CHE 135 | PLANT SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

CHAPTER 2
TOXICOLOGY
(EFFECTS OF TOXIC )

By: MUHAMMAD IMRAN ISMAIL

PENSYARAH, FAK. KEJ. KIMIA

Lecture 2.2
Chapter 2

 Toxicology
 Entering and elimination route of toxicants from biological
organisms - Lecture 2.1

 Effects of toxic - Lecture 2.2

 Dose versus response model - Lecture 2.3

 Threshold limit value - Lecture 2.4

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 Outlines of Presentation
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Effects of Toxic

1. Reversible vs Irreversible

2. Acute vs Chronic (Duration of

Exposure)
3. local vs systemic (Location of
the effect)
 Learning Outcomes

The student should be able to:

 Explain effects of toxic.

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REVERSIBLE VS IRREVERSIBLE

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1. Reversible/Irreversible

Irreversible

 Carcinogen-cause cancer
 Mutagen-cause chromosome (gene) damage
 Teratogen- cause birth defects
May or may not be irreversible

 Dermatotoxic affects skin

 Hemotoxic affects blood

 Hepatotoxic- affects liver

 Nephrotoxic affects kidneys

 Neutotoxic affects nervous system

 Pulmonotoxic- affects lungs

ACUTE VS CHRONIC
(DURATION OF EXPOSURE)

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2. Acute / Chronic

Acute exposure Chronic Exposure

 High Dosage (e.g. due to • Normally lower dose

accidental release • Continued or repeated exposure for a

prolonged period, usually years.
 The effect is immediate
• The effect only noticed/detected following
long exposure
• Sometimes, the worker could not recall the
exposure.
Acute Effects & Exposures (con’t)
• Acute Exposures characteristic:

i. Highly concentrated substance (a spill

or damage)
ii. Sudden
iii. Severe
iv. of short duration/involve just one
incident
v. Cause immediate health problems

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• Chronic Exposures characteristics:

i. Usually develop slowly

ii. Limited concentrations of toxic substance
iii. Continued or repeated exposure for a prolonged period, usually years.
iv. Progressive accumulation of toxic substances
v. Level of exposure is often low, the worker is usually unaware of the exposures
as they occur.
vi. The effect is the result of long-term exposure and are of long duration.

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 LOCAL VS SYSTEMIC
(LOCATION OF THE EFFECT)

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3. Local/Systemic

Local
 Damage to the part of the body that comes in
contact with the substance.

Systemic
 Chemical is absorbed by the body and attacks
a target organ.
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Exercise session:

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Chapter 2

 Toxicology
 Entering and elimination route of toxicants from biological
organisms - Lecture 2.1

 Effects of toxic - Lecture 2.2

 Dose versus response model - Lecture 2.3

 Threshold limit value - Lecture 2.4

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