INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS LAB

Mr. Akram A. Haji

BSc, MSc

Chemistry Department Faculty of Science/ University of Zakho

Email: akram.haji@uoz.edu.krd
Methods of expressing concentration

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 Making Solutions

 Solute: substances that are dissolved.

 Solvent: substances in which solutes are dissolved (often times this is water).

 Concentration: amount per volume.

 Solution: a homogeneous mixture in which one or more substances are dissolved

in another.

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 Ways of Expressing Concentration

 Concentration expressions are a ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of

solvent or solution.

 The quantity of solute, solvent or solution can be expressed in volumes or in molar

or mass amounts.

 Thus, there are several ways to express the concentration of a solution.

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 Molality
 The molality of a solution is the moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

 Molality (unlike molarity) is not temperature dependent? Why?

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 Molarity
 The molarity of a solution is the moles of solute in a liter of solution.

Molarity is temperature dependent? Why? How does varies with temperature?

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 Molarity

&
For solid sample
(NaCl)

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 Preparation of Standard solution

 From Solid: Prepare 0.1 M of Cobalt (II) chloride in 500 ml of D.W?

CoCl2 Add D.W

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 Molarity
 From liquid: Prepare 0.1 M of HCl in 250 ml of D.W?

For liquid sample To know concentration

(HCl) of stock solution

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 Molarity

Percent is add, because it is

Wt for liquid (solute dissolved

V(ml)
& in solvent)

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 Normality

 Normality: is Number of equivalents of solute present in one litre of solution.

For liquid sample To know concentration

For solid sample (HCl) of stock solution
(NaCl)

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 Most important point about equivalents

Equivalent and milli-equivalents of reactants reacts in equal number to give same

number of equivalents or milliequivalents of products separately.

X = H+ : in case of acid
X = OH-: in case of base
X = matal * Oxidation No. : in case of salt
X = change in oxidation number of compound or Reduction number of compound : in
case of Redox reaction

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 Dilution of Solutions
 Dilution: the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution
from a more concentrated one.

 Dilutions can be made in increments of 10, 20, 50 or any other value.

 Serial Dilution: the process of diluting a solution by removing part of it,

placing this in a new flask and adding water to a known volume in the
new flask.

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 Preparation of Standard solution
 From liquid: Prepare 0.1 N of HCl in 250 ml of D.W?

b c
a

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Dilution of Solutions

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Serial Dilution

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 Relationship between Mole and Molarity

Or Or

For example:

1 mole 1 mole

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 Percents
 May be expressed as weight per volume which is grams per 100 mL (w/v%)

 May be expressed as weight per weight which is grams per 100 gm(w/w%)

 May be expressed as volume per volume which is mL per 100 mL (v/v%)

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Mass Percentage & ppm & ppb of Solute
 The mass percentage of solute is defined as:

For example, a 3.5% A = 3.5 gm A in 100gm of solution

 Parts per Million (ppm)

 Parts per Billion (ppb)

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Relationship between PPM and Molarity
and Normality

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