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E= U + KE + PE
ΔE = ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE
The first law of thermodynamics for closed systems then can be written
as:
If the system does not move with a velocity and has no change in
elevation, the conservation of energy equation is reduced to:
(i) How much will be the heat that flows into the system along path
1nm if the work done is 21 kJ ?
(ii) When the system is returned from m to l along the curved path,
the work done on the system is 42 kJ. Does the system absorb or
liberate heat, and how much of the heat is absorbed or liberated ?
(iii) IfUl = 0 and Un = 84 kJ, find the heat absorbed in the processes
ln and nm.
11. In a system, executing a non-flow process, the work and heat per
degree change of temperature are given by:
What will be the change of internal energy of the system when its
temperature changes from:
First Law Applied to Flow process
● A large number of engineering devices such as turbines,
compressors, and nozzles operate for long periods of time under
the same conditions once the transient start-up period is completed
and steady operation is established, and they are classified as
steady-flow devices.
● Processes involving such devices can be represented reasonably
well by a somewhat idealized process, called the steady-flow
process.
● That is, the fluid properties can change from point to point within
the control volume, but at any point, they remain constant during
the entire process.
Many engineering systems such as power plants operate
under steady conditions.
● During a steady-flow process, no
intensive or extensive properties
within the control volume change
with time.
● Thus, the volume V, the mass m,
and the total energy content E of
the control volume remain
constant.
Under steady-flow conditions, the mass and
energy contents of a control volume remain
constant.
● The mass balance for a general steady-flow system was given as:
where the subscripts 1 and 2 denote the inlet and the exit states,
respectively, ρ is density, V is the average flow velocity in the flow
direction, and A is the cross-sectional area normal to flow direction.
● The amount of energy
entering a control volume in
all forms (by heat, work, and
mass) must be equal to the
amount of energy leaving it.
● Then the rate form of the
general energy balance
reduces for a steady-flow Under steady-flow conditions, the fluid properties at an inlet
or exit remain constant (do not change with time).
process to
● Noting that energy can be transferred by heat, work, and mass only,
the energy balance in previous equation for a general steady-flow
system can also be written more explicitly as
● A cold-water stream with a mass flow rate
m ̇ is continuously flowing into the water
heater, and a hot-water stream of the same
mass flow rate is continuously flowing out of
it.
● The water heater (the control volume) is
losing heat to the surrounding air at a rate
of Q ̇out, and the electric heating element is
supplying electrical work (heating) to the
water at a rate of W ̇in.
● On the basis of the conservation of energy A water heater in steady operation.
principle, we can say that the water stream
experiences an increase in its total energy as
it flows through the water heater that is
equal to the electric energy supplied to the
water minus the heat losses.