ENERGY BALANCE FOR

CLOSED AND OPEN SYSTEM

 Energy

• What is energy?
•
 Energy

• Look around us. What are examples of situation or

daily activities which requires energy?
•
 Energy

• Why is energy important in chemical processes?

•
 Energy Balances

• Principal task of an engineer designing a process:

o To account carefully for the energy that flows into and out of each
process unit
o To determine the overall energy requirement for the process

• Can be done by writing energy balances on the process

• Typical problems that may be solved using energy balances:

o How much energy is required to convert 200 kg of water at 30

0
C to steam at 180 0C
o How much power (energy/time) is required to pump 1250 m3/h
of water from a storage vessel to a process unit
 Energy

• Energy - The ability to do work or generate heat

• The total energy of a system has 3 components:

•1) Kinetic energy, Ek – due to the translational motion of a

system as a whole relative to some frame of reference
•2) Potential energy, Ep – due to the position of the system
in a potential field (gravitational/electromagnetic field)
•3) Internal energy (U) – possessed by a system – due to the
motion of molecules and interactions of the atomic
/subatomic constituents of the molecules
1 2
Ek = mu Ep = mgz
2
Total Energy , E = Ek + Ep + U
 Energy
Change in kinetic energy:

1
Ek  Ek 2  Ek1  m(u22  u12 )
2
Change in potential energy

Ep  Ep 2  Ep1  mg( z 2  z1)

Change in internal energy

U = U2 - U1

Note: Δ means “change” and is always calculated as “final value minus initial value”
 Energy

How energy can be transferred between a system

and its surroundings?

• Heat – energy that flows as a result of temperature

difference between a system and its surrounding;
• heat is defined positive when it is transferred to the
system from the surroundings.
• Work – energy that flows in response to any driving
force other than a temperature difference;
• work is defined positive when it is done by the system
on the surroundings.
 Types of Work

• Flow work (Wfl) - energy carried across the boundaries of

a system with the mass flowing across the boundaries

• Shaft work (Ws) - energy in transition across the

boundaries of a system due to a driving force other than
temperature, and not associated with mass flow (an
example would be mechanical work due to a piston, pump
or compressor)
Energy Conversion Units

1 newton (N) = 1 kg. m/s2

1 dyne = 1 g.cm/s2
1 lbf = 32.174 lbm.ft/s2
 Example 1

An automobile weighing 2500 lbm is traveling at 55 miles per hour when the
brakes are suddenly applied bringing the vehicle to a stop. After the brakes
have cooled to the ambient temperature, how much heat (in Btu) has been
transferred from the brakes to the surroundings?
 Solution Example 1

Q = Ek2 – Ek1

Ek2

Ek1
 Example 2

Suppose you pour a gallon of water from a height of 10 feet. How much
potential energy (ft-Ibf) does the water lose? How fast is the water traveling
(m/s) just before the impact to the ground?
 Solution Example 2

Suppose you pour a gallon of water from a height of 10 feet. How much potential
energy (ft-Ibf) does the water lose?

How fast is the water traveling (m/s) just before the impact to the ground?

Ek + Ep + U = Q - W 1
Ek = m(u22 - u12 )
2
Δ U = 0, Q = 0, W = 0 1
= m(0 2 - u12 ) = -83.4ft.Ib f
2

m => 1 gallon => ? kg

∆Ek = 83.4 ft.Ibf = ? kg.m2/s2
 Example 3

Air at 300oC and 130 kPa flows through a horizontal 7 cm ID pipe at a

velocity of 42 cm/sec.

a) Calculate Ek (J/s), assuming ideal gas behaviour

b) If the air is heated to 400oC at constant pressure, what is the
rate of change of kinetic energy (J/s) ?
 Solution Example 3

a) Calculate Ek (W), assuming ideal gas behaviour

What method is used to calculate m?

What is an alternative method to calculate m ?
 Example 1 (Solution 3)

b) If the air is heated to 400oC at constant pressure what is

DEk (300oC  400oC)?

What method is used to calculate velocity?

What is an alternative method to calculate velocity ?
Open and Closed Systems
Open and Closed Systems
 General Balance Equation

• A balance on conserved quantity (i.e. mass, energy, momentum) in a

process system may be written as:
Input + generation - output - consumption
= accumulation
 Energy Balance on Closed Systems

• How do you describe a closed system control volume?

• What effect does this have on the mass and energy
balances?
 Closed Systems

• There is no mass transfer into a closed system

• The only way energy can get into or out of a closed system is
by heat transfer or work

W
a. Heat transfer (Q):
b. Work (W):

Note: * Work is any boundary interaction that is not heat

(mechanical, electrical, magnetic, etc.)
 First Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed ; It can only

change forms

Input + generation - output - consumption

= accumulation 0 0

 Input - output = accumulation

 Closed Systems

• no mass crosses the boundary, hence the input and output terms are
eliminated for mass balance
• energy can be transferred across the boundary as heat & work, hence
the accumulation term may be defined as the change in total energy
in the system, i.e.

 Final total Energy   Initial Total Energy   Change in the total

 - = 
 in the System   in the System   system energy 

Ef - Ei Q -W
 Closed Systems

Q = heat transferred to the system

E = EK + EP + U W = work done by the system

Δ E = Ef - Ei
Δ E= Q - W
E  Ek  Ep  U
Ek  Ep  U  Q  W
Basic form of the 1st law of thermodynamics for a closed system
 Closed Systems

DE = D U + DEp + DEk = Q – W

Note: (Summation of all heat

Q = Qi
transfer across
i
system boundary)

(Summation of all work

across system boundary)
W   Wi
i
 For a Closed System What is DE Equal to?

E  Ek  Ep  U  Q  W
• Is it adiabatic? (if yes, Q = 0)
• Are there moving parts, e.g. do the walls move? (if no, W = 0)
• Is the system moving? (if no, ∆Ek = 0)
• Is there a change in elevation of the system? (if no, ∆Ep = 0 )
• Are there any temperature, phase, chemical composition change,
and is the pressure change is more than a few atmospheres ? (if
no to all, ∆U = 0)
 Example 4

A closed system of mass 5 kg undergoes a process in which there is work of

magnitude 9 kJ to the system from the surroundings. The elevation of the
system increases by 700 m during the process. The specific internal energy of
the system decreases by 6 kJ/kg and there is no change in kinetic energy of
the system. The acceleration of gravity is constant at g = 9.6 m/s2.
Determine the heat transfer, in kJ.

General energy balance : DU + DEp + DEk = Q – W

W = - 9 kJ
DEp = mgDz = (5kg)(9.6 m/s2)(+700m)(N/1 kg.m/s2)
= 33600 N/m = 33600 J = 33.6 kJ
DU = mDÛ = (- 6 kJ/kg)(5kg) = - 30 kJ
DEk = 0
thus, …….. Q = - 5.4 kJ
 Example 5
5 kg of steam contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes an
expansion from state 1, where the specific internal energy is u1=2709.9
kJ/kg, to state 2, where u2=2659.6 kJ/kg. During the process, there is heat
transfer to the steam with a magnitude of 80 kJ. Also, a paddle wheel
transfers energy to the steam by work in the amount of 18.5 kJ. There is
no significant change in the kinetic or potential energy of the steam.
Determine the energy transfer by work from the steam to the piston
during the process, in kJ.
1 2
Wpw = -18.5 kJ
m = 5 kg
steam

Wpiston
Q = 80 kJ
 Solution Example 5

Given : u1 = 2709.9 kJ/kg, u2 = 2659.6 kJ/kg, ∆Ep = 0, ∆Ek = 0

Find : Wpiston

General energy balance for closed system

DU + DEp + DEk = Q – W
W = Wpw + Wpiston
DU = Q – (Wpw + Wpiston)

5 kg (2659.6 -2709.9 k) J/kg = 80kJ – (-18.5 + Wpiston) kJ

Wpiston= 350 kJ ; outgoing work ! - from steam to the

piston
 Working Session 1

A cylinder with a movable piston contains 4.00 liters of a gas

at 30°C and 5.00 bar. The piston is slowly moved to
compress the gas to 8.00 bar.
2 1

Wpiston

State 1 : V = 4 L, T = 30 oC, P = 5 bar

State 2 : V = ? L, T = ? oC, P = 8 bar
 Working Session 1

(a) Considering the system to be the gas in the cylinder and

neglecting DEp, write and simplify the closed-system energy
balance. Do not assume that the process is isothermal in this part.

DU + DEp + DEk = Q – W
DEp = 0, DEk = 0
DU = Q – W

(b) Suppose now that the process is carried out isothermally, and the
compression work done on the gas equals 7.65 L-bar. If the gas is
ideal so that U is a function only of T, how much heat (in joules) is
transferred to or from (state which) the surroundings? (Use the
gas-constant table in the back of the book to determine the factor
needed to convert L-bar to joules.)
 Working Session 1

Isothermal compression,

T = constant, U = f (T), & hence DU = 0

thus, Q = W

Given : W = - 7.65 L-bar (negative due to work done on the

system)

mol.K 8.314 J
W = - 7.65 L.bar x x
0.08314 L.bar mol.K
= - 765 J

Heat transfer to surrounding = 765 J

 Working Session 1

(c) Suppose instead that the process is adiabatic and that U increases as
T increases. Is the final system temperature greater than, equal to,
or less than 30°C? (Briefly state your reasoning.)

DU = Q – W

Adiabatic compression,

Q = 0 and DU = - W

since W has a negative value (work done on the system), DU > 0,

hence the final temperature should be greater than 30 °C
 Energy Balances on Open Systems

• How are open systems control volumes different from closed

systems?
• What effect does this have on the energy balance?
Some Common Open System Steady Flow
Devices
 Work for Open Systems

Total work done by an open system on its surroundings,

W = Wfl + Ws

• Flow work (Wfl) – work done by the fluid at the system

outlet minus the work done on the fluid at the system inlet

• Shaft work (Ws) – work done by the process fluid on a

moving part within the system (ie. a pump motor)
 Flow Work

Consider pipe full of flowing fluid (flow due to ΔP where ΔP = P1 – P2):

 
V1 V2

 
where P V
1 1is work done on system while
PV
2 is2work done by system on
surroundings

 =P V
W  - PV.....(N
 / m 2
)(m 3
/ s)
fl 2 2 1 1
 Specific Properties and Enthalpy

Properties of process material:

• Extensive (proportional to the quantity of material)
• Intensive (independent of quantity)

Extensive:
• Mass, number of moles, volume, kinetic energy, potential energy and internal
energy
Intensive:
• Temperature, pressure, density

Specific properties – an intensive property obtained by dividing an extensive property

by the total amount of process material

Example: Specific internal energy,

^

Specific enthalpy, U( J / kg)  U( J) / m( kg)

^ ^ ^
H  U PV
 Example 6

a. Oxygen at 150 K and 41.64 atm has a tabulated specific volume of 4.684
cm3/g and a specific internal energy of 1706 J/mol. Calculate the specific
enthalpy of oxygen this state.

ˆ =U
H ˆ + PV
ˆ
J
Û = 1706
mol

ˆ =  41.64atm  x  4.684 cm3
L 32g  mol.K 8.314 J
PV x 3 3x x x
 g 10 cm mol  0.08206 L.atm mol.K
J
= 632
mol
J
Ĥ = 2338
mol
 Example 6

b. Superheated steam at 5 bar and 200 oC has a tabulated specific

internal energy of 2643 kJ/kg. Calculate the specific enthalpy of steam
this state assuming ideal gas behaviour.

Hˆ =Uˆ + PV
ˆ
Hˆ = U
ˆ + PV
ˆ
kJ
V̂ = ? ..... assuming ideal gas Û = 2643
kg
PV = nRT
ˆ =  5bar  x  0.438 m x 10 L 
3 3
PV
L.bar
0.08314 x  200 + 273 K  kg m3 
V RT mol.K
= = mol.K 8.314 J kJ
n P 5bar x x x
0.08314 L.bar mol.K 1000J
L
= 7.865 kJ
mol = 219
kg
V  1  V  mol L m3 m3
V̂ = =    = x7.865 x = 0.436 kJ
m  M  n  0.018kg mol 1000L kg Ĥ = 2862
kg
Compare the specific volume & enthalpy with the values in Table B.5
Working Session 2

A horizontal cylinder equipped with a frictionless piston

contains 785 cm3 of steam at 400 K and 125 kPa. A total of 83.8
joules of heat is transferred to the steam, causing the steam
temperature to rise and the cylinder volume to increase. A
constant restraining force is maintained on the piston
throughout the expansion, so that the pressure exerted by the
piston on the steam remains constant at 125 kPa. The final
steam temperature is 480 K. Assuming ideal gas behaviour,
calculate

a. the expansion work done (Joule) by the steam

b. the change in internal energy (Joule) of the steam
 Working Session 2 (Solution)

State 1 :
V1 = 785 cm3 , T1 = 400K, 1 2
P1 = 125 KPa

State 2 :
V2 = ? cm3, T2 = 480K,
Q = 83.8 J Wpiston = ? J
P2 = 125 kPa

a. the expansion work done (Joule) by the steam

Wpiston = P2V2 – P1V1 = P(V2-V1)

PV
1 1
T1
and V2 = nRT2/P2 or =
P2 V2 T2
 Working Session 2 (Solution)

Thus, V2 = 942 cm3, and

Wpiston = P(V2-V1)

 m3  mol.K 8.314 J
=  125,000Pa  157cm x 6 3  x
3
3
x = 19.5 J
 10 cm  8.314 m .Pa mol.K

b. the change in internal energy (Joule) of the steam

General energy balance for closed system

DU + DEp + DEk = Q – Wpiston

Assumption : DEp = 0, DEk = 0

DU = Q – Wpiston = 83.6 – 19.5 = 64.1 J

 Energy Balance on An Open System at Steady
State

Total energy of a flowing fluid (open system)

U  Ek  Ep  Q  W Shaft work

U  Ek  Ep  Q  (W fl  W s )

 
W fl  Pout Vout  PinVin   PV
The fluid possesses an additional form of energy –the
flow energy (flow work)

 
U   PV  Ek  Ep  Q
  W
s

 
H  U   PV ....... Enthalpy (Joule, cal ..)
Hˆ  Uˆ  PVˆ ...... Specific Enthalpy( J / kg, cal / kg...)
H  E  E  Q  W
k p
 Energy Balance on An Open System at Steady
State

Input - Output = Accumulation

   
•
 2
uin   

2
uout  Ecv
Q   min  Hin 
ˆ  gz in   W s   mout  Hout 
ˆ  gz out  
 2   2  t
   

The flow work is

This work represents everything but the flow
included in the
work
enthalpy term
 Energy Balance on Open Systems at Steady
State
 •

m in
  mout
Ecv
0
t
  2    2 
 
uin  
 uout 0
Q  in  in 2 in  W s  out  out 2 out 
 m ˆ
H   gz   m ˆ
H   gz
   
   

 2   2   

 uout  
 uin 
 out  out 2
m ˆ
H   gz out 
  in  in 2 in  Q  W s
m ˆ
H   gz
   
   
 For An Open System What is ∆E
Equal to?

Δ E  Δ H
  Δ E  Δ E  Q  W
k p

s

• Is it adiabatic? (if yes, Q = 0)

• Are there moving parts, e.g. pump, compressor, turbine ? (if no, Ws =
0)
• Does the average velocity of the fluid change between the input and
the output? (if no, ∆Ek = 0)
• Is there a change in elevation of the system between the input and the
output? ? (if no, ∆ Ep = 0 )
• Does temperature, phase, chemical composition or pressure change? (if
no to all, ∆ H = 0)
 Single Stream Steady Flow System

• Nozzles
• Diffusers  
 


uout  uin
2 2
• Turbines ˆ ˆ
Q W s  m Hout  Hin   g  z out  z in  
• Compressors
 2 
 
• Throttling Valve

Often the change in kinetic energy of the fluid is

small, and the change in potential energy of the
fluid is small
Nozzles and Diffusers

A nozzle is a device that increases

the velocity of a fluid at the
nozzle expense of pressure

A diffuser is a device that slows a

diffuser fluid down
Nozzles and Diffusers:
Energy Balance
 
 


uout  uin
2 2
ˆ ˆ
Q W s  m Hout  Hin   g  z out  z in  
 2 
 

Is there work in this system? No

Is there heat transfer? Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change elevation? No

 2 2 
uout  uin 
ˆ  ˆ 

0  Hout  Hin  
2 
enthalpy is converted into kinetic energy
 
 
 Turbines and Compressors

High P High P

W s W s

Low P Low P

turbine compressor

A turbine is a device that produces A compressor is a device that

work at the expense of temperature increases the pressure of a fluid by
and pressure adding work to the system
 Turbines and Compressors:
Energy Balance

 
 

•
uout  uin
2 2
ˆ ˆ
Q W s  m Hout  Hin   g  z out  z in  
 2 
 

Is there work in this system? Yes !

Is there heat transfer? Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change elevation? Usually it can be ignored
Does the kinetic energy change? Usually it can be ignored


W s  m Hˆ out  Hˆ in  enthalpy is converted into work
Throttling Valve

A throttling valve reduces the fluid

pressure

For example, the water that comes

into your house goes through a
throttling valve, so it doesn’t have
excessive pressure in your home.
 Throttling Valve: Energy Balance

 
 


u2
 u 2

ˆ ˆ
Q W s  m Hout  Hin  out in
 g  z out  z in 
 2 
 

Is there work in this system? No

Is there heat transfer? Usually it can be ignored

Does the fluid change elevation? No

Does the fluid change velocity? Usually it can be ignored

 Throttling Valve: Energy Balance

• Hin = Hout
0 = Hˆ out - Hˆ in
• Pin > Pout
• For gases that are not ideal, the temperature goes down in
a throttling valve
• For ideal gases
- D H = Cp DT
• But DH = 0
• So… DT = 0
• The inlet and outlet temperatures are the same !
Mixing Chamber

Mixing two or more fluids is a

common engineering process

Mixing
Chamber
 Mixing Chamber: Energy Balance
 2   2   

 uout  
 uin 
 out  out 2
m ˆ
H   gz out 
  in  in 2 in  Q  W s
m ˆ
H   gz
   
   
We no longer have only one inlet and one exit stream

Is there any work done? No

0   m out Hˆ out   minHˆ in
Is there any heat transferred? No
 
No
m   min
Is there a velocity change?
out
Is there an elevation change? No
Heat Exchanger

A heat exchanger is a
device where two moving
fluids exchange heat
without mixing.
 Heat Exchanger
• Energy balance is the same as a mixing chamber, but…
• Two inlets
• Two outlets

• Material Balance
• Divide into two separate streams with equal inlet and outlet flow rates
Tables of Thermodynamic Data
Tables of Thermodynamic Data
 Reference States and State Properties

• State property – a property of a system component whose value depends

only on the state of the system (i.e. temperature, pressure, phase and
composition)… e.g. internal energy (U) and hence, enthalpy (H)

• It is impossible to measure the absolute value of state property … but can

estimate the change in specific value of U (i.e DÛ) or H (i.e DĤ)
corresponding to a specified change of state (i.e. temperature, pressure,
phase and composition)

• Reference state - specified state (i.e. temperature, pressure or state of

aggregation) assigned to measure relative changes in Û or Ĥ… thus, the
value of Û or Ĥ of a certain material at a specified state (T,P or phase) is
relative to the value of Û or Ĥ of the same material at other specified state
(T,P or phase)
 Reference States and State Properties

• Change in specific value of U (i.e DÛ) or H (i.e DĤ) for the transition from one
tabulated state to other, i.e state 1  state 2

State 2

State 1

As internal energy & enthalpy are state property, reference state is

not required…. Just determine the specific value at state 1 and state
2, and calculate the difference, i.e.

DÛ = Û2 – Û1
DĤ = Ĥ2 – Ĥ1
Reference States and State Properties
 Reference States and State Properties

Recall…
1. E is always measured relative to reference point !
• Reference plane for Ep
• Reference frame for Ek
• Reference state for Û or Ĥ (i.e. usually, but not necessarily
Û or Ĥ = 0)
And…
2. Changes in E are important, not total values of E
3. DE depends only on beginning and end states
4. Q and W depend on process path (could get to the same end
state with different combinations of Q and W)
 Example 5

Values of the specific internal energy of Bromine at three conditions are listed
here

State T(K) P (bar) V (L/mol) Û(kJ/mol)

Liquid 300 0.310 0.0516 0.000
Vapor 300 0.310 79.94 28.24
vapor 340 1.33 20.92 29.62

a. What reference state was used to generate the listed internal energies?
b. Calculate DÛ (kJ/mol) for a process in which Bromine vapor at 300K is
condensed at constant pressure. Calculate also DĤ (kJ/mol) for the same
process.
c. Bromine vapor in a 5 liter-container at 300 K and 0.205 bar is to be heated to
340 K. Calculate the heat (kJ) that must be transferred to the gas to achieve
the desired temperature increase, assuming that Û is independent of
pressure.
 Example 5 (Solution)

Values of the specific internal energy of Bromine at three conditions are

listed here

State T(K) P (bar) V (L/mol) Û(kJ/mol)

Liquid 300 0.310 0.0516 0.000
Vapor 300 0.310 79.94 28.24
Vapor 340 1.33 20.92 29.62

a. What reference state was used to generate the listed internal energies?

Reference state, Û = 0, (Liquid, P = 0.31bar, T = 300 K)

b. Calculate DÛ (kJ/mol) for a process in which Bromine vapor at 300 K is

condensed at constant pressure. Calculate also DĤ (kJ/mol) for the
same process.
 Example 5 (Solution)

DÛ (kJ/mol) = Û2 - Û1 = 0 - 28.24 = - 28.24 kJ/mol

DĤ (kJ/mol) = DÛ + D(PV) = DÛ + PDV

kJ  L  mol.K 0.008314 kJ
= -28.24 +  0.31bar   -79.89  x 0.08314 L.bar x mol.K
mol  mol 
kJ
= - 30.7
mol

c. Bromine vapor in a 5 liter-container at 300 K and 0.205 bar is to

be heated to 340 K. Calculate the heat (kJ) that must be
transferred to the gas to achieve the desired temperature
increase, assuming that Û is independent of pressure.
 Example 5 (Solution)

state 1 : V = 5 L, T1= 300 K, P1 = 0.205 bar

state 2 : V = 5 L, T2= 340 K, P2 = ? bar
and Û = f (T)

General energy balance for closed system

DU + DEp + DEk = Q – Ws ….. DEp, DEk, Ws = 0

Q = DU = nDÛ
DÛ = 29.62 - 28.24 = 1.38 kJ/mol
PV = nRT ˆ  0.0567 kJ
Q  nΔ U
Assuming ideal gas
n=
 0.205 bar   5L = 0.0411mol
L.bar
0.08314 x 300K
mol.K
 Working Session 3

a. Steam at 25oC and 0.0317 bar has a tabulated specific

internal energy of 2409.9 kJ/kg. Calculate the specific
enthalpy of steam this state

b. The specific enthalpy of steam at 125 kPa varies with

temperature approximately as

Ĥ(J/ mol) = 34,980 + 35.5T(K)

i) Estimate the internal energy of the steam at 480 K
ii) Derive a formula for Ĥ (Btu/Ibm) as a function of T(R)
 Steam Properties

Water P-T phase diagram

 Property of Steam Tables

See Tables B.5, B.6 and B.7

P – pressure
T - temperature
^
V – specific volume
^
U– specific internal energy
^
H– specific enthalpy
Property of Steam Tables
Property of Steam Tables
 Property of Steam Tables

Superheated Properties
 Energy Balance Calculation Procedures

Considerations when performing energy balance:

1. Select a suitable control volume for analysis, and sketch the

system, indicating appropriate boundaries
2. Determining what energy interaction are important, and
recognize the sign conventions on such terms
3. Start with the basic 1st law (energy balance) for the chosen
system
4. Obtain physical state for the substance under study. Is an
equation of state applicable, or must graphical and/or tabular
data be employed? What are other property relations for the
substance?
 Energy Balance Calculation Procedures

5. Determine the path of the process between the initial

and final states and indicate it in a diagram. Is the
process isothermal, isobaric, quasi-static, adiabatic, etc.?
6. What other idealizations or assumptions are necessary
to complete the solution? Are kinetic and potential
energies negligible, etc.?
7. Draw a suitable diagram for the process, as an aid in
picturing the overall problem. Label – specific enthalpy,
temperature, pressure, state of aggregation.
8. Complete the solution for the required item(s) on the
basis of the information supplied

Note: * check the units in each equation used !

 Energy Balance Calculation Procedures

1. Perform all required material balance calculations.

2. Write the appropriate form of the energy balance
(closed or open system) and delete any of the terms
that are either zero or negligible for the given process
system.
3. Choose a reference state (phase, temperature and
pressure) for each species involved in the process.
4. For a closed constant-volume system, construct a table
with columns for initial and final amounts of each
species and specific internal energies relative to the
chosen reference state.
 Energy Balance Calculation Procedures

5. For an open system, construct a table with columns for

inlet and outlet stream component flow rates and specific
enthalpies relative to the chosen reference state.
6. Calculate the required values of the specific internal
energies and enthalpies and insert the values in the
appropriate places in the table .
7. Calculate the internal energy and enthalpy change.
8. Calculate any work, kinetic energy, or potential energy
terms that you have not dropped from the energy balance.
9. Solve the energy balance.
 Example 4

Air is heated from 25°C to 150°C prior to entering a combustion

furnace. The change in specific enthalpy associated with this
transition is 3640 J/mol. The flow rate of air at the heater outlet
is 1.25 m3/min and the air pressure at this point is 122 kPa
absolute.

∆Ĥ=3640 J/mol V=1.25 m3/min

Air
Heater T=150°C
25°C P=122 kPa

Q
 Example 4 (Solution)
a. Calculate the heat requirement in kW, assuming ideal gas
behaviour and that kinetic and potential energy changes from the
heater inlet to the outlet are negligible.

General energy balance for open system

DH + DEp + DEk = Q – Ws

and DEp = 0, DEk = 0 and W = 0 (why ?)

Hence, D H = Q and DH = 3640 J/mol

Q = 3640 J/mol but the unit required is kW (kJ/s)

Q = 3640 J/mol x nair mol/s x kJ/1000J …… (kJ/s)

 Example 4 (Solution)

For ideal gas,

PV = nRT or use standard ideal gas conversion

 m3 min 
122000 Pa  1.25 min 60s 
PV   mol
n= = = 0.723
RT  m .Pa 
3
s
 8.314   423K
 mol.K 
thus, Q = 2.631 kW
 Example 5 : Mixing Chamber

Given: shower
inlet 1: T1 = 15 oC (cold water)
inlet 2: T2 = 60 oC (hot water)

Find:
What is the ratio of mass flow rates
(hot/cold) in order to get a shower T3
temperature of T3 = 38 oC

Assumptions:
(1) steady state steady flow (SSSF)
T1
(2) no work, (3) DEp= 0, DEk = 0,
T2
(4) adiabatic, (5) incompressible water
 Example 5 : Mixing Chamber

Basic equations:
(open system)
 m
out
out
= m
 in
in

 m
out
out
ˆ = m
Hout
in
ˆ
 inH in

Solution:
m
 1+m
 2 =m
3  1ˆ1 + m
mH ˆ =m
 2H2
 ˆ
H
3 3

Then  1ˆ1 + m
mH ˆ = (m
 2H2
1+m ˆ
 2 )H 3

ˆ m2 ˆ m
2 ˆ
H1 + H2 = (1+ )H3
m1
 m1

m2 ˆ -H
H ˆ
3 1
=
m1 H ˆ -H ˆ
2 3
Example 5 : Mixing Chamber (Solution)

kJ
Hˆ 1 = Hˆ f (T1 =15o C) = 62.95
kg
ˆH = Hˆ (T = 60 o C) = 251.1 kJ
2 f 2
kg
ˆH = Hˆ (T = 38 o C) =159.1 kJ
3 f 3
kg
kJ
(159.1-62.95)
m
2 kg
  1.05
m1 kJ
(251.1-159.1)
kg
 2 m
m 1
 Working Session 4 : Heat Exchanger

Saturated steam at 2.00 barg is to be used to heat a stream of ethane

(gas) at constant pressure. The ethane enters the heat exchanger at
16°C and 1.5 barg at a rate of 795 m3/min and is heated at constant
pressure to 93°C. The steam condenses and leaves the exchanger as a
liquid at 27°C. The specific enthalpy of ethane at the given pressure is
941 kJ/kg at 16°C and 1073 kJ/kg at 93°C
T3

a. How much heat (kW) must be provided to heat the ethane

from 16°C to 93°C?
b. Assuming that all the energy transferred from the steam goes
to heat ethane, at what rate in m3/min must steam be
supplied to the heat exchanger? T1
T2
 Example 6

Two hundred kg/min of steam enters a perfectly - insulated steam turbine

at 350°C and 40 bar through a 7.5-cm diameter line and exits at 75°C
and 5 bar through a 5-cm line. How much energy is transferred to or
from the turbine?

Energy balance for open system State 1

∆H + ∆Ep + ∆Ek = Q – Ws 350°C

40 bar
ID=7.5-cm
Assumptions :

∆Ep = 0, Q = 0 (adiabatic)
State 2
Hence, ∆H + ∆Ek = – Ws 75°C
5 bar
ID= 5-cm
 Example 6 (Solution)

Hence, Ẃs = 13,460 kW (work produced by turbine)

 Working Session 5

A turbine discharges 200 kg/h of saturated steam at 10.0 bar absolute.

It is desired to generate steam at 250°C and 10.0 bar by mixing the
turbine discharge with a second stream of superheated steam of
300°C and 10.0 bar.

a. If 300 kg/h of the product steam is to be generated, how much heat

must be added to the mixer?
b. If instead the mixing is carried out adiabatically, at what rate is the
product steam generated

Saturated steam
200 kg/h, 10 bar Steam
250oC, 10 bar
Superheated steam
300oC, 10 bar
 Working Session 5 (Solution)

Mass balance
Energy balance for open system
 m =  m
in out
........ 200 + n 2 = n 3
∆H + ∆Ep + ∆Ek = Q – Ws in out
Energy balance

 m ˆ - m
Assumptions : ˆ = Q
out
Hout
 inHin
out in
∆Ek, ∆Ep, Ws = 0
Hence, ∆H = Q ˆ - nH
n 3H3
 
ˆ + n H
1 1
ˆ = Q
2 2 
 Example 7

Atmospheric air at 38°C and 97% relative humidity is to be cooled

to 18°C and fed to a plant area at the rate of 510 m3/min.
Assuming the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg,

(a) calculate the rate (kg/min) at which water condenses

(b) calculate the cooling requirement in tons (1 ton of cooling
= 12,000 Btu/h), assuming the enthalpy of water vapor is
that of saturated steam at the same temperature and the
enthalpy of dry air is given by the equation

Ĥ (kJ/mol) = 0.0291 [ T(oC) – 25 ]

 Example 7 (Solution)

Q

510 m3/min
n1 kmol/min Cooler 18oC
38oC n3 kmol/min
RH=97% yw,3 = ? kmol H2O/mol
yw,1 = ? mol H2O/mol yair,3 = ? kmol air/mol
yair,1 = ? mol air/mol

n2 kmol water/min condensed

18oC
Example 7 (Solution)
Example 7 (Solution)
 Concept Question 1

 Which is from these statements is not true

about a closed system?

 A) both mass and energy can be transferred

across the system boundary
 B) mass can be transferred across the
system boundary but not energy
 C) energy can be transferred across the
system boundary but not mass
 Concept Question 2

 Energy can be transferred between system and

surroundings in these ways:

 A) as heat and work

 B) as heat, work, kinetic and potential energy
 C) as kinetic, potential and internal energy
 Concept Question 3

 The statement below is true or false?

 The amount of heat possessed by the system in

270 kJ
 Concept Question 4

 The statement below is true or false?

 For an open system, no work is involved as long

as there are no moving mechanical parts in the
system. Meaning that, this work can be
neglected
from the energy balance calculations
 Concept Question 5

 Which is from the statements below is false

about state property ?

 A) 2 different process paths provide the same values of

the change in the state property between 2 similar
state condition
 B) 2 different process paths provide different values of the
change in the state property between 2 similar state
condition
 C) 2 similar process paths provide different values of the
change in the state property between 2 similar state
condition
 Concept Question 6

 Which is from the statements below is true

about reference state ?

 A) The change in the state properties between 2 states will

be different, if different sets of reference states are used
(for 1 set the same reference states were used)
 B) The value of the change of state property will always be
zero for a reference state
 C) A table which contain the values of the change of the
state property may be based on different reference
states
 Revision on Chapter 7 (Felder)

 Look back at the contents of Chapter 7

 Write in a piece of paper the part where you
still don’t understand or confused
 Submit the paper to me so that we can discuss
it in class