Chapter 1:

Introduction to Process
Control
Course Learning Outcomes
 Define and explain different parts of control
system
 Recognize, explain and differentiate various
type of control system
 Explain On/Off, proportional (P), integral (I)
and derivatives (D) control modes
 Explain operational principle and
response/tuning of PID control modes
Introduction to Process
Control
 Historical & Modern control system
 Parts of control systems
 Feedback control system
 On-Off control system, Proportional, Integral and
Derivative (PID) control modes
 Feedforward control system
 Cascade control system
 Operational of control modes
 Response of control modes
Historical & Modern control
system
 Control means method to force parameters in
the environment to have specific values.
Eg: making the room temperature at 25C. How?

 Control system – all the elements necessary

to accomplish the control objective.
 Historical & Modern control
system
 Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of
engineering and mathematics, that deals with the
behavior of dynamical systems.
 The desired output of a system is called the
reference value or setpoint.
 When one or more output variables of a system need
to follow a certain reference over time, a controller
manipulates the inputs to a system to obtain the
desired effect on the output of the system.
Historical & Modern control
system
 A formal analysis of the field began with
a dynamics analysis of the centrifugal
governor, conducted by the physicist
James Clerk Maxwell in 1868 entitled On
Governors.

 This described and analyzed the

phenomenon of "hunting", in which lags
in the system can lead to
overcompensation and unstable behavior.
Centrifugal
governor
 Historical & Modern control
system
 A notable application of dynamic control was in the
area of manned flight.
 The Wright Brothers made their first successful test
flights on December 17, 1903 and were
distinguished by their ability to control their flights
for substantial periods (more so than the ability to
produce lift from an airfoil, which was known).
 Control of the airplane was necessary for safe flight.
 Historical & Modern control
system
 By World War II, control theory was an important
part of fire-control systems, guidance systems and
electronics.
 Modern control theory utilizes the time-domain
state space representation, a mathematical model
of a physical system as a set of input, output and
state variables related by first-order differential
equations
 Historical & Modern control
system
 To abstract from the number of inputs, outputs and states,
the variables are expressed as vectors and the differential and
algebraic equations are written in matrix form
 The state space representation (also known as the "time-
domain approach") provides a convenient and compact way
to model and analyze systems with multiple inputs and
outputs
 With inputs and outputs, Laplace transforms is written to
encode all the information about a system
Parts of Control System
 Process
 Measurement
 Error detector
 Controller
 Block Diagram
 Parts of Control System
 Process
 a complex assembly of phenomena that relate to some
manufacturing sequence
 Involves variables
 Single Variables- Only one variable can be controlled

 Multi-variable - Many variables perhaps inter-related

- Require regulation

 Example?
 Parts of Control System
 Measurement
 Refer to conversion of the variable into some
corresponding analog of the variables (pneumatic
pressure, electrical voltage or current)
 Sensor – devices that perform initial measurement and
energy conversion of variables into analogous electrical
information

 Error Detector
 Device that differentiate between actual value and
setpoint value, in both polarity and magnitude.
 Part of Control System
 Controller
 device which monitors and affects the operational

conditions of a given dynamical system

 The operational conditions are typically referred to
as output variables of the system which can be
affected by adjusting certain input variables.

 For example, the heating system of a house can be

equipped with a thermostat (controller) for sensing
air temperature (output variable) which can turn on
or off a furnace or heater when the air temperature
becomes too low or too high.
 Parts of Control System
 Control Element
 Device that exert a direct influence on the process
 Change controlled variable to meet setpoint.
 Receives the correction signal and changes the
value of the manipulated variable.
 Also referred as final control element
 Actuator uses controller signal to actuate final
control element.
 Example: Furnace and pump switches
Part of Control System
 Block diagram
 A diagram of a system, in which the principal
parts or functions are represented by blocks
connected by lines, that show the relationships

of the blocks.

 Block diagram defines all the basic elements

and signal involved.
 Example of block diagram
p
Final Control element

Transmitter u
e=r-b
r Controller
Process

b
Measurement
Example of block diagram
 c represents controlled variable
 b represents measured controlled
variables
 r represents controlled variables
setpoint
 e = r – b, which represents error
signals