[CHE 239 ]

PROCESS CONTROL & INSTRUMENTATION

PR E PAR E D BY :
Nurul ‘Uyun Binti Ahmad
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UiTM Bukit Besi, Terengganu
nuruluyun86@gmail.com
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Final Control Elements in
Control System
C HA PT E R
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Contents :
 3.1 Control/Solenoid valve
 3.2 Metering pumps
 3.3 Variables speed drives

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3.3 VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE

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 WHAT IS
VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES?
• A generic term which applies to devices that
control the speed of either the motor or the
equipment driven by the motor (fan, pump,
compressor, etc.).

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Type of Drives

1. Mechanical variable speed drives

2. Hydraulic variable speed drives

3. Electrical variable speed drives

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1. Mechanical variable speed drives

1. Belt and chain drives with adjustable diameter

sheaves
2. Metallic friction drives

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• use mechanical means to convert a fixed–speed
motor output into a variable speed output.

• use of adjustable belt and pulley mechanisms or

through metal roller mechanisms with adjustable
diameters.

• have inherent mechanical losses

• not as energy efficient as electronic/electrical devices.

• Additional losses can be up to 20% more than

electronic devices.

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2. Hydraulic variable speed drives

• Use hydraulic oil as A medium through which the

torque is transmitted to the output.

• Have higher inherent mechanical and hydraulic

losses than mechanical variable speed drives

• Not as energy efficient as electrical vsds.

• Types- hydrostatic drives, hydrodynamic drives and

hydro–viscous drives.

• Hydraulic variable speed drives have fairly specific

uses, for example in the automatic transmission
system of motor cars.
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3. Electrical variable speed drives
• Electronic device used to control the speed and
torque of an electrical motor, achieving a better match
with the process requirements of the machine it is
driving.

• The most common vsd in industries since electric

motor is the workhorse of industries – motor account
for 2/3 of energy used in industries

• Other names for a electrical vsd are variable

frequency drive (vfd), adjustable speed drive
(asd), adjustable frequency drive (afd), ac
drive, microdrive, and inverter.
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 CONTROL PRINCIPAL OF VSD
• A VSD works by converting the incoming electrical supply
of fixed frequency into a variable frequency output.

• So a low frequency for a slow speed, and a higher

frequency for a faster speed.

• The output can also be changed to enable the motor to

generate more or less torque as required.

• So, the motor and drive combination might be used for

turning a large load at fairly slow speeds, or turning a
lighter load at high speeds, maximising efficiency.

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VSD

VSD

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Motor connected to VSD

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Component of VSD
1. Rectifier- diodes to convert ac power to dc power

2. DC Bus – capacitor to store power and smooth

out voltage ripples or power distortions.

3. Inverter – IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor)

to convert dc to variable ac, pwm (pulse width
modulation) to simulate sine wave

4. Regulator/controller

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VSD

dc bus

Closed loop VSD system

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 The speed of the rotating electric field within the
induction motor.
Synchronous Speed = 120 x frequency
no. of motor poles

AC Line Motor

Diode DC Bus IGBT

Rectifier Filter Inverter

• Diode rectifier converts AC line voltage to fixed voltage DC.

• DC voltage is filtered to reduce current ripple from rectification.
• Inverter changes fixed voltage DC to adjustable PWM AC voltage.
IGBT=Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
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 VFD Fundamentals
A variable frequency drive converts incoming 50 Hz utility
power into DC, then converts to a simulated variable
voltage, variable frequency output.

AC DC AC

RECTIFIER INVERTER
50 Hz Power (AC - DC) (DC - AC)

50 Hz Zero - 120 Hz

ABB
VFD
To
Motor
Zero - 120 Hz
Electrical Energy

VFD
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 How Often You Switch From Positive
Pulses To Negative Pulses Determines
The Frequency Of The Waveform

Positive
+
DC Bus

Voltage
Negative
-
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER Frequency

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Frequency = 30Hz

Frequency = 60Hz

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 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

The blue sine-wave is shown for comparison purposes only. The drive
does not generate this sine wave.
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Various Types of Driven Equipments
1. Pump;
2. Fan;
3. Compressors;
4. Conveyers;
5. Mill;
6. Crusher;
7. Crane;
8. Hoist;
9. Traction;
10. Elevator
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 Why
Electrical Variable Speed Drives ?
1. Save energy and improve efficiency
2. Process controllability
3. Reduced mechanical wear and shock
4. Improved power factor
5. Coordination of motion on various shafts
6. Easy interfacing with automation systems

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Affinity Laws, Centrifugal Pumps
1. Flow is proportional to speed
2. Pressure varies with square of speed
3. Power varies with cube of speed
So significant energy saving with VSD at lower pump speed

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FINANCIAL JUSTIFICATION

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THANK YOU!

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