., sing.) khabar a:s0n khabar gatsh0n khaya:l (m.) khasun khasa:n khasa:n khasun kha:dar (m.) kha:dar karun kha:n0 (m.) kha:n0 barun kha:b (m.) kha:s kha:skar khir (m.) kh0r tra:v0n kh0m0 (m.) khu:bsu:rath khe:t (m.) khe:l (f., sing) khol (m., sing.) khos;i: kho:s (m., sing.) khNlah (m.) khNlah dun khNs; khNs; karun khan (m.) khan0vo:l ( m., sing. ) khon khalan mar0g
width dangerous to come to an end news to know to come to know thought(s) to climb, to mount while climbing to grow, to come up, to go up wedding to marry drawer, shelf to provide for dream(s) special especially in particular rice pudding to slide, to skate tent(s) beautiful field sport wide happiness, pleasure Kashmiri cup divorce to divorce happy to like, to please food one who enjoys good food to eat Khilanmarg (place name)
g
g?mbi:r (adj.) g?mbi:r sapdun g?ri:b (adj., n.) g?:d (f., sing.) gatsha:n gatsha:n gatshun gaz (m.) serious to become serious poor, poor person cart, vehicle while going, on the way (to) to go yard (s)
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by Braj B. Kachru
gant0 (m.) gam (m.) gamgi:n gar0 (m.) gar0m gar0ma:vun garmi: (f., sing.) ga:darbal (m.) ga:d (f., sing.) ga:m(m.) gindun gilas:s0 (m.) gila:s0 (m.) gi:t (m.) gur (m., sing.) guris khasun gur sav?:r (f. , sing.) gula:bj;a:man (m.) gest hav0a (m.) ge:t (m.) gond (m., sing.) gob (adj., sing.) go:r (m., sing.) go:lph (m.) gNg0j; (f., sing.) gNd0 gNd0 gNd0 gNn0 ki:rtan kar0n gNph (f.,sing) gNla:b (m.) gNs;ta:b0 (m.) g?d (f. classifier) gavun ga:n (m.) gr?hast (m.) gr0:s ku:r gru:s (m. sing.)
hour (s) sorrow sad home(s) warm, hot to heat, to warm heat, hot season Gandarbal (place name) fish village (s) to play cherry, cherries glass (es), tumbler(s) song(s) horse to ride a horse horse riding an Indian sweet; Hindi Urdu gula:bj;a:man guest houe (s) gate(s) bouquet heavy water chestnut golf turnip first at first to sing praises of cave rose (s) a Kashmiri meat dish bundle to sing knowledge, wisdom family, family life peasant girl peasant
c;
c;amk0kun c;alun to sparkle, to glitter to move
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by Braj B. Kachru
c;a:y (f., sing.) c;a:yiva:n (m.) c;a:yivo:l (m., sing.) c;a:la:kh (adj.) c;ith (f.sing.) c;i:z (m.) c;i:n (m.) c;u:kdar (m.) c;u:k (f., sing.) c;e:l0 c;on
tea tea stall (s) tea vendor clever letter thing (s) China doorman (men) low table Hindi Urdu chowki disciple (s), student to drink
c;h
c;hapa:v0na:vun c;hapa:vun c;hapun c;ha:vun to cause to be printed, to cause to be published to print, to publish be printed or published to hit (against a wall, stone, etc.)
ts
ts?nd0rva:r (f.) ts?r (f., sing.) tsaripop (m., sing.) tsaripop karun tsat0j;ih tsar0van (m.) tsa:dar (f.,sing.) tsa:nun tsa:man (f., sing.) tsa:lun ts0n (f., sing.) tsunmath tsuvanzah tsus;i:th tsusatath tsuh?:th tsu:th (m., sing.) tsu:r tsu:ri nun tsu:ri ro:zun tsot (f., sing.)
Monday sparrow hand-clapping ,applause to clap ones hands, to applaud forty liver blanket to bring in, to insert cheese; Hindi-Urdu pani:r to bear charcoal ninety-four fifty-four eighty-four seventy-four sixty-four apple thief, thieves to steal to hide oneself bread, chapati 1-11

by Braj B. Kachru
tsovuh tso:r tsNdah tsNyit?:j;ih tsNyitr0h tsNva:p?:r
twenty-four four fourteen forty-four thirty-four on all sides, all around
tsh
tsha:dun to look for swimming to swim shadow, shade to wear tsha:th (f.)
tsha:th va:yin tsha:y (f., sing.) tsh0nun
j;
j;angul (m. sing.) j;arn0 (m.) j;aljal j;aldi: (f.) j;aldi: kar0n j;av?:n0 (f.) j;a:n (adj.) j;a:y (f., sing.) j;ina:b j;ild (m. sing.) j;i:p (f., sing.) j;i:l (m.) j;udah gatshun j;umah (m.) j;u:n (m.) j;u:r (f., sing.) j;o:r0 (m.) j;i: forest stream (s), brook (s) quickly hurry to hurry, to rush youth good place sir volume(s) (of a book) jeep lake to be separated Friday June pair pair(s) honorific suffix; Hindi-Urdu
z
z?ru:r (also, zoru:r) z?ru:rath (f.)(also, zoru:rath) z?hri:l0 (adj.) zana:n0 (f.) surely, certainly, definitely need, necessity poisonous; vicious woman, women
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by Braj B. Kachru
zan0mdan (m.) birthday(s) zaba:n (f., sing.) language za:gun to watch (with evil intent) za:nanvo:l (m., sing.) one who knows za:nun to know za:npehc;a:n (f.) acquaintance (abstract noun) za:npehc;a:n kar0n to get acquainted za:mut dNd (m.) yogurt za:lun to light, to burn zind0gi: (f.) life z0 two z0to:vuh twenty-two zu:n0 pac;h (m.) the bright half of the lunar month ze:c;har (m.) length zon (m., sing.) person zoru:r (also, z?ru:r) surely, certainly, definately zoru:rath (f.) (also , z?ru:rath)need, necessity zo:tun to glitter zo:rda:r (adj.) forceful, powerful zavun to be born za:d0 more, much za:d0tar mainly, generally zun (m., sing.) firewood zu:th (m., sing.) long
t
t?:th (f. sing.) tang (m.) tang0mar0g (m.) ta:g0vo:l (m., sing.) tikath (f., sing.) ti:c;ar (m.) tu:rist tu:k0r (f., sing.) tu:rist hav0s (m.) t?ksi: (f., sing.) telivij;an (m.) te:b0l (m.) teksi:vo:l (m., sing.) favourite, dear pear (s) Tangmarg (place name) tonga-driver stamp teacher basket tourist(s), visitor (s) tourist house taxicab (s) taxi-driver television (s) table(s)
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by Braj B. Kachru
tot (m., sing.) tNph
pony favourite, dear sting (n.) to put caste mark (on) truck trout (fish)
to:th (adj., m., sing.) tok karun (la:gun) trak (f., sing.) tro:th (ga:d) (f., sing.)
th
thi:kh thu:l (m.) good, right, fair, correct egg (s)
d
d?:j; (f., sing.) stretcher to see director(s) Dal Lake Dal Gate (place name) mail, post post office (offices) dak bungalow(s) degree(s), diploma(s) department (s) a kind of large boat (s) the Dogri language forhead de:s;u n daraktar (m.) dal (m.) dalge:t (m.) da:kh(m.)
dakha:n0 (m.) digri: (f.)
da:kh bungl0 (m.) dipa:tment (m.) du:g0 (m.) du:gri: (f.) dak0 (m.)
t
t?ri:k0 (m.) t?:j;ib gatshun tagun tan0khah (m.) tapasa: (f.) tamah (m.) tay?:ri (f.) tay?:ri:kar0n way, method, style, form to be astonished to know how to, to be able to salary meditation, penance desire (s) preparation (s) to get ready; to make preparations
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by Braj B. Kachru
taraph (m.,sing.) tara:n0 (m.) tarki: (f., sing.) tarj;am0 (m.) tarj;am0 karun tal tavay ta:z0 (adj.) ta:n ta:m ti ti tika:zi tith0 p?:th tim tir0th (m.) tih0j; (f., sing.) ti: ti:l (m.) t0 (conj.) t0:r (f.) tumb0 (m.) tul0katur (m.) tulun teyit?:j;ih teyitr0h teli te:z (adj.) tomul (m.) tot tot (adj., m., sing.) tot lagun toh (2nd person pro., plu., hon.) to:th (f., sing.) to:ti to:r to:lun tu:t (m., sing.) tNngul (m., sing.) tra:m (m.) tra:vun tr0h trunamath truvanzah truvah
direction (s), side (s) song progress, promotion translation (s) to translate under for that reason fresh up to up to that too, also because that way, in that fashion those (m.) Hindu shrine (s), temple(s), holy place (s) stigma (of a flower) that (emphatic), the same oil and cold or cool weather small pot (s) frozen surface water to lift forty-three thirty-three then fast, sharp uncooked rice there hot to get burnt you beak in spite of that there to weigh that much live charcoal copper to drop, to let fall thirty ninety-three fifty-three thirteen 1-15

by Braj B. Kachru
trus;i:th trusatath truh?:th tre tre:l (f., sing.) trovuh
eighty-three seventy-three sixty-three three stunted apple twenty-three
th
thazar (m.) thavun tha:l(m.) thod (adj., m., sing.) thod vNthun thakun da:lc;i:n (f., sing.) dil(m.P dil(f.) dil b?hla:vun div0da:r (m.) div(0) tah (m.) d0:th (m.) duka:n (m., sing.) duka:nda:r (m.) dunamath duniyah (m.) dupu:r(adj. m., sing.) duvanzah dus;i:th dusatath duh?:th du:t (f. sing.) du:r de:v?:li (f.) d?:va:n0 (adj.) de:v0na:gri: dob (m., sing.) doh (m.) do:r (m.) do:st dNtsh (f., sing.) dNd(m.) dNd0vc:l (m., sing.) dNyit?:j;ih height, altitude to keep, to place Kashmiri eating plate high, tall to get up to boast cinnamon heart(s) Delhi (place name) to amuse, to enter deodar deity, god(s) demon shop shopkeeper ninety-two world two storeyed fifty-two eighty-two seventy-two sixty-two saree, dhoti far Diwali (Hindu festival of lights); Hindi di:va:li: mad (person) Devanagari script washerman day(s) phase(s), era(a) friend(s) handful milk milkman forty-two
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by Braj B. Kachru
dNyitr0h dNs;iv0y (also.dNs;iv?y) dad (f. sing.) dun dr?:thun du:gri: (f.) dak0 (m.)
thirty-two both grandmother, to give to become stunted the Dogri language forehead
n
n?zdi:kh n?mu:n0 (m.) na naza:r0 (m.) nadur (m. sing.) nang0 namath namaska:r nam0namath nambar(m.) narko:n (m., sing.) nav na:g (m.) na:r0 ba:n0 (m.) na:rj;i:l (m.) na:l0 (m.) na:v (f., sing.) na:v (m.) na:vivo:l (m., sing.) na:v0s?:r (m.) na:v pon na:v bana:vun nigi:n (m.) nis; nis;a:th (m.) n0 num?:yis; (f.) nu:n (m.) nec;uv (m. sing.) neni (f., plu) ne:th0r karun ne:run no:v (m., sing.) nearby specimen (s), sample(s) no scenery, view lotus stem, Nyumph lotus naked ninety greetings, goodbye, hello ninety-nine number (s) reed nine spring (of water) fire container (s) coconut (s) stream (s) boat name boatman sight-seeing by boat to come to be called to make a name Nigin Lake near Nishat Garden not exhibition, carnival salt son meat to marry to leave, to emerge new
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by Braj B. Kachru
no:kar (m.) no:th no:r (m., sing.) nNkhsa:n (n.) n?b0rkin nabar nama:z (f., sing.) nama:z par0n nun
servant (s), cook (s) note(s), bill (s) pipe loss on the outside outside nimaz (Muslim prayer) to offer prayers to carry, to take
p
p?zp?:th p?tkin p?h?lga:m (m.) p?hr0da:r (m.) p?:ts0?:j;ih p?:ts0tr0h p?:ts0vanzah p?:ts0s;i:th p?:ts0satath p?:ts0h?:th p?:tsh p?:s0 (m.) p?:j;a:m0 (m. sing.) p?:d0 sapdun paka:n paka:n pakun pagah patsh (f.) pazi path0v?:r (m.) pat0 panah (m.) panun (adj., m., sing.) pantsah pandah pampo:s; (m.) paydal par0na:vun par0va:y (m.) par0va:y a:sun parun really, in fact behind Pahalgam (place name) guard (s) (n..) forty-five thirty-five fifty-five eighty-five seventy-five sixty-five five paise, paise, money a unit of Indian currency trousers to be born, to grow on foot, while walking to walk tomorrow trust ought to Hindi- Urdu patwa:ri:; subordinate revenue officer later, afterwards width ones own fifty fifteen lotus (es) on foot to teach, to cause read care, concern to matter to read, to study
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by Braj B. Kachru
pare:s;a:n karun parbath (m.) palav(m.) palun pas;mi:n0 (m.) pasand karun paha:d (m.) pa:ds;ah (m.) pa:n (m.) pa:r0k (m., sing.) pa:lakh (f.) pi:r (m.) pi:rpanc;a:l (m.) p0nts0h puj; (m.) puli:s (m., sing.) pu:zah (f., sing.) pu:zah kar0n pensal0 (m.) pes;a:ts (m.) pe:s;0gi(f.) po:par po:n (m., sing.) po:s; (m.) po:s;ic;aman (m.) po:s;idu:r (m., sing.) po:s;inu:l (m.) pos;iphulay (f., sing.) po:s;iva:j;en f., sing.) po:s;iv?:r (f., sing.) pNla:v0 (m.) pNs;a:kh (m.) path path0 path0kani pot (m., sing.) pon pratsh (f.,s ing.) prath prath kah prath keh pr0tshun
to perplex, to annoy, to bother Hari Parbat (proper name) clothes, clothing to grow up pashmina (a kind of fine Kashmiri wool, superior to raphal) to like, to choose mountain (s) king (s) body (ies) park spinach saint (s) the Pirpanchal Range of mountains twenty-five butcher (s) police (Hindu) worship; pu:j;a: to worship pencil demon (s) advance payment, deposit Pampur (place name) water flowers flowerbed (s) flowerbed golden oriole (s) blosooms flower-seller flower garden pilau, pilaf; Hindi-Urdu pula:v dress clothing at, on from above tip, point to have to, to fall riddle every, each everyone everything to ask
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by Braj B. Kachru
prevam (m.) pro:n (m. sing.)
love affection old
ph
ph?:yd0 (m.) ph?:yd0 (va:tun) ph?:sl0 (m.) ph?:sl0 (m.) ph?:sl0 karun phamva:r0 (m.) phar0kh (f.) pha:rsi: (m.) phikir bar0n phut0j; (f., sing.) phuth (m.) phut0vo:t (m.) phursath (f.) phul (f.) phe:run pho:kstayl pho:ran pharan (m.) phor (m., sing.) profit (s) to profit decision (s) distance (s) to decide fountain (s) difference the Persian language to worry small bundle foot (measure of unit) change (with reference to money) leisure, free time soda bicarbonate to travel, to loit folkstyle at once Kashmiri phiran (a loose garment) drop (of liquid)
b
b?kh0t b?ngl0 (also, bungl0) b?rith (adj.) b?:da:n0 (m.),(also, b?dya:n0) b?:skal (m.) ba:skal c;ala:vun bakun bakhs;is; (f., sing.) bag?:r bag0v?ti: (f.) bag0va:n (m.) bat0 (m.) bat0va:r (f.) bad0 badun devotee bungalow filled, full fennel seed bicycle (s) to ride a bicycle to talk nonsense bakhshi:sh , tip without, other than, apart from goddess (es) God Kashmiri Pandit Saturday very, much to increase, to grow
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by Braj B. Kachru
bat0 (m.) bad (adj.) bad0la:vun bana:vun banun banun band0pu:r (m.) band thavun barthah (m.) barphi: (f.,s ing.) bas bas bas (f., sing.) basun bah bahats (f., sing.) ba:kay ba:g(m.) ba:gva:n (m.) ba:da:m (m.) ba:n0 (m.) ba:la:d?r (f.) ba:sun bij;li: (f.) bij;li: b?t (f., sing.) bill (f. sing.) bilkul bistar0 (m.) bihun b0 (1st person pro.) bud0 (m.) also, b0d0) buthi bur0 (adj.) bula:vun bu:zan (m.) bu:th (m.) bu:n (f., sing.) beni (f.) beyi beyi be:ta:b (adj.) bod (m.,sing.) bod doh (m.)
cooked rice bad to change to make to be able to get to become Bandipora (place name) to keep in confine, to hold husband (s) an Indian sweet, Hindi- Urdu barphi: just (e.g., just, a:) thats all,, that bus to live twelve a barge-type boat the other, the rest, the remaining garden (s) gardener (s) almond utensil (s) balcony to seem electricity electric lamp bill absolutely bed-roll (s), bedding to sit down I old man in front , facing bad to call, to invite cooked, food shoe(s) chinar tree sister other also, again impatient big festival, holy day
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by Braj B. Kachru
both (m.)
dried cowdung bank (of a river) bunch bumble bee Tuesday Budhist (s) brother load to speak to be able to see hungry, starved wise Wednesday to grow another Brahmin Thursday in front before, ahead ahead, in what follow cat blank verse
both (m., sing.) bod (m., classifier) bombur(m.,sing.) bomva:r (f.) bo:d (m.) bo:y (m., sing.) bo:r (m., sing.) bo:lun bo:zun0 yun bNc;hihot (adj., m., sing.) bNdima:n (adj.) bNdva:r (f.) bNvun ba:kh br?hmun (m., sing.) (also, brehmun) brasva:r (f.) bru:th kin bro:th bro:thkun bro:r (m., sing.) ble:kv?rs (m.)
m
m?ts (f., sing.) m?j;lis (f. sing) m?th (f., sing.) m?dre:r (m.) m?s;i:d (f., sing.) m?hl0 (m.) m?hs;u:r (adj.) m?:j;(f., sing.) m?:da:n (m.) m?:mu:li: (adj.) m?:lis; (f., sing.) ma:ka:n0 (m.) magar (conj.) matsh (f.) maz0 (m.) mad woman, a mystirious gathering salty Indian snack sugar mosque locality, neighbour well-known, famous mother field (s), meadow(s) ordinary massage house (s) but ground meat enjoyment, fun, pleasure
1-22

by Braj B. Kachru
maz0da:r (adj.) mazhab (m.) matan (m.) madath (m.) man (m.) manz (postposition ) mana:vun mandar (m.) mar0d (m.) marun marts0va:gun (m. sing.) marzi: (f.) mal?:y (f., sing.) malakh (f.) mal0 (m.) mas;var0 (m.) masta:n0 ma:z (m., sing.) ma:n0n0 yun ma:nun mahren (f. sing.) mith?:y (f.)
enjoyable, deliciuios, pleasant religion (s) Mattan (place name) help maund (measure of weight) in to celebrate temple man (men) to die red or green chill inclination, wish, desire cream crust (cream gathered from surface of scalded milk) wave boatman (men) advice mystic meat to be considered to listen, to agree bride sweetmeat sweetmeat-seller minute(s) communal harmony mile (s) Muslim (s) mild horseradish concerning possible country (ies) difficult difficulties scent, smell, aro to be present idol (s) inflected from of person 1st person sg. pro. member fruit, dry fruit (s) to meet, to be available fruit seller kohlrabi, a type of cabbage
mitha:yivo:l (m.sing.) minath (m.) mil0tsa:r (m.) mi:l (m.) m0sarma:n (m.) muj; (f., sing.) mutlak mumkin mul0kh (m.) mus;kil mus;kila:th mus;ikh (f.) mu:ju:d a:sun mu:rti (f.) me (pronoun) membar mev0 (m.), (also , me;v) me:lun me:v0vo:l (m., sing,) mod (f., sing.)
1-23

by Braj B. Kachru
mohbath (m.) mohbath karun mo:c;i (m. sing.) mo:tar (m.) mo:d (m.) mo:l (m., sing.) mo:lu:m a:sun mo:lvi: (m.) mNk0la:vun mNrb0 mi:l m?:n (f.)
love, affection to love intestinal part of meat car(s), motor vehicle(s) bend father to know Muslim priest to finish square mile my (possessive)
y
y?nd0r (m.) y?mb0rzal (f., sing.) yak (h) dam yakh0n (f., sing.) yatshun yazath (m.) yana:m0 (m.) ya: ya:tri (m.) yi yi:t (m.) yi:run yun yuniv?rsiti: (f.) yus kah (m.) yu:g (m.) yu:gi: (m.) yeti yeli yot yo:t spinning wheel(s) narcissus suddenly A Kashmiri meat dish cooked with yogurt to desire, to wish respect, esteem, prize, award or pilgrim(s) this so many, these many to float to come university whosoever yoga yogi(s) here when, if here, wherever only
r
r?t0ndi:ph (m.) r?si:d(m.) rac;hun raj;astar (f. sing.) raj;astri: kar0n suacer-shaped, earthen oil-lamp (s) receipt (s) to lovingly look after register to send by registered post
1-24

by Braj B. Kachru
ratun rang (m.) rang0da:r (adj.) ranun raphal (m.) ramza:n (m.) rasgo:l0 (m.) raz0 (m.) ra:z0mah (f.) ra:th ra:th (f., sing.) rings;a:l (m.) riseps;an (f.) rukun ru:s (m.) re:t (m.) (also, re:th) re:l (f.) ro:ganj;o:s; (m.) ro:zun ro:b (m.) rNkb0 rNpay (f., sing.) rNp0varukh (m. sing.) rat0ko:l (m.) rat0va:r rath ray(f., sing.) ros; (m., sing.)
to receive, to catch color colored, colorful to cook a woolen material inferior of pas;mi:n0 Ramdan (Muslim festival) an Indain sweet; Hindi- Urdu rasgulla: king(s) bean (s) yesterday night ringshawl (a type of Kashmiri shawl) reception to stop Russia charge, rate, price train a Kashmiri meat dish to live, to stay, to remain awe area rupee silver leaf summer monthly month(s) ant seer, holy man (men)
l
l?ngu:t0 (m.) l?:r (m.) lagbag lac;h (m.) lac;hib?d (m.) lad?:kh (m.) lada:kh (m.) lab (f., sing.) la:yakh la:ri: (f.) lipi: (f.) liptan (c;a:y) loin-cloth cucumber(s) about, approximately lac (lakh) = one-tenth of million lakhs Ladakhi (language, people) Ladakh wall worth (See vuc;hun la:yakh) lorry(ies) script Lipton (tea)
1-25

by Braj B. Kachru
lipha:ph0 (m.) list (m., sing.) luc;i (f.,plu.) luta:vun lu:kh (m., plu.) lu:tun le:khun le:ph (f., sing.) lo:l (m.) lNk0c;a:r (m.) lNkut (m., sing.) l?d0r (f.) l?d0r (f.) l?dur (m., sing.)
envelope (s), paper sack(s) list a kind of thin fried bread to rob, on loot people to rob, to loot to write quilt, comforter longing period of childhood small, young turmeric the Lidder River yellow
v
v?zi:r (m.) v?ri: (m.) v?:ruv (m. sing.) vakh0t (m., sing.) vatsun (m., sing.) vath (f., sing.) vanun van vand0 (m. sing.) vasun vahra:vun va:gun (m. sing.) va:kh (m.) va:z0 (m.) va:tun va:n (m.) va:pas yun va:ray var0yah va:r0 va:r0 vizitar vi:r (m.) vuc;hun vuc;hun la:yakh (m., sing.) vuni yun (cabinet ) minister(s) year(s) a girls husbands parents house time traditional (Kashmiri song) road, path to tell, to say now winter to come down ,to flow to spread eggplant (brinjal) saying(s) cook(s) to reach shop(s) to come back well, all right many slowly tourist weir, but generally the Weir on the Vitasta River to see worth seeing even now, as yet just now, presently
1-26

by Braj B. Kachru
vus;0na:vun vuh vo:n (m., sing.) vNzul (m., sing.) vNlur (m.) vNs;lun vatsa:r karun vatsa:rna:g (m.) vatasta: (f.) vath(f.) vas (f., sing.) voth (adj., m., sing.)
to warm, to heat twenty grocer red the Wular Lake to blush to ponder over, to think over Vicharnag (place name) River Vitasta, River River Vitasta girl friend fat (person or this)
s;
s;?:yir s;?:yri: (f.) s;?:yri: kar0n s;aka:yath (f.,sing.) s;aka:yath kar0n s;akh karun s;at0vuh s;ath s;av0lang s;a:m (m.) s;a:yad s;a:rika: (f.) s;a:l (m.) s;a:l0vo:l (m.,sing.) s;a:htu:s (m.) s;a:har (m.) s;ik?:r (f.) s;ika:r gindun s;ilva:r k?mi:z (f.) s;i:th s;i:n(m.) s;ukriya: s;unamath s;ur (m., sing.) s;urah s;urb?:ts (m., plu.) s;urvanzah poet poetry to write poetry complaint to complain to susupect twenty-six hundred Siva lingan evening perhaps Sharika (Hindi goddess) shawl (s) shawl merchant a super fine woolen material city(ies) the shikara to hunt Hindi-Urdu salwar kameez eighty snow thank you ninety-six child sixteen family fifty-six
1-27

by Braj B. Kachru
s;uma:l (m.) s;us;i:th s;usatath s;huh?:th s;ec;h (f., sing.) s;eyit?:j;ih s;eyitr0h s;es; s;e:kra:c;a:r (m.) s;e:th s;e:r(m.) s;okr0va:r (f.) s;oru:karun s;o:th (f.) s;o:kh a:sun s;Nngun s;ra:n (m.) s;ra:n karun s;ra:n0 kuth (m., sing.)
north eighty-six seventy-six sixty-six message forty-six thirty-six disciple (s) the Shankracharya Temple sixty poetry Friday to begin, to start dried ginger to be interested in to sleep, to go to bed bathroom to take a bath bathroom
s
s?di: (f., sing.) s?: s?:d (f., sing.) s?:r (m.) s?:r karun s?:ri: (m., plu.) saj;a:vath (f., sing.) saj;a:vath kar0n century honorific suffix saree (sari) sightseeing to go sightseeing, to go for an outing everybody, all decoration to decorate road hardship seventy forty-seven thirty-seven ninety-seven fifty-seven eighty-seven seventy-seven sixty-eight twenty-seven 1-28
sadakh (f., sing.) sakhti: (f.) satath sat0t?:j;ih sat0tr0h sat0namath sat0vanzah sat0s;i:th sat0satath sat0h?:th sato:vuh

by Braj B. Kachru
sath sadah sankath (m.)
seven seventeen suffering to cause suffering to happen ,to take journey white greenery vegetable (s) sea(s), ocean (s) social reform samovar (s) sensible to understand to meet, to encounter, to run into to assemble samosa an Indian salty snack scientist (s) goverenment brass leader (s) surface mail greetings question half (used with numberals three onwards) sadhu (s), holyman (men) with luggage to carry feast thousand thousands Saheb (mode of address) Sikh politics only Srinagar (place name) scooter with that or he (not within sight) in the morning sufi September
sankath dun sapdun saphar (m.) saphe:d (m.) sabza:r (m.) sabzi: (f.) samandar (m.) sama:j suda:r (m.) sama:va:r (m.) sam0j;da:r (adj.) samj;un samkhun samun samo:s0 (m.) saynasda:n (m.) sarka:r (m.) sartal (f.) sarda:r (m.) sarphe:s me:l (m.) sala:m (f., sing.) sava:l (m.) sa:d0 sa:d sa:n sa:ma:n0 (m.) sa:run sa:l (m.) sa:s Im.) sa:s0b?d sa:hab (m.), (also, sa:hb or sa:b) sikh (m.) siya:sath (m.) siriph siri:nagar (m.) s0ku:tar (m.) s0:t su(m.) sub0han su:phi: septambar
1-29

by Braj B. Kachru
se:r (m.) se:r0va:d son (m., sing.) sondu:kh (m.) so:c;un so:th (m.) so:zun so:n (adj., m.m sing.) so:po:r (m.) so:ruy (m.) sNkh dun sNgand (f.) sNndar (adj.) aNn0varukh (m., sing.) sNrgas gatshun satha: (also, sathah) sand (f.) sun (m.) ste:s;an (m.)
Seer (measure of quantity) by the seer deep cases (s), box(es) to think spring (season) to send our (s) Sopore (place name) everything, all to give joy and comfort fragrance beautiful gold leaf to die very, many, a lot the River Sind meat, meat or vergetable dish station
h
h?lv0 (m.) h?:z (m.) h?:r (f., sing.) h?:sil karun haz hazrathbal (m.) hat (f.) hat0b?d hath hapht0 (m.) hab0k?dal hal0vo:y (m., sing.) hav?:yi: j;aha:z (0) (m.) havasbo:t (m.) havasbo:t0vo:l (m., sing) has; (f., sing) ha:kh(m.) ha:j;athmand (adj.) ha:lath (f., sing.) ha:vun hisa:b (m.) Hindi-Urdu halva: boatman (men) mynah (bird) to achieve, to obtain sir Hazratbal ( a Muslim shrine) hut hundreds hundred(s) week(s) the Habba Kadal (bridge) (place name) sweetmeat seller, confectioner airplane(s) houseboat(s) houseboat owner mother-in-law a kind of green vegetable needy person condition, state to show account
1-30

by Braj B. Kachru
hisa:b0 his0 (m.) hu (demonstrative pro.) hukum (m.) (also, hokum) hund (m., sing.) hus;a:r gatshun huhur (m., sing.) hu:n (m., sing.) hu:l (f.) hec;hun hendi: (m.) he:r (f.,sing.) he:rath (f.) he:r0 po:v (m., sing.) hokum (m.) hokum kanun ho:tal (m.) ho:talvo:l (m., sing.) h?ndust?:n (also, Hondust?:n) h?ndusta:n (m.) (also honusta:n) hakun hapha:zath kar0n hon hond (m. sing.) hor
according to, in part(s) that or he (within sight) command, order of to wake up father-in-law dog Holi (festival of color) Hindi holi: to learn the Hindi language staircase Shivaratari (Hindu festival) step (of a ladder) command, order to command, to order hotel, restaurant hotel-keeper or owner Indian(s) Hindustan, India to be able to to protect, to looked to buy Hindu Up, upstairs
1-31

by Braj B. Kachru
2.0
ENGLISH-KASHMIRI
A
able (adj.) (be) able to (v.) above absolutely according to account Achabal acquaintance (abstract noun) (to make) acquaintance advice advise afterwards again ahead airmail airplane all in all alright almond alone also Amarnath (place name) Amirakadal Anantnag (place name) and another any apple approximately area arrange (v.) Asia ask (v.) assemble (v.) assistant at once k?:bil hakun path0kani bilkul kin, hisa:b0 hisa:b (m.) ac;hibal (m.), (also, ac;h0val) za:npehc;a:n (f.) za:npehc;a:n kar0n mas;var0 (m.) mas;var0 dun pat0 beyi bro:thkun eyarme:l hav?:yi: j;aha:z (0) ple:n (m.) s?:ri: (m.), sa:r kul ac;ha:, ad0kah ba:da:m (m.) kun (m., sing.) ti amarna:th (m.) ?mra:k?dal (m.) anathna:g (m.) t0 ba:kh kah tsu:th (m.) lagbag rNkb0 (m.) intiza:m karun es;ya: (m.) pr0tshun samun ?sistant pho:ran, yakhdam
2-32

by Braj B. Kachru
B
bad bandipora (place name) bank (of a river, etc.) basket bath (take a ) bath (v.) be (v.) beans bear (v.) beautiful because become bedding (bed-roll) before behind bend (n.) bicycle big bill ( of money) bill(n.) birthday blanket blossoms boast (v.) boat boatman body book both bouquet box brass bread bride bring (v.) (cause to ) bring (v.) brook (n.) Budhist bad band0pu:r (m.) tu:k0r (f.) s;ra:n (m.) s;ra:n karun a:sun ra:z0mah (f.) tsa:lun sNndar, khu:bsu:r tika:zi banun bistar0 (m.) bro:th p?tkin mo:d (m.) b?:skal (m.) bod (m.), b?d (f.) both (m.)
no:th (m.) bil (f.) vohr0vo:d (m.) zan0mdan (m.) tsa:dar (f.) , kamal (f.) po:s;iphulay (f.) thakun na:v (f.) h?:z (m.), mal0 (m.), na:vivol:l (m.) pa:n (m.), s;?ri:r (m.) kita:b (f.) dNs;iv0y, (also, dNs;ivay) gond (m.) sondu:kh (m.) sartal (f.) tsot (f.) mahren (f.) anun an0na:vun j;arn0 bo:d (m.)
2-33

by Braj B. Kachru
bunch (n.) bundle bungalow burn (v.) get burnt (v.) bus business but butcher (n.) buy (v.)
gond (m.) , bod (m.) g?d (f., classifier) b?ngl0 (m.), (also, bungl0) za:lun tot lagun bas (f.) ka:r0ba:r (m.), bizines (f.) magar puj; (m.) hon
C
cane (used for basket work) car carnival carry (v.) cave cardamon celebrate (v.) change (v.) change (with reference to money) charcoal charcoal (live) cheese cherry child chilli (red or green) chinar tree cinnamon city clerk climate climb (v.) cloth clothes club (n.) coconut cold (weather) color colorful come (v.) k?:n (f., sing.) mo:tar (m.), ka:r(f.), mo:tar ka:r (f.) num?:yis; (f.) sa:run, nun gNph (f.) ?:l (f., sing.) mana:vun bad0la:vun phur0vo:t (m.) ts0n (f., sing.) tongul (m., sing.) tsa:man (f.), Hind-Urdu pani:r gila:s0 (m.) s;ur (m.) marts0va;:gun (m.) bu:n (f.) da:lc;i:n (f.) s;a:har (m.) kl?:r0k a:b0havah (m.) khasun kapur (m.) palav (m.) pNs;a:k (m.) k0lab (m.) na:rj;i:l (m.) t0:r (f.) rang (m.) rang0da:r yun
2-34

by Braj B. Kachru
come back (v.) come down (v.) come up (v.) command (n.) command (v.) comforter concerning conversation cook (n.) cook (v.) copper correct (adj.) craftsman cream (crust) cucumber cup (n.) curry
va:pas yun (bNn) vasun (hor) khasun hokum (m.) hokum karun, hokum dun le:ph (f.) mutlak kath ba:th (f.) va:z0 (m.) ranun tra:m (m.) thi:kh k?:ri:gar (m.) mal?:y (f.) l?:r (m.) kho:s (m.), kap (m.) sun (m.)
D
dak- bungalow Dal Gate Dal Lake dangerous darkness (become ) dark (v.) daughter day dear decorate (v.) decoraion deep Delhi deodar (tree) desire (v.) Devangar (script) dhoti die(v.) difference difficult difficulty Diwali da:kh bungl0 (m.) dalge:t (m.) dal (m.) khatarna:kh anigat0 (f.), anigot (m.) anigat0 gatsh0n,anigot gatshun ku:r (f.) doh(m.) to:th (m., sing.), t?:th (f. sing.) saj;a:vun; saj;a:vat kar0n saj;a:vath (f.) son (m.), s?n (f.) dil (f.) div0do:r yatshun de:v0na:gri: (m.) du:t (f.) marun phar0kh (f.) mus;kil mus;kili: (f.) de:v?:li: (f.)
2-35

by Braj B. Kachru
do (v.) doctor (n.) dog Dogri language door dozen (by the ) dozen drawer dress (n.) dress (v.) drink (v.) drop (of a liquid)
karun da:khtar (m.) hu:n (m.), hu:n (f.) du:gri: (f.) bar (m.) darva:z0 (m.) darj;an (m.) darj;an (0) va:d kha:n0 (m.) pNs;a:kh (m.), palav (m.) palav tsh0n0n c;on phor (m.)
E
each easy eat (v.) education eggplant eight eighteen eighty eighty-eight eighty-five eighty- four eighty-nine eighty-one eighty-seven eighty-six eighty-three eighty-two electricity electric lamp eleven embroidery empty (adj.) enjoyable enjoyment English language enough enter (v.) prath a:sa:n khon ej;uke:s;an (f.) va:gun (m.) ?:th ardah s;i:th ar0s;i:th p?:ts0s;i:th tsus;i:th kun0namath ak0s;i:th satis;i:th s;us;i:th trus;i:th dus;i:th bij;li (f.) bij;li: b?t (f.), tso:g (m.) tso:g (m.) kah k?:m (f.) kh?:li: maz0da:r maz0 (m.) angri:zi: (m.) k?:phi: satha: atsun
2-36

by Braj B. Kachru
envelope (paper sack) evening everyone everything expensive
lipha:ph0 (m.) s;a:m (m.) prath kah prath keh (m.) drog (m., sing.,), droj; (f., sing.)
F
family famous far fast fat (adj.) father feast (n.) fennel seed. feastival field fifteen fifty fifty-eight fifty-five fifty-four fifty-nine fifty-one fifty-seven fifty-six fifty-three fifty-two finish (v.) firewood first (adv.) fish (n.) five float (v.) flower flowerbed food foot (measure of length) foot (part of body) (on) foot for s;urb?:ts (m. plu.) m?hs;u:r du:r te:z voth (m.), v?th (f.) mo:l (m.) sa:l (m.) b?:d a:n0 (m.) (also, b?:dya:n0) bod doh (m.) m?:da:n (m.), khe:t (m.) pandah pantsah ar0vanzah p?:ts0vanzah tsuvanzah kunih?:th ak0vanzah sat0vanzah s;uvanzah truvanzah duvanzah mNk0la:vun zun (m.) gNd0 ga:d (f., sing.) p?:tsh yi:run po:s; (m.) po:s;idu:r (m.) khan (m.) phuth (m.) khNr (m.) paydal kut, kh?:tr0
2-37

by Braj B. Kachru
forest forehead forty forty-eight forty-five forty-four forty-nine forty-one forty-seven forty-six forty-three forty-two fountain four fourteen fragrance freedom fresh Friday friend friendhip from fruit fruit-seller full
j;angul (m.) dak0 (m.) tsat0j;ih ar0t?:j;ih p?:ts0t?:j;ih tsNyit?:j;ih kun0vanzah ak0t?:j;ih sat0t?:j;ih s;eyit?:j;ih teyit?:j;ih dNyit?:j;ih phamva:r0 (m.) tso:r tsNdah sNgand (f.) a:z?:di: (f.) ta:z0 s;ok0rva:r (f.), j;umah (m.) ya:r (m.), vas (f.) do:st ya:r0z (f.), do:sti: (f.) path0 mev0 (m.) (also, me:v0) mev0vo:l (m.), (also, me:v0vo:l) b?rith
G
Gandarbal (place name) garden gate get up (v.) ginger (dried) ginger (green) girl girl friend give (v.) glitter (v.) go (v.) goddess gold-leaf golf good (adj.)
ga:darbal (m.) ba:g (m.) ge:t (m.) (thod) vNthun s;o:th (f.) adrakh (f.) ku:r (f.) vas (f.) dun zo:tun gatshun bag0v?ti: (f.) sNn0varukh (m.) go:lph (m.) j;a:n 2-38

by Braj B. Kachru
government greenery grocer grow ( in size, age, etc.) (v.) grow ( for plants, etc,) (v.) guest house
sarka:r (m.) sab0za:r (m.) vo:n (m.) badun khasun, bNvun, p?:d0 sapdun gest hav0s (m.)
H
Habba kadal (place name) hair half halva handful handiwork happen (v.) happy Hari Parbat (place name) have (v.) have to (v.) heat (n.) heat (v.) heavy height help (n.) help (v.) here high hike (v.) Hindi language Hindu home horse horseback riding hot hotel hotel-keeper (owner) hour house houseboat houseboat man (owner) how hab0 k?d0l (m.), (also, hab0 k?dal) va:l (m.) mas ( of the head) (m.) od (m.), ?d (f.) h?lv0 (m.) dNtsh (f.) k?:m (f.) sapdun khNs; parbath (m.) a:sun pon germi: (f.), tatsar (m.) gar0m karun, gar0ma:vun gNb (sing.) thazar (m.) madath (m.) madath karun yeti, yetath, yo:r, yot thod (m., sing.), th?z (f., sing.) kohas khasun hendi: (m.) hond (m.) gar0 (m.) gur (m.) gur sav?:r (m.) tot (m., sing.), gar0m ho:tal(m.) ho:talvo:l (m.) gant0 (m.) maka:n0 (m.) havasbo:t (m.) havasbo:t0vo:l (m.) kith0kan, kith0p?:th 2-39

by Braj B. Kachru
how many how much for how much hundred hundreds hurry (n.) hurry (v.) hut Hazratbal
k0:t (m.), k0:ts0 (f.), k?ts ku:t (m.), k0:ts (f.), ko:tah (m.), k?:tsah (f.) k0:tis. k?h hath, s;ath hat0b?d j;aldi: (f.) j;aldi: kar0n hat (f.) hazrathbal (m.)
I
I (first person, pronoun) ice idol if in inser (v.) inside intestine India Indian b0 yakh (m.) mu:rti: (f.) agar manz, kath tsa:nun andar ?ndram (m.) h?ndusta:n (m.) (also, hondusta:n) h?ndust?:n, (also, hondust?:n)
J
jeep journey june j;i:p (f.) saphar (m.) j;u:n (m.)
K
Kashmir the Kashmir language Kashmiri (adj.) Kashmiris Keep (v.) key khilanmarg (place name) kilogram king kishtwar (place name) knol-khol (kohlrabi) know ( a person) (v.) k?s:r (f.) k?:s;ur (m.) k?:s;ur (m.), k?:s;0r (f.) k?:s;ir (m.) thavun kunz khalanmar0g (m.) kilo: (m.) ra:z0 (m.), pa:ds;ah (m.) kas;t0va:r (m.)
mond (f., sing.) za:nun 2-40

by Braj B. Kachru
know ( a thing) (v.) kNkarnag (place name)
Khabar a:s0n, za:nun kNkarna:g (m.)
L
lac (lakh) lacs (lakhs) Ladakh Ladakhi lake lane language leave (v.) leisure length letter letterbox lift (up) (v.) Lidder (River) like (v.) Lipton (tea) list (n.) little (quantity) live (v.) load(n.) long look after (v.) lorry loss lotus lotus stem, Nymphaea lotus luggage lac;h (m.) lac;hib?d lada:kh (m.) lad?:kh (m.) sar (m.), j;i:l (m.) ko:c;i (m.) zaba:n (f.) ne:run phursath (f.) ze:c;har (m.) c;ith (f.) letarbNks tulun l?d0r (f.) khNs; karun, pasand yun liptan list (m.) kam, kam0y basun, ro:zun bo:r (m.) zu:th (m., sing.) zi:th (f., sing) rac;hun (m.), rac;hi (f.) la:ri: (f.) nNkhsa:n (m.) pampo:s; (m.) nadur (m.) sa:ma:n0 (m.)
M
mail (n.) mainly make (v.) man many Mattan (place name) maund da:kh(m.) za:d0tar bana:vun mar0d (m.) va:r(0) yah matan (m.) man(m.)
2-41

by Braj B. Kachru
meat meat (ground) medicine meet method message mile milk milkman minute (with reference to time) Monday money month monthly more morning (in the) morning mosque mother mountain move (v.) Muslim mynah (bird)
neni (f.), ma:z (m.) matsh (f.) davah (m.) sam (0)khun, me:lun t?ri:k0 (m.) s;ec;h (f.) mi:l (m.) o:m dNd (m.), dNd (m.) dNd0vo:l (m.), dNd0gu:r (m.) minath (m.) ts?nd0rva:r (f.) p?:s0 (m., plu.) rath (m.) rat0va:r za:d0, beyi sub0han (m.) subuh (m.) sub0has, sub0han m?s;i:d (f.) m?:j; (f.) koh (m.), ba:l (m.), paha:d (m.) c;alun, pakun m0sarma:n (m.) h?:r (f.)
N
name (n.) (make a) name (v.) narcissus near need (n.) neighborhood new news newspaper night Nigin Lake nine nineteen ninety ninety-eight ninety-five ninety-four na:v na:v bana:vun y?mb0rzal (f.) n?zdi:kh , nis; zoru:rath m?hl0 (m.) nov (m.) n?v (f.) khabar (f., sing.), nivz (f., sing.) akhba:r (m.) ra:th (f.) nigi:n (m.) nav kun0vuh namath ar0namath p?:ts0namath tsunamath
2-42

by Braj B. Kachru
ninety-nine ninety-one ninety-seven ninety-six ninety-three ninety-two Nishat Garden no north not notebook now
nam0namth ak0namath sat0namath s;unamath trunamath dunamath nis;a:th ba:g (m.) na s;uma:l (m.) vNtun n0 ka:pi: (f.) van
O
ocean of old man on one one-by-one only opera or ordinary our(s) outside samandar(m.) sund, hund bud0 (m.)
path akh aki-aki siriph o:pra:(m.) kin0, ya: mo:mu:li: so:n (m.), s?:n (f.) nabar, n?br0kani
P
Paddy Pahalgam (place name) pair paise Pampur(place name) Paper paper sack park part (adj.) pashmina pass away (v.) pear pencil da:ni (m.) p?h?lga:m (m.) j;u:r (f.) j;o:r0 (m.) p?:s0 (m.) po:par (m.) ka:kaz (m.) pe:par (m.) lipha:ph0 (m.) pa:r(0)k (m., f.) his0 (m.) pas;mi:n0 (m.) sNrg0va:s gatshun, janath gatshun, marun tang (m.) pensal0 (m.)
2-43

by Braj B. Kachru
people perhaps permission (give) permission (v.) the Persian Language person pigeon pilav, pilaf pilgrim Pirpanchal place (n.) play (v.) poem poet poetry (compose) poetry (v.) police pony poor (man) porter possible post office potato potter preparation price print (v.) provision
lu:kh (m. plu.) s;a:yad ij;a:zaj (m.) ij;a:zath dun pha:rsi (m.) zon(m.) ko:tur (m.) ko:t0r (f.) pNla:v0 (m.) ya:tri (m.) pi:rpanc;a:l j;a:y (f.) gindun kavita: (f.), naz0m (f.) s;?:yir (m.) s;?:yiri: (f.), kavita: (f.) kavita: kar0n, s;?yri: kar0n puls0 (m.), puli:s (m.) tot (m.) g?ri:b c;u:kdar (m.) c;u:ki:dar (m.) mumkin da:kha:n0 (m.) o:luv (m.) kra:l (m.) kr?:j; (f.) tay?:ri: (f.) k0:math (m.) c;hapa:vun, c;ha:pun intiza:m
Q
question (n.) quickly quilt sava:l j;al, j;alj;al le:ph (f.)
R
radish Ramdan (Muslim festival) rate (n.) reach (v.) read (v.) ready muj; (f.) ramza:h (m.) re:t (m.); (also,) va:tun parun taya:r
2-44

by Braj B. Kachru
really receipt receive (v.) reception red region register (n.) register (by mail) (v.) religion remaining rest (n.) rest (v.) rice (uncooked) rice (cooked) road room rose rupee Russia
p?z p?:th r?si:d (m.) ratun risens;an (f.) vNzul (m.), vNz0j; ala:k0 (m.) raj;astar (f.) raj;astri:kar0n mazhab (m.) ba:kay a:ra:m (m.) a:ra:m karun tomul (m.) bat0 (m.) sadalj (f.), vath kamr0 (m.) gula:b (m.),gNla:i rNpay (f.) ru:s (m.)
S
sacred place sadhu saffron second see seem seer (holy, man) seer (measure of wight) by the seer sell (v.) send (v.) separate (dj.) sepetembar servant seventeen seventy-eight seventy-five seventy-four seventy-nien seventty-one seventy-seven
astha:n (m.) tir sa:d (m.) kNng doyum (m.) doyim vuc;hun ba:sun ros; s?:r se:r0va:da kinun so:zun alagn,algar laga septambar (m.) no:kar (m) gadah ar0sath. p?:ts0satath tsusatath kun0s;i:th ak0satath sat0satath 2-45

by Braj B. Kachru
seventy-nine seventy-one seventy-seven seventy-six seventy-three seventy-two Shankracharya shawl shawl merchant shelf shikara ship (n.) shirt shivaratri shoe shop (n.) shopkeeper show (v.) side sightseeing go sightseeing (v.) Sikh silver leaf Sind (River) sing (v.) sir sister sit down (v.) sixty sixty-eight sixty-five sixty-four sixty-nine sixty-one sixty-seven sixty-six sixty-three sixty-two sky sleep (v.) slide (v.)
kun0s;i:th ak0satath sat0sattah s;utsattath trusatath dusatath s;e:kra:c;a;r (m.) s;a:l (m.) s;a:l0vo:l (m.) kha:n0 (m.) s;ik?:r (f.) samand?ri: j;aha:z0 (m.) s;ip (m.) k?mi:z (f.) he:rath (f.) khNrba:n0 (m.) bu duka:n (m.), va:n duka:nda:r (m.), duka:nda:ren (f.), va:n0vo:l ha:vun taraph (m.) s?:r (m.) s?:r karun sikh rNp0varukh (m.) sand (f.) gavun j;ina:b. mahra: haz beni (f.) bihun s;e:th ar0h?:th p?:tsh0h?:th
tsuh?:th kun0satath ak0h?:th s;uh?:th sat0h?:th truh?:th
duh?:th asma:n (m.) s;Nngun kh0r tra:v0n
2-46

by Braj B. Kachru
slowely small smell (n.) snow soda bicarbonate some someday something sometime son sopore (place name) sparkle (v.) speak (v.) special specially specimen spice spinach sport (n.) spring (of water) spring (season) Srinagar (place name) staircase stamp (n.) station (n.) stigma (of a flower) stone stop (v.) story stream (n.) stretcher study (v.) suddenly sufficient sugar summar Sunday surely surface (n.) sweetmeat sweetmeat seller swim (v.)
va:r0 va:r0 lNkut (m.) lNk0t mus;ikh (f.) s;i:n (m.) phul (f.) keh kuni doh (0) ke:tsha: kunivizi, kunisa:t0 nec;uv (m.) so:po:r (m.) c;am0kun bo:lun kha:s kha:skar nomu:n0 (m.) masa:l0 (m.) pa:lakh (f.) khe:l (f.) na:g (m.), c;es;m0 (m.) so:th (m.), baha:r (m.) siri:nagar (m.) he:r (f.) tikath (f.) ste:s;an (m.) t0h0j; (f.) k?n (f.) rukun kath (f.) na:l0 (m.), kNl (f.), j;arn0 (m.) d?:j; (f.) parun yakhdam satha:, k?:phi: m?dre:r (m.) rat0ko:l (m.) a:thva:r (f.) zoru:r (also, z?ru:r) sarphe:s (f.) mith?:y (f.) tsha:th va:yin
hal0vo:y (m.), mitha:yivo:l (m.)
2-47

by Braj B. Kachru
swimming
tsha:th (f.)
T
table take (away) talk (v.) talk nonsense (v.) tall Tangmarg (place name) taxi taxi driver tea teach (v.) teacher tea-stall tea vendor television tell (v.) temple ten than thank you that then there these days thing think thirteen thirty thirty-eight thirty-five thirty-four thirty-nine thirty-one thirty-seven thirty-six thirty-three thirty-two those this
te:b0l (m.) me:z nun kath kar0n bakun thod (m., sing.,), th?z (f., sing.) tang0mar0g (m.) teksi:vo;l (m.) c;a:y (f.) parna:vun, hec;h0na:vun ti:c;ar c;a:yiva:n (m.) c;a:yivo:l (m.) telivij;an (m.) vanun, dapun mandar (m.) d?h kh0:m0 (m.) s;ukriya: su, hu (m.), sN, hN (f.) teli tot, to:r, ot, tati azkal c;i:z (m.) so:c;un truvah tr0h ar0tr0h p?:ts0tr0h tsNyitr0h kun0t?:j;ih ak0tr0h sat0tr0h s;eyitr0h teyitr0h dNyitr0h tim (m.), tim0 (f.) yi 2-48
teksi: (f.)

by Braj B. Kachru
three thousand thousands Thursday time (n.) tip (n.) today together tomorrow tongawallah tourist tourist house trade (n.) train (n.) translate (v.) translation tree trout (fish) truck Tuesday tumbler turmeric turnip twenty twenty-eight twenty-five twenty-four twenty-nine twenty-one twenty-seven twenty-six twenty-three twenty-two two
tre sa:s (m.) sa:s0b?d brasva:r (f.) ka:l (m.), vakh0t (m.) bakhs;is; (f.) az yagj;ah pagah ta:g0vo:l (m.) tu:rist hav(0)s (m.) ka:r0ba:r (m.) re:l (f.) tarj;am0 karun tarj;am0 (m.) kul (m.) tro:th (m.) track (f.) bomva:r (f.) gila:s0 (m.) l?d0r (f.) gNg0j; (f.) vuh atho:vuh p0nts0h tsovuh kun0tr0h ak0vuh sato:vuh s;at0vuh trovuh z0to:vuh z0 vizitar, tu:rist
U
Under United States of America university up up to tal amri:kah (m.) yuniv?rsiti: hor ta:n, ta:m
2-49

by Braj B. Kachru
Urdu language be of use (v.) utensil
ordu: (m.) ka:mi yun, ka:mi lagun ba:n0 (m.)
V
value vegetable vegetable-seller vehicle very Vicharnag (place name) village Vitasta River volume (of a book) kad0r karun sabzi: (f.) da:dur (m.) da:dren (f.) g?:d (f.) bad0, satha: vatsa:rna:g (m.) ga:m(m.) vatasta: (f.), vath (f.) j;ild (m.)
W
walk (v.) wall warm (adj.) warm (v.) washerman water waterfall water chestnut wave (n.) we wear (v.) wedding Wednesday week weigh (v.) weir well what when where where (to) which white who whosoever why pakun lab (f.) gar0m vus;0na:vun dob (m.) po:n (m.), a:b (m.) a:bs;a:r (f.) go:r (m., sing.) malakh (f.) ?s tsh0nun kha:dar (m.) bNdva:r (f.) hapht0 (m.) to:lun vi:r (m.) va:ray kah, ka: kar kati, kot,yot kot kus (m.), kNs0 (f.) saphe:d kus (m., sing.),kNs0 (f., sing.) yus kah (m.), yNs0 kah (f.) ka:zi
2-50

by Braj B. Kachru
wide width winter with without woman work (n.) world worship (n.) worship (v.) worth worth seeing write (v.) Wular Lake
khol (m., sing.) khaj;ar (m.) vand0 (m.) s0:t, sa:n bag?:r zana:n (0) (f.) k?:m (f.) duniyah (m.), samsa:r (m.) pu:zah, Hindi pu:j;a: pu:zah kar0n la:yakh vuc;hun la:yakh la:khun vNlur (m.)
Y
yard (measure of length) year yellow yes yesterday yogurt you your (s) gaz (m.) v?ri: (m.) lodur (m.), l?d0r (f.) a: ra:th za:mut dNd toh (honorific), ts0 (familiar) tuhund (m, sing.),(honorific) tuh0nz (f., sing.) (honorific) c;o:n (m., sing.) (familiar) c;?:n (f., sing.) (familiar)
2-51

by Braj B. Kachru
3.0
A PARTIAL LIST OF ENGLISH LOAN WORDS IN KASHMIRI eyarme:l ple:n (m.) amri:kah (m.) es;ya: (m.) ?sistant b?:skal (m.) bil (f.) ble:kv?rs (m.) bas (f.) bizines (f.) ka:r (f.), mo:tar (m.) kl?r0k (m.) klab (m.) digri: (f.) dipa:tment (m.) desambar (m.)
airmail airplane America Asia assistant bicycle bill blank verse bus business car clerk club degree department December director doctor education folkstyle foot (measure of length) gate golf guest house hotel houseboat hut jeep kilogram Lipton (tea) list lorry member mile minute (with reference to time) news
da:khtar aj;uke:s;an (f.) (also, ej;uke:s;an) pho:kstayl (m.) phuth (m.) ge:t (m.) go:lph (m.) gest hav (0) s (m.) havasbo:t (m.) hat (f.) j;i:p (f.) kilo:(m.) liptan ho:tal (m.)
daraktar
list (m.) la:ri: (f.) membar mi:l (m.) minath (m.) nivz (f., sing.)
3-52

by Braj B. Kachru
paper park pencil police rate (n.) reception register (n.) scooter September ship (m.) station (n.) surface (n.) table taxi teacher television tourist tourist house trout (fish) truck United States of America university weir
pe:par (m.) pa:r(0)k (m.f.) pensal0 (m.) puli:s (m.), puls0 (m.) re:t(h) (m.) reiseps;an (f.) raj;astar (f.) s0ku:tar (f.) septembar (m.) s;ip (m.) ste:s;an(m.) sarphe:s (f.) te:b0l (m.) teksi: (f.) ti:c;ar
telivij;an (m.) tu:rist (m.) tu:rist hav (0)s (m.)
tro:th (ga:d) (f.) trak (f.) amri:kah (m.) yuniv?rsti: (f.) vi:r (m.)
3-53

by Braj B. Kachru
4.0
GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS USED IN THIS MANUAL
COLLOCATION is the term used for the co-occurrence of items which tend to habitually associate with each other, and which have mutual expectancy, e.g. English silly ass, Kashmiri sNn0gobur. In these examples silly COLLOCATES with ass and sNn0 COLLOCATES with gobur. CONTEXT (CONTEXTUAL) refers to the situation in the external world in which a linguistic item has a meaning. In linguistic literature the term context of situation has also been used in this sense. LEXICAL ITEM is a grammatically and sematically definable unit of language. It is generally a word. LEXICAL SET is a set of lexical items which are relevant in a particular context, such as items of food or items used in a register. A lexical set may also be described as a group of words which have an identical range of collocation. REGISTER refers to a restricted language defined in terms of its specific function. It is restricted by the nature of its subject matter (e.g. legal register, scientific register) and also in terms of its formal characteristics.
4-55

by Braj B. Kachru
5.0
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
The following list includes some basic books on Kashmiri language, culture, literature, and history. Those who are primarily interested in th Kashmiri language will find detailed bibliographies in Kachru (1969a and 1969b). Bamzai, P.N.K. 1962. A History of Kashmir. Delhi Grierson, George A. 1899. Essays on Kacmiri Grammar. London and Calcutta. Grierson, George A. 1911. A Manual of Kashmiri Language, Comprising Grammar, Phrase Book, and Vocabularies. Oxford. Grierson, George A. 1916. On the Sarada alphabet. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Pp. 677-708. Grierson, George A. 1932. A Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language, compiled partly from materials left by the late Pandit Isvara Koula. Calcutta. Kachru, Braj B. 1968. Some notes on the copulative sentences in Kashmiri. Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series, Part 3, Vol. VIII. Dordrecht-Holland. Kachru, Braj B. 1969a. Kashmiri and other Dardic languages. Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 5, ed. by T.A. Sebeok. The Hague. Kachru, Braj B. 1969b. A Reference Grammar of Kashmiri (preliminary version). Urbana. Koul, Anand. 1933. The wise sayings of Nand Rishi. Indian Antiquary, Vol. LXII. Koul, Anand. 1933. Kashmiri riddles. Indian Antiquary, Vol. LXII. Pp. 108-11. Koul, Anand. 1933. Kashmiri proverbs. Indian Antiquary, Vol. LXII. Pp. 71-198. Koul, Anand. 1933. Lalla-vakyani: the wise sayings of Lal Ded. Indian Antiquary, Vol. LXII. Pp. 108-11. Koul, J.L. 1948. Kashmiri Lyrics. Srinagar. Koul, J.L. 1960. Kashmiri Poetry. Jammu and Kashmir University Review, Vol. III, No. 1. Pp. 52-71. Koul, J.L. 1969. Studies in Kashmiri. Srinagar. Parmu, R.K. 1969. A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir 1320-1819. Delhi. Pushp, P.N. 1958. Kashmiri. The Language of India: A Kaleidoscopic Survey, ed. by V.K. Narasimhan et. al. Pp. 45-7. Madras. Pushp, P.N. 1959. Kashmiri Literature. Contemporary Indian Literature. Pp. 122-32. New Delhi. Raina, Trilokinath. 1972. An Anthology of Modern Kashmiri Verse (1930- 1960). Poona. Ray, Sunil Chandra. 1969. Early History and Culture of Kashmir. Delhi. Sufi. G.M.D. 1948, 1949. Kashir, Being a History of Kashmir from the Earliest Times to Our Own, 2 vols. Lahore. Wislon, H.H. 1960. The Hindu History of Kashmir. Calcutta.
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An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

Kashmir News Network

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

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An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

tsovuh tso:r tsNdah tsNyit?:j;ih tsNyitr0h tsNva:p?:r

twenty-four four fourteen forty-four thirty-four on all sides, all around

tsha:th va:yin tsha:y (f., sing.) tsh0nun

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

tot (m., sing.) tNph

dakha:n0 (m.) digri: (f.)

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

trus;i:th trusatath truh?:th tre tre:l (f., sing.) trovuh

eighty-three seventy-three sixty-three three stunted apple twenty-three

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

prevam (m.) pro:n (m. sing.)

love affection old

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network

An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY

Kashmir News Network