Evaporation

BKC3413: Chapter 7 FKKSA, KUKTEM
Chapter 2
EVAPORATION
1
Content
• Type of Evaporation equipment and Methods
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient in
Evaporators
• Calculation Methods for Single Effect
Evaporators
• Calculation Methods for Multiple Effects
Evaporators
• Condenser for Evaporator
• Evaporation using Vapor Recompression
2
Evaporation
• Heat is added to a solution to vaporize the solvent,
which is usually water.
• Case of heat transfer to a boiling liquid.
• Vapor from a boiling liquid solution is removed and a
more concentrated solution remains.
• Refers to the removal of water from an aqueous solution.
• Example: concentration of aqueous solutions of sugar. In
these cases the crystal is the desired product and the
evaporated water is discarded.
3
Materials of construction Pressure and temperature
Foaming or frothing
Scale deposition
Processing Factors
solubility
Temperature sensitivity Concentration in

of materials the liquid
4
Processing Factors
• Concentration
dilute feed, viscosity , heat transfer coefficient, h
concentrated solution/products, , and h .
• Solubility
concentration , solubility  , crystal formed.
solubility  with temperature .
• Temperature.
heat sensitive material degrade at higher temperature &
prolonged heating.
5
• Foaming/frothing.
caustic solutions, food solutions, fatty acid solutions
form foam/froth during boiling.
entrainment loss as foam accompany vapor.
• Pressure and Temperature

pressure , boiling point .
concentration , boiling point.
heat-sensitive material operate under vacuum.
• Material of construction
minimize corrosion.
6
Effect of Processing Variables on Evaporator Operation.
• TF
TF < Tbp, some of latent heat of steam will be used to heat up the
cold feed, only the rest of the latent heat of steam will be used to
vaporize the feed.
Is the feed is under pressure & TF > Tbp, additional vaporization
obtained by flashing of feed.
• P1
desirable T  [Q = UA(TS – T1)],
A  & cost .
T1 depends on P1 will  T1.
7
• PS
 PS will  TS but high-pressure is costly.
optimum TS by overall economic balances.
• BPR
The concentration of the solution are high enough so that the cP
and Tbp are quite different from water.
BPR can be predict from Duhring chart for each solution such as
NaOH and sugar solution.
• Enthalpy–concentration of solution.
for large heat of solution of the aqueous solution.
to get values for hF and hL.
8
9
10
vapor,V to condenser
T1 , yV , HV
feed, F heat-exchanger
P1
TF , xF , hF. tubes
T1
steam, S
TS , HS condensate, S
TS , hS
concentrated liquid, L
T1 , xL , hL
Simplified Diagram of single-effect evaporator
11
• Single-effect evaporators;
• the feed (usually dilute) enters at TF and saturated steam
at TS enters the heat-exchange section.
• condensed leaves as condensate or drips.
• the solution in the evaporator is assumed to be
completely mixed and have the same composition at T1.
• the pressure is P1, which is the vapor pressure of the
solution at T1.
• wasteful of energy since the latent heat of the vapor
leaving is not used but is discarded.
• are often used when the required capacity of operation is
relatively small, but it will wasteful of steam cost.
12
Calculation Methods for Single-effect Evaporator.
• Objectives: to calculate
- vapor, V and liquid, L flowrates.
- heat transfer area, A
- overall heat-transfer coefficient, U.
- Fraction of solid content, xL.
• To calculate V & L and xL,
- solve simultaneously total material balance &
solute/solid balance.
F=L+V total material balance
F (xF) = L (xL) solute/solid balance
13
• To calculate A or U,
- no boiling point rise and negligible heat of solution:
calculate hF, hL, Hv and .
where,  = (HS – Hs)
h = cP(T – Tref)
where,Tref = T1 = (as datum)
cPF = heat capacity (dilute as water)
HV = latent heat at T1
solve for S:
F hF + S  = L hL + V HV
solve for A and U:
q = S  = U A T = UA (TS – T1)
14
• To get BPR and the heat of solution:

- calculate T1 = Tsat + BPR
- get hF and hL from Figure 8.4-3.
- get S & HV from steam tables for superheated
vapor or
HV = Hsat + 1.884 (BPR)
- solve for S:
- solve for A and U:
q = S  = U A T = UA (TS – T1)
15
Example 8.4-1: Heat-Transfer Area in Single-Effect

Evaporator.
A continuous single-effect evaporator concentrates 9072

kg/h of a 1.0 wt % salt solution entering at 311.0 K (37.8
ºC) to a final concentration of 1.5 wt %. The vapor space
of the evaporator is at 101.325 kPa (1.0 atm abs) and
the steam supplied is saturated at 143.3 kPa. The
overall coefficient U = 1704 W/m2 .K. calculate the
amounts of vapor and liquid product and the heat-
transfer area required. Assumed that, since it its dilute,
the solution has the same boiling point as water.
16
F = 9072 kg/h V=?

TF = 311 K T1 , yV , HV
xF = 0.01
hF. P1 = 101.325 kPa
U = 1704 W/m2
S , TS , HS T1 A=?
PS = 143.3 kPa L=? S, TS , hS
T1 , hL
xL = 0.015
Figure 8.4-1: Flow Diagram for Example 8.4-1

17
Solution;
Refer to Fig. 8.4-1 for flow diagram for this solution.
For the total balance,
F=L+V
9072 = L + V
For the balance on the solute alone,

F xF = L x L
9072 (0.01) = L (0.015)
L = 6048 kg/h of liquid
Substituting into total balance and solving,

V = 3024 kg/h of vapor
18
Since we assumed the solution is dilute as water;

cpF = 4.14 kJ/kg. K (Table A.2-5)
From steam table, (A.2-9)
At P1 = 101.325 kPa, T1 = 373.2 K (100 ºC).
HV = 2257 kJ/kg.
At PS = 143.3 kPa, TS = 383.2 K (110 ºC).
 = 2230 kJ/kg.
The enthalpy of the feed can be calculated from,

hF = cpF (TF – T1)
hF = 4.14 (311.0 – 372.2)
= -257.508 kJ/kg.
19
Substituting into heat balance equation;

with hL = 0, since it is at datum of 373.2 K.
9072 (-257.508) + S (2230) = 6048 (0) + 3024 (2257)
S = 4108 kg steam /h
The heat q transferred through the heating surface area,
A is
q = S ( )
q = 4108 (2230) (1000 / 3600) = 2 544 000 W
Solving for capacity single-effect evaporator equation;
q = U A T = U A (TS – T1)
2 544 000 = 1704 A (383.2 – 373.2)
Solving, A = 149.3 m2.
20
Example 8.4-3: Evaporation of an NaOH Solution.
An evaporator is used to concentrate 4536 kg/h of a 20

% solution of NaOH in water entering at 60 ºC to a
product of 50 % solid. The pressure of the saturated
steam used is 172.4 kPa and the pressure in the vapor
space of the evaporator is 11.7 kPa. The overall heat-
transfer coefficient is 1560 W/m2.K. calculate the steam
used, the steam economy in kg vaporized/kg steam
used, and the heating surface area in m2.
21
V, T1 , yV , HV
F = 4536 kg/h
TF = 60 ºC
xF = 0.2
hF. P1 = 11.7 kPa
S=? U = 1560 W/m 2
T ,H T1 A=?
S S
PS = 172.4 kPa S, TS , hS
L, T1 , hL
xL = 0.5
Figure 8.4-4: Flow Diagram for Example 8.4-3
22
Solution,
Refer to Fig. 8.4-4, for flow diagram for this solution.
For the total balance,
F = 4536 = L + V
For the balance on the solute alone,
F xF = L x L
4536 (0.2) = L (0.5)
L = 1814 kg/h of liquid
Substituting into total balance and solving,
V = 2722 kg/h of vapor
23
To determine T1 = Tsat + BPR of the 50 % concentrate

product, first we obtain Tsat of pure water from steam
table. At 11.7 kPa, Tsat = 48.9 ºC.
From Duhring chart (Fig. 8.4-2), for a Tsat = 48.9 ºC and

50 % NaOH , the boiling point of the solution is T1 = 89.5
ºC. hence,
BPR = T1 - Tsat = 89.5-48.9 = 40.6 ºC
From the enthalpy-concentration chart (Fig.8.4-3), for

TF = 60 ºC and xF = 0.2 get hF = 214
kJ/kg.
T1 = 89.5 ºC and xL = 0.5 get hL = 505 kJ/kg.
24
For saturated steam at 172.4 kPa, from steam table, we get

TS = 115.6 ºC and  = 2214 kJ/kg.
To get HV for superheated vapor, first we obtain the enthalpy

at Tsat = 48.9 ºC and P1 = 11.7 kPa, get Hsat = 2590 kJ/kg.
Then using heat capacity of 1.884 kJ/kg.K for superheated
steam. So HV = Hsat + cP BPR
= 2590 + 1.884 (40.6) = 2667 kJ/kg.
Substituting into heat balance equation and solving for S,

4535 (214) + S (2214) = 1814 (505) + 2722 (2667)
S = 3255 kg steam /h.
25
The heat q transferred through the heating surface area, A is

q = S ( )
q = 3255 (2214) (1000 / 3600) = 2 002 000 W
Solving for capacity single-effect evaporator equation;

q = U A T = U A (TS – T1)
2 002 000 = 1560 A (115.6 – 89.5)
Solving, A = 49.2 m2.

Steam economy = 2722/3255
= 0.836
26
EVAPORATION
vapor T1 vapor T2 vapor T3
to vacuum
condenser
feed, TF (1) (2) (3)
T1 T2 T3
steam, TS
condensate
concentrate concentrate concentrated
from first from second product
effect. effect.
Simplified diagram of forward-feed triple-effect evaporator
27
EVAPORATION
• Forward-feed multiple/triple-effect evaporators;
- the fresh feed is added to the first effect and flows to

the next in the same direction as the vapor flow.
- operated when the feed hot or when the final
concentrated product might be damaged at high
temperature.
- at steady-state operation, the flowrates and the rate of
evaporation in each effect are constant.
- the latent heat from first effect can be recovered and
reuse. The steam economy , and reduce steam cost.
- the Tbp  from effect to effect, cause P1 .
28
EVAPORATION
Calculation Methods for Multiple-effect Evaporators.
• Objective to calculate;
- temperature drops and the heat capacity of
evaporator.
- the area of heating surface and amount of vapor
leaving the last effect.
• Assumption made in operation;

- no boiling point rise.
- no heat of solution.
- neglecting the sensible heat necessary to heat
the feed to the boiling point.
29
EVAPORATION
• Heat balances for multiple/triple-effect evaporator.
- the amount of heat transferred in the first effect
is approximately same with amount of heat in the
second effect,
q = U1 A1 T1 = U2 A2 T2 = U3 A3 T3
- usually in commercial practice the areas in all

effects are equal,
q/A = U1 T1 = U2 T2 = U3 T3
- to calculate the temperature drops in

evaporator,
 T = T1 + T2 + T3 = TS – T3
30
- hence we know that  T are approximately

inversely proportional to the values of U,
1 U1
T1  T
1 U1  1 U 2  1 U 3
- similar eq. can be written for T2 & T3
- if we assumed that the value of U is the

same in each effect, the capacity equation,
q = U A (T1 + T2 + T3 ) = UA  T
31
EVAPORATION
vapor T1 vapor T2 vapor T3
to vacuum
condenser
(1) (2) (3)
feed, TF
steam, TS T1 T2 T3
condensate
concentrated
product
Simplified diagram of backward-feed triple-effect evaporator
32
EVAPORATION
• Backward-feed multiple/triple-effect evaporators;
- fresh feed enters the last and coldest effect and
continues on until the concentrated product
leaves the first effect.
- advantageous when the fresh feed is cold or
when concentrated product is highly viscous.
- working a liquid pump since the flow is from
low
to high pressure.
- the high temperature in the first effect reduce
the viscosity and give reasonable heat-transfer
coefficient.
33
EVAPORATION
Step-by-step Calculation Method for Triple-effect Evaporator (Forward Feed)
For the given x3 and P3 and BPR3
From an overall material balance, determine V T = V1 + V2 + V3

(1st trial – assumption)
Calculate the amount of concentrated solutions & their concentrations in each effect using material balances.
Find BPR & T in each effect & T.

If the feed is very cold, the portions may be modified appropriately, calculate the boiling point in each
effect.
Calculate the amount vaporized and concentrated liquid in each effect through energy & material balances.
If the amounts differ significantly from the assumed values in step 2, step 2, and 4 must be repeated with the
amounts just calculated.
Using heat transfer equations for each effect, calculate the surface required for each effect
If the surfaces calculated are not equal, revise the TS . Repeat step 4 onward until the areas are distributed satisfactorily.
34
EVAPORATION
Ex. 8.5-1 : Evaporation of Sugar Solution in a Triple-Effect
Evaporator.
A triple-effect forward-feed evaporator is being used to

evaporate a sugar solution containing 10 wt% solids to a
concentrated solution of 50 %. The boiling-point rise of the
solutions (independent of pressure) can be estimated from
(BPR ºC = 1.78x + 6.22 x2 ), where x is wt fraction of sugar in
solution. Saturated steam at 205.5 kPa and 121.1ºC saturation
temperature is being used. The pressure in the vapor space of
the third effect is 13.4 kPa. The feed rate is 22 680 kg/h at 26.7
ºC. the heat capacity of the liquid solutions is cP = 4.19 – 2.35x
kJ/kg.K. The heat of solution is considered to be negligible. The
coefficients of heat transfer have been estimated as U1 = 3123,
U2 = 1987, and U3 = 1136 W/m2.K. If each effect has the same
surface area, calculate the area, the steam rate used, and the
steam economy.
35
EVAPORATION
V1 = 22,680 – L1 V2 = L1 – L2 T3
F = 22680 V3 = L2 - 4536
T1 T2
xF = 0.1
TF = 26.7 ºC P3 = 13.7 kPa
(1) (3)
(2)
S =?
TS1 = 121.1 ºC
TS1 TS2 TS3
PS1 = 205.5 kPa
T3
T1 , L 1 , x 1 T2 , L 2 , x 2 L3 = 4536
x3 = 0.5
Fig. 8.5-1: Flow diagram for example 8.5-1

36
Solution,
The process flow diagram is given in Fig. 8.5-1..
Step 1,
From steam table, at P3 = 13.4 kPa, get Tsat = 51.67 ºC.
Using the BPR equation for third effect with xL = 0.5,
BPR3 = 1.78 (0.5) + 6.22 (0.52) =2.45 ºC.
T3 = 51.67 + 2.45 = 54.12 ºC. (BPR = T – Ts)
Step 2,
Making an overall and a solids balance.
F = 22 680 = L3 + (V1 + V2 + V3)
FxF = 22 680 (0.1) = L3 (0.5) + (V1 + V2 + V3) (0)
L3 = 4536 kg/h
Total vaporized = (V1 + V2 + V3) = 18 144 kg/h
37
Assuming equal amount vaporized in each effect,

V1 = V2 = V3 = 18 144 / 3 = 6048 kg/h
Making a total material balance on effects 1, 2, and 3,

solving
F = 22 680 = V1 + L1 = 6048 + L1,L1 = 16 632 kg/h.
L1 = 16 632 = V2 + L2 = 6048 + L2, L2 = 10 584 kg/h.
L2 = 10 584 = V3 + L3 = 6048 + L3, L3 = 4536 kg/h.
Making a solids balance on each effect, and solving for x,

22 680 (0.1) = L1 x1 = 16 632 (x1), x1 = 0.136
16 632 (0.136) = L2 x2 = 10 584 (x2), x2 = 0.214
10 584 (0.214) = L3 x3 = 4536 (x3), x3 = 0.5 (check)
38
Step 3, The BPR in each effect is calculated as follows:

BPR1 = 1.78x1 + 6.22x12 = 1.78(0.136) + 6.22(0.136)2
= 0.36ºC.
BPR2 = 1.78(0.214) + 6.22(0.214)2 =0.65ºC.
BPR3 = 1.78(0.5) + 6.22(0.5)2 =2.45ºC. then,
T available = TS1 – T3 (sat) – (BPR1 + BPR2 + BPR3 )
= 121.1 – 51.67 – (0.36+0.65+2.45) =
65.97ºC.
U1T1 , T2 , and T65

Using Eq.(8.5-6) 1for .97 (1 3123)
T1  T  3
1 U1  1 U 2  1 U 3 (1 3123)  (1 1987)  (1 1136)
T1 = 12.40 ºC T2 = 19.50 ºC T3 = 34.07 ºC 39

However, since a cold feed enters effect number 1, this

effect requires more heat. Increasing T1 and lowering T2
and T3 proportionately as a first estimate, so
T1 = 15.56ºC T2 = 18.34 ºC T3 = 32.07 ºC
The above data T1, T2 and T3 are getting from iteration-s
To calculate the actual boiling point of the solution in each

effect,
T1 = TS1 - T1 = 121.1 – 15.56 = 105.54 ºC.
T2 = T1 - BPR1 - T2 = 105.54 – 0.36 – 18.34 = 86.84 ºC.
TS2 = T1 –BPR1 = 105.54 – 0.36 = 105.18 ºC.
T3 = T2 - BPR2 - T3= 86.84 – 0.65 – 32.07 = 54.12 ºC.
TS3 = T2 –BPR2 = 86.84 – 0.65 = 86.19 ºC.
40
The temperatures in the three effects are as follows:

Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3 Condenser
TS1 = 121.1ºC TS2 = 105.18 TS3 = 86.19 TS4 = 51.67
T1 = 105.54 T2 = 86.84 T3 = 54.12
Step 4,
The heat capacity of the liquid in each effect is calculated
from the equation cP = 4.19 – 2.35x.
F: cPF = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.1) = 3.955 kJ/kg.K

L1: cP1 = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.136) = 3.869 kJ/kg.K
L2: cP2 = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.214) = 3.684 kJ/kg.K
L3: cP3 = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.5) = 3.015 kJ/kg.K
41
The values of the enthalpy H of the various vapor streams relative to

water at 0 ºC as a datum are obtained from the steam table as follows:
Effect 1:
H1 = HS2 + 1.884 BPR1 = 2684 + 1.884(0.36) 2685 kJ/kg.
S1 = HS1 – hS1 = 2708 – 508 = 2200 kJ/kg.
Effect 2:
H2 = HS3 + 1.884 BPR2= 2654 + 1.884(0.65) = 2655 kJ/kg.
S2 = H1 – hS2 = 2685 – 441 = 2244 kJ/kg.
Effect 3:
H3 = HS4 + 1.884 BPR3 = 2595 + 1.884(2.45) = 2600 kJ/kg.
S3 = H2 – hS3 = 2655– 361 = 2294 kJ/kg.
42
Write the heat balance on each effect. Use 0ºC as a datum.

FcPF (TF –0) + SS1 = L1cP1 (T1 –0) + V1H1 ,, ………(1)
22680(3.955)(26.7-0)+2200S = 3.869L1(105.54-0)+(22680-L1)2685
L1cP1 (T1 –0) + V1S2 = L2cP2 (T2 –0) + V2H2 ………(2)

3.869L1(105.54-0)+(22680-L1)2244=3.684L2(86.84-0)+(L1-L2)2655
L2cP2 (T2 –0) + V2S3 = L3cP3 (T3 –0) + V3H3 ………(3)

3.68L2(86.84-0)+(L1-L2)2294=4536(3.015)(54.1-0)+(L2-4536)2600
Solving (2) and (3) simultaneously for L1&L2 and substituting

into(1)
L1 = 17078 kg/h L2 = 11068 kg/h L3 = 4536 kg/h
S = 8936kg/h V1 = 5602kg/h V2 = 6010kg/h
V3 = 6532kg/h
43
EVAPORATION
Step 5, Solving for the values of q in each effect and area,
 8936 
q1  SS 1   2200 x1000  5.460 x10 W
6
 3600 
 5602 
q2  V1S 2   2244 x1000  3.492 x10 W
6
 3600 
 6010 
q3  V2 S 3   2294x1000  3.830 x10 W
6
 3600 
q1 5.460 x106 q 3.492 x10 6

A1    112.4m 2 A2  2
  95.8m 2
U1T1 312315.65 U 2 T2 198718.34
q3 3.830 x106 ( A1  A2  A3 )
A3    105.1m 2 Am   104.4m 2
U 3 T3 1136 32.07  3
44
EVAPORATION
Am = 104.4 m2, the areas differ from the average value by
less than 10 % and a second trial is really not necessary.
However, a second trial will be made starting with step 6 to
indicate the calculation methods used.
Step 6,
Making a new solids balance by using the new L1 = 17078,
L2 = 11068, and L3 = 4536, and solving for x,
22 680 (0.1) = L1 x1 = 17 078 (x1), x1 = 0.133

17 078 (0.130) = L2 x2 = 11 068 (x2), x2 = 0.205
11 068 (0.205) = L3 x3 = 4536 (x3), x3 = 0.5
45
(check)
EVAPORATION
Step 7. The new BPR in each effect is then,
BPR1 = 1.78(0.133) + 6.22(0.13)2 =0.35ºC.
BPR2 = 1.78(0.205) + 6.22(0.205)2 =0.63ºC.
BPR3 = 1.78(0.5) + 6.22(0.5)2 =2.45ºC. then,
T available = 121.1 – 51.67 – (0.35+0.63+2.45) = 66.0 ºC.
The new T are obtained using Eq.(8.5-11),
T A 15.56112.4 T2 A2 18.3495.8

T  1 1 
'
 16.77C T2'    16.86C
1
Am 104.4 Am 104.4
T3 A3 32.07105.1
T3'    32.34C T  16.77  16.86  32.34  65.97C
Am 104.4
46
These T’ values are readjusted so that T 1`= 16.77,

T 2`= 16.87, T 3` = 32.36, and T = 66.0 ºC. To
calculate the actual boiling point of the solution in each
effect,
(1) T1 = TS1 + T 1` = 121.1 – 16.77 = 104.33ºC

(2) T2 = T1 – BPR1 - T 2` = 104.33 – 0.35 – 16.87 = 87.11 ºC
TS2 = T1 – BPR1 = 104.33 – 0.35 = 103.98ºC
(3) T3 = T2 – BPR2 - T 3` = 87.11 – 0.63 – 32.36 = 54.12 ºC
TS3 = T2 – BPR2 = 87.11 – 0.63 = 86.48 ºC.
Step 8;
Following step 4 to get cP = 4.19 – 2.35x,
F: cPF = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.1) = 3.955 kJ/kg.K
L1: cP1 = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.133) = 3.877 kJ/kg.K
L2: cP2 = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.205) = 3.705 kJ/kg.K
L3: cP3 = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.5) = 3.015 kJ/kg.K
47
Then the new values of the enthalpy are,

(1) H1 = HS2 + 1.884 BPR1 = 2682 + 1.884(0.35) = 2683 kJ/kg.
S1 = HS1 – hS1 = 2708 – 508 = 2200 kJ/kg.
(2) H2 = HS3 + 1.884 BPR2 = 2654 + 1.884(0.63) = 2655 kJ/kg.
S2 = H1 – hS2 = 2683 – 440 = 2243 kJ/kg.
(3) H3 = HS4 + 1.884 BPR3 = 2595 + 1.884(2.45) = 2600 kJ/kg.
S3 = H2 – hS3 = 2655– 362 = 2293 kJ/kg.
Writing a heat balance on each effect,and solving,
(1) 22680(3.955)(26.7-0)+2200S = 3.877L1(104.33-0)+(22680-L1)2683

(2) 3.877L1(104.33-0)+(22680-L1)2243=3.708L2(87.11-0)+(L1-L2)2655
(3) 3.708L2(87.11-0)+(L1-L2)2293=4536(3.015)(54.1-0)+(L2-4536)2600
L1 = 17005 kg/h L2 = 10952 L3 = 4536 S = 8960
V1 = 5675 V2 = 6053 V3 = 6416
48
EVAPORATION
Solving for q and A in each effect,
 8960 
q1  SS 1   2200 x1000  5.476 x10 W
6
 3600 
 5675 
q2  V1S 2   2243x1000  3.539 x10 W
6
 3600 
 6053 
q3  V2 S 3   2293x1000  3.855x10 W
6
 3600 
q1 5.476 x10 6
A1    104 . 6 m 2
U1T1' 312316.77 
q2 3.539 x106
A2    105.6 m 2
U 2 T2' 198716.87 
q3 3.855 x106
A3    104. 9 m 2
U 3 T3' 1136 32.36

49
EVAPORATION
The average area Am = 105.0 m2 to use in

each effect. V1  V2  V3 5675  6053  6416
  2.025
S 8960
steam economy = ???? [Q/Vapor Flowrate]
50
THANK
YOU
51

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Evaporation

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BKC3413: Chapter 7 FKKSA, KUKTEM

Materials of construction Pressure and temperature

Temperature sensitivity Concentration in

• Pressure and Temperature

Effect of Processing Variables on Evaporator Operation.

Calculation Methods for Single-effect Evaporator.

• To get BPR and the heat of solution:

Example 8.4-1: Heat-Transfer Area in Single-Effect

A continuous single-effect evaporator concentrates 9072

F = 9072 kg/h V=?

Figure 8.4-1: Flow Diagram for Example 8.4-1

For the balance on the solute alone,

Substituting into total balance and solving,

Since we assumed the solution is dilute as water;

The enthalpy of the feed can be calculated from,

Substituting into heat balance equation;

Example 8.4-3: Evaporation of an NaOH Solution.

An evaporator is used to concentrate 4536 kg/h of a 20

S=? U = 1560 W/m 2

Figure 8.4-4: Flow Diagram for Example 8.4-3

To determine T1 = Tsat + BPR of the 50 % concentrate

From Duhring chart (Fig. 8.4-2), for a Tsat = 48.9 ºC and

From the enthalpy-concentration chart (Fig.8.4-3), for

For saturated steam at 172.4 kPa, from steam table, we get

To get HV for superheated vapor, first we obtain the enthalpy

Substituting into heat balance equation and solving for S,

The heat q transferred through the heating surface area, A is

Solving for capacity single-effect evaporator equation;

Solving, A = 49.2 m2.

Simplified diagram of forward-feed triple-effect evaporator

- the fresh feed is added to the first effect and flows to

• Assumption made in operation;

- usually in commercial practice the areas in all

- to calculate the temperature drops in

- hence we know that  T are approximately

- if we assumed that the value of U is the

q = U A (T1 + T2 + T3 ) = UA  T

Simplified diagram of backward-feed triple-effect evaporator

For the given x3 and P3 and BPR3

From an overall material balance, determine V T = V1 + V2 + V3

Find BPR & T in each effect & T.

A triple-effect forward-feed evaporator is being used to

Fig. 8.5-1: Flow diagram for example 8.5-1

Assuming equal amount vaporized in each effect,

Making a total material balance on effects 1, 2, and 3,

Making a solids balance on each effect, and solving for x,

Step 3, The BPR in each effect is calculated as follows:

U1T1 , T2 , and T65

T1 = 12.40 ºC T2 = 19.50 ºC T3 = 34.07 ºC 39

However, since a cold feed enters effect number 1, this

To calculate the actual boiling point of the solution in each

The temperatures in the three effects are as follows:

F: cPF = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.1) = 3.955 kJ/kg.K

The values of the enthalpy H of the various vapor streams relative to

Write the heat balance on each effect. Use 0ºC as a datum.

L1cP1 (T1 –0) + V1S2 = L2cP2 (T2 –0) + V2H2 ………(2)

L2cP2 (T2 –0) + V2S3 = L3cP3 (T3 –0) + V3H3 ………(3)

Solving (2) and (3) simultaneously for L1&L2 and substituting

q1 5.460 x106 q 3.492 x10 6

22 680 (0.1) = L1 x1 = 17 078 (x1), x1 = 0.133

The new T are obtained using Eq.(8.5-11),

T A 15.56112.4 T2 A2 18.3495.8

These T’ values are readjusted so that T 1`= 16.77,

(1) T1 = TS1 + T 1` = 121.1 – 16.77 = 104.33ºC