CPE 201: Engineering Thermodynamics
Dr J.G. Akinbomi
(Lecture C19/4)
Tables of Thermodynamic Properties
• The most widely used tables of
thermodynamic properties are Steam
Tables. They represent extensive
collection of data for vapour and
liquid water. Steam Tables are
essential to steam users in industry.
 Steam Tables are usually of two
forms: saturated steam tables and
supersaturated steam tables.
(A) Saturated Steam Tables
• A saturated steam table is an
indispensable tool for any engineer
working with steam. It is used to
determine saturated steam
temperature from steam pressure, or
the opposite; pressure from
saturated steam temperature.
• In addition to pressure and
temperature, these tables usually
include other related values such as
specific enthalpy (h), entropy (s),
internal energy (u) and volume (v).
 The data found in a saturated steam
table always refer to steam at a
particular saturation point, also known
as the boiling point. This is the point
where water (liquid) and steam (gas)
can coexist at the same temperature
and pressure.
 Because water can be either liquid or
gas at its saturation point, two sets of
data are required:
 Data for saturated water (liquid),
which is typically marked with an ‘f’
 in subscript, and
 Data for saturated steam (gas), which is
typically marked using a ‘g’ in subscript.
Legend
o P= Pressure of the steam/water
o T= Saturation point of steam/water
(boiling point)
• vf =specific volume of saturated water
(liquid)
• vg = specific volume of saturated steam
(gas)
• hf = specific enthalpy of saturated water
(energy required to heat water from 0°C
to the boiling point)
• hfg = latent heat of evaporation (energy
required to transform saturated water into
dry saturated steam)
• hg = specific enthalpy of saturated steam
(total energy required to generate steam
from water at 0°C
 Heating processes using steam generally
use the latent heat of evaporation (h fg) to
heat the product.
• As seen in the table, this latent heat of
evaporation is greater at lower pressures.
As saturated steam pressure rises, the latent
heat of evaporation gradually decreases
until it reaches 0 at supercritical pressure,
i.e. 22.06 MPa
Formats of Saturated steam Tables
 Since saturated steam pressure and
saturated steam temperature are directly
related to one another, saturated steam
tables are generally available in two
different formats:
(i) Pressure Based and
(ii) Temperature Based
Both types contain the same data that is
simply sorted differently.
• The first table represents saturated
water and steam data by temperature.
In other words, the set of tables is used
when temperature is the determining
factor
• The second category of tables
represents saturated water and steam
data by pressure. In other words, the
set of tables is used when pressure is
the determining factor.
 The steam tables only give the
difference between the internal energy,
enthalpy or entropy at any state and
the value of the respective property at
a reference state.
• For steam tables, the liquid at the triple
point is chosen as the datum state.
• At triple point, t°C= 0 and
Psat = 0.006112 bar
 The saturation table for steam extends
from the triple point pressure of
0.006112 bar to the critical pressure of
221.2 bar
(B) Superheated Steam Tables
• Superheated steam is steam at a
temperature higher than its
vaporization point at the absolute
pressure where the temperature is
measured.
Difference between saturated steam and
superheated steam
Saturated steam is steam that is in
equilibrium with heated water at the same
pressure i.e. it has not been heated above
the boiling point for its pressure while
superheated steam is the seam that has
been separated from the water droplets
then additional heat has been added.
• Values related to superheated steam
 Working fluid: Steam
cannot be obtained through a regular
saturated steam table, but rather require  Quality (x) = 0.90 and
the use of a Superheated Steam Table.  Pressure = 4.0 bar
• This is because the temperature of • FIND
superheated steam, unlike saturated Specific internal energy, ủ
steam ,can vary considerably for the
same pressure.
• ANALYSIS
The 90% quality indicates that the fluid
Example 1 is in the wet vapour region, hence
. . . .
Use the steam tables to determine the u  u f  x (u g  u f )
following: at P = 4.0 bar
(a) the specific internal energy of steam The saturated steam table is consulted
with 90% quality at a pressure of 4.0 to obtain ủf and ủg at P = 4.0 bar.
bar
ủf = 603 kJ/kg;
. . ủg =2552
. kJ/kg
.
(b) The dryness fraction o steam at 1 bar u  u f  x (u g  u f )
with a specific enthalpy of h 2340 Hence,
 603  0.90(2552  603)
kJ/kg
Solution  603  0.90 (1949)
(c)  603  1754.1
KNOWN:  2357.1 kJ / kg
(b) • It is important to mote that when
KNOWN referring to the tables to find the
 Working fluid: Steam at P = 1 bar specific properties, very often the
value of the property which is being
 h = 2340 kJ/kg
looking for lies between the tabulated
FIND values.
x = dryness fraction of steam • In such cases, interpolation is
ANALYSIS required to obtain the correct value
By requesting for the dryness fraction or
quality means that the fluid is in the wet • Linear Interpolation formula
vapour region so that Assuming the two sets of points between
h  h f  x ( hg  h f ) which we want to find the estimate are
represented in the formula as follows:
h  h f  x h fg
(x1, y1)
h  hf (x2, y2)
x
h fg If the coordinates of the point we are
Reference to the saturated steam tables interested in are given as
indicates that the value of P = 1 bar is (x, y)
not included in the table. The linear interpolation formula is:
 y  y1 x0 = 1.0 bar
y  y1  2 ( x  x1 ) X1 = 0.950 bar
x2  x1
x2 = 1.100 bar
y2  y1
y ( x  x1 )  y1
x2  x1 y2  y1
Using y0  ( x0  x1 )  y1
• From the steam tables, x2  x1

P hf hfg hg (428  411)(1.0  0.950)

y0   411
0.950 411 2262 2673 1.100  0.950
1.000 ? ? ? 17(0.05)
  411
1.100 428 2251 2679 0.15
 5.667  411
• To find hf at P = 1.0 bar
 416.67  417 kJ / kg
Let Therefore at P = 1 bar, hf = 417 kJ/kg
hf (1.0 bar) = y0
To find hfg at P = 1.0 bar
hf (0.950 bar) = y1=411 Using
hf (1.100 bar) = y2= 428
y2  y1
y0  ( x0  x1 )  y1
x2  x1