Chapter 3

Work and Heat

 Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal,
mechanical, kinetic, potential, electrical, chemical, and
nuclear and their sum constitutes the Total energy(E) of
the system.
 The only two forms of energy interaction associated
with closed system are work or heat.
Definition of Work?
• Work:- is an energy interaction between a system and its
surroundings associated with a force acting through a
distance. Or simply
“It is an energy interaction which is not caused by temperature
difference between the system and surrounding.”
 A rising piston, a rotating shaft, an electric wire crossing the
system boundaries are all associated with work interactions.
• The convention chosen for positive or negative work
i. System doing work on surrounding is positive work
ii. Surrounding doing work on system is negative work
 Cont…
The selection of system is an important factor
when dealing with work or heat.
 Cont…
• The different types of work associated with energy
transfer between the system and surrounding can be
i. Quasi-equilibrium work due to a moving boundary(
rising piston )
ii. Non-equilibrium work(paddle wheel work)
iii. Mechanical forms of work(other work modes;
rotating shaft, spring work, stretching liquid film,
elastic solid bars)
iv. Non-mechanical forms of work(electrical work)
 QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM WORK DUE TO A
MOVING BOUNDARY
We consider a piston-cylinder arrangement
below

δW=P*A*dl=P*dV
 Cont…
As the piston moves from some position l1, to
another position l2, the above expression can
be integrated to give
 Cont…
• Example 1. One kg of steam with a quality of 20 percent is
heated at a constant pressure of 200 kPa until the
temperature reaches 400°C. Calculate the work done by the
steam.
 Cont…
• Example 2. A 110-mm-diameter cylinder contains 100 cm3 of
water at 60 oC. A 50-kg piston sits on top of the water. If heat
is added until the temperature is 200oC, find the work done.
 NON-EQUILIBRIUM WORK
• The area under P-v diagram is work only valid for quasi-equilibrium process.
Consider a system formed by the gas shown below and we can see work is
done by the rotating shaft, yet the volume doesn’t change

Hence no volume change means no work?

But the paddle wheel is doing work on the cylinder and is given
by weight of the object multiplied by the distance it is raised.
 Cont…
• Example 3. A 100-kg mass drops 3 m, resulting in an increased
volume in the cylinder of 0.002 m3. The weight and the piston
maintain a constant gage pressure of 100 kPa Determine the
net work done by the gas on the surroundings. Neglect all
friction.
 OTHER WORK MODES
i. Work transferred by the rotating shaft
This work results from the shearing force due to the shearing
stress τ, which varies linearly with the radius over the cross-
sectional area, moving with angular velocity ω as the shaft
rotates.

The shearing force is given by

 Cont…
• The linear velocity with which this force moves is r*ω.Hence,
the rate of doing work, which is force times velocity, is

where R is the radius of the shaft. The torque T is found from

the shearing stresses by integrating over the area:

Therefore the power becomes

To find the work transferred in a given time:

 Cont…
ii. Work to stretch a linear spring
• The work necessary to stretch a linear spring with spring
constant K from a length x1 to x2 can be found by using the
relation F=K*x
where x is the distance the spring is stretched from the un-
stretched position.we must integrate the force over the
distance the spring is stretched; this results in
 Cont…
iii. Electrical work
Is a work by the electrons as it crosses the
system boundary. In an electric field, electrons
in a wire moves under the effect of
electromotive forces, doing works. The
electrical work done is given by

Or in rate form
 Cont…
• Example 4. The drive shaft in an automobile
delivers 100 N * m of torque as it rotates at
3000 rpm. Calculate the horsepower
delivered.
 Cont…
• Example 5. The air in a circular cylinder is
heated until the spring is compressed 50 mm.
Find the work done by the air on the
frictionless piston. The spring is initially un-
stretched, as shown.
 Cont…
The pressure in the cylinder is initially found from a force
balance:

To raise the piston a distance of 50 mm, without the spring, the

pressure would be constant and the work required would be
force times distance:

the work required to compress the spring is calculated to be

The total work is then found by summing the above two values:
 Cont…
 Definition of Heat?
• Heat:- energy transferred across the boundary of a system due
to a difference in temperature between the system and the
surroundings of the system or
 Is transfer of energy to or from a system microscopically.
• Heat is energy in transition. It is recognized only as it crosses
the boundary of a system.

The convention chosen for positive or negative heat

i. Heat transfer from the system is negative
ii. Heat transfer to the system is positive
 Cont…
A process in which there is Zero heat transfer is
called adiabatic process.

Adiabatic process can be achieved by either

insulating the system well or by keeping the
system and surrounding temperature the same.
 Cont…
• Heat is transferred by three mechanisms
i. Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more
energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less
energetic ones as a result of interaction between
particles.
ii. Convection is the transfer of energy between a solid
surface and the adjacent fluid that is in motion, and it
involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid
motion.
iii. Radiation is the transfer of energy due to the emission of
electromagnetic waves (or photons).
 Similarities between work and heat
I. Both are boundary phenomena. i.e both are
recognized as they cross the boundary of the
system.
II. Any system posses energy but neither heat nor
work
III. Both are associated with a process not a state
IV. They are path functions( their magnitude
depends on the paths followed during a process)
 Cont…
Example 6. A well insulated electric oven is
being heated through its heating element, if
the entire oven including the heating element
is considered as a system, determine whether
it’s heat or work interaction.
 Cont…
Example 7. A paddle wheel adds work to a rigid
container by rotations caused by dropping a 50-kg
weight a distance of 2 m from a pulley. How much
heat must be transferred to result in an equivalent
effect?
For this non-quasi-equilibrium process the work is
given by
W = (mg*d) = (50)(9.8)(2) = 980 J.
The heat Q that must be transferred equals the work,
980 J.
 Cont…
Example 8. Four kg of saturated liquid water is
maintained at a constant pressure of 600 kPa
while heat is added until the temperature
reaches 600oc. Determine the work done by the
water.
The work for a constant-pressure process is
 Cont…
• Example 9. The frictionless piston shown below has a mass of 16
kg. Heat is added until the temperature reaches 400°C.If the
initial quality is 20 percent, find

(a) the initial pressure,

(b) the mass of water
(c) the quality when the piston hits the stops
(d) the final pressure and
(e) the work done on the piston
 Cont…
(a) A force balance on the piston allows us to
calculate the initial pressure. Including the
atmospheric pressure, which is assumed to be
100 kPa,

(b) To find the mass, we need the specific

volume @P1
the mass is then
 Cont…
(c) When the piston just hits the stops, the pressure is
still 120 kPa. The specific volume increases to

The quality is then found as follows, using the entries

at 120 kPa

(d) After the piston hits the stops, the specific volume ceases to
change since the volume remains constant. Using T= 400°C
and ʋ = 0.458, we can interpolate between pressure 0.6 MPa
and 0.8 MPa at 4000C, to find
 Cont…
(e) There is zero work done on the piston after
it hits the stops. From the initial state until the
piston hits the stops, the pressure is constant
at 120 kPa; the work is then