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- Selecting techniques
(find appropriate analytical procedures)
- Sampling
(select representative material to be analyzed)
- Sample preparation
(convert representative material into a suitable form for analysis)
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
General Steps in Chemical Analysis
- Analysis
(measure the concentration of analyte in several identical portions)
(multiple samples: identically prepared from another source)
(replicate samples: splits of sample from the same source)
- Conclusion
(draw conclusions that are consistent with data from results)
MEASUREMENT
Measurement
Examples
mass, volume, temperature, pressure, length, height, time
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Mass Kilogram kg
Length Meter m
Time Second s (sec)
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Electric current Ampere A
Luminous intensity Candela cd
DERIVED SI UNITS
Given:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
= 349 g O2
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
(STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS)
Given:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
What mass of CO2 will be produced from 96.1 g of propane?
= 288 g CO2
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
- The amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or
solution
Molarity (M)
- The number of moles of solute per liter of solution
moles solute
Molarity
volume of solution L
Normality (N)
- The number of gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution
mass of solute
Mass Percent (wt%) x 100%
total mass of solution
PERCENT COMPOSITION
volume of solute
Volume Percent (vol%) x 100%
total volume of solution
PERCENT COMPOSITION
moles of component
total moles of all components
Unit: m or molal
moles solute
m
kg solvent
MOLALITY (m)
What is the molality of a solution that contains
2.50 g NaCl in 100.0 g water?
mass of substance
pp t x 10 3
mass of sample
mass of substance
ppm x 10 6
mass of sample
13.7 μg
ppm 0.0548 ppm
250 mL
PARTS PER BILLION (PPB)
mass of substance
ppb x 10 9
mass of sample
13.7 μg
ppb 5.48 ppb
0.250 L
DILUTION
V1 = 14.3 mL
CONVERTING CONCENTRATION UNITS
- Molarity, Normality is temperature dependent
(changes with change in temperature)
- Volume increases with increase in temperature
hence molarity and normality decreases
Exact Numbers
- Values with no uncertainties
- There are no uncertainties when counting objects or people
(24 students, 4 chairs, 10 pencils)
Inexact Numbers
- Associated with uncertainties
Significant Figures
digits known with certainty + one uncertain digit
RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES