6.6.

apply concepts associated with

enthalpy changes
The standard enthalpy change of reaction
(ΔH0r) refer to reactions done under standard
conditions, and with everything present in
their standard states
Standard conditions are:
 298 K (25°C)
 a pressure of 1 bar (100 kPa).
 where solutions are involved, a
concentration of 1 mol dm-3

2Fe(s) + 1 ½ O2(g) → Fe2O3(s) ΔH0r = -824kJ.mol-

Enthalpy of Neutralization (ΔH0n ) is the
enthalpy change when 1 mole of water is made
in the reaction of an acid and an alkali under
standard conditions.

HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → KCl(aq) + H2O(l)

ΔH0n = -57.9kJ/mol
 Standard Enthalpy of solution (ΔH0soln) is the
enthalpy change when 1mole of solute
dissolves in a very large amount of water (to
infinitely dilute solution) under standard
conditions.

NaCl(s) + aq →Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

ΔH0soln=+3.9kJ.mol-1
The standard enthalpy of combustion (ΔH0c ) is
the enthalpy change when 1mole of a substance
burns completely in excess oxygen under
standard conditions.

Combustion reactions are generally strongly

exothermic and so enthalpies of combustion are
generally strongly negative.

CH4(g)+ 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

ΔH0c=-
890kJ/mol
Enthalpy changes can be calculated from the
results of experiments involving a calorimeter. A
calorimeter can be a polystyrene cup, a metal can,
a vacuum flaks or more complex piece of
apparatus.
The general procedure is:
 React known amounts of reactants in a known
volume of solution.
 Measure the temperature change of the solution.
 Calculate the energy transferred using the
relationship q = mc∆T. Where q is the energy
transferred in Joules (J); m is the mass of solution
in grams (g); c is the specific heat capacity of
water (Jg-1oC-1). Value of c= 4.18 Jg-1oC-1. ∆T is
the temperature change (rise or fall)(oC).
 Calculate the enthalpy change per mole of
specific reactant for ∆Hosol per mole of water
formed for ∆Hon or for the number of moles
shown in the equation for ∆Hor.
0.90g of zinc was added to 75.0cm3 of 0.25 mol.dm-3
copper (II) sulphate solution in a calorimeter. The
copper (II) sulphate is in excess. The mixture was
stirred constantly. The temperature of the solution rose
from 18.0oC to 27.9oC. Calculate the enthalpy change
for this reaction. Ar(Zn) = 65.4

Step 1. Substitute the data into the equation: q = mc∆T

q = 75.0 x 4.18 x (27.9 – 18) = 3140.89 J

Step 2. Calculate the energy per mole of Zn

65.4/0.9 x 3140.89 = 228238.0 J
ΔH0r = -228.24 kJmol-1zinc (to two significant figures)
A SIMPLE APPARATUS USE TO MEASURE THE ENTHALPY CHANGE OF
COMBUSTION
The procedure is:
 Weigh the spirit burner and cap with the
fuel.
 Put a known amount of water in the
calorimeter and record its temperature.
 Light the spirit burner, remove the cap and
let the fuel burn until the temperature of
the water in the calorimeter rises about
10oC.
 Remove the spirit burner, replace the cap
and reweigh.
The results are processed in a similar way as
for the work example above. We need to
known:
 the mass of water in the calorimeter
 the temperature rise of the water
 the mass of fuel burnt
 the molar mass of the fuel.

The value of ΔH0c is calculated per mole of fuel

burnt.
 Enthalpy change of reaction ∆Hr, is the enthalpy
change when the amounts of reagents shown in the
equation react to give products.
 Enthalpy change of combustion, ∆Hc, is the enthalpy
change when 1 mole of a substance is burnt in
excess oxygen.
 Enthalpy change of neutralization, ∆Hn, relates to the
enthalpy change for the reaction: H++OH-→ H2O
 Enthalpy change of solution, ∆Hsol, is the change
when 1mole of a substance dissolves to form a very
dilute solution in water.
 The symbolӨ indicates the enthalpy change under
standard conditions.
 Values for ∆Hf, ∆Hc, ∆Hn and ∆Hsol can often be
found by direct experiment using a calorimeter.
Figure 1 represents the
apparatus assembled by a
student for the
experimental
determination of the heat
of combustion of ethanol.

Identify FOUR errors in the

assembly of the apparatus
in Figure 1.

(4)
1. When 11g of sodium nitrate dissolve in
70cm3 of water there was drop in
temperature of 8 ͦ C. Calculate the enthalpy
of solution for the salt.

2. Define the following terms:

a. Enthalpy change
b. Enthalpy change formation
c. Enthalpy change of combustion