ELEN 30104

Module 5
Single Phase and Permanent Magnet Machines
Objectives
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
 Describe single phase motors and its operation
 Understand split phase and capacitor start motor and its operation
 Describe the operation features of a Permanent magnet machines
 Determine the different magnet materials that is used to construct
permanent magnet machines
Introduction
A Single-Phase Induction Motor consists of a single-phase winding which is mounted
on the stator of the motor and a cage winding placed on the rotor. A pulsating
magnetic field is produced, when the stator winding of the single-phase induction
motor is energized by a single-phase supply.
Introduction
Permanent Magnet machines fall into a generalized classification known as “doubly
excited” machines, which have two sources of excitation-usually known as the
armature and the field.
Small AC motor
Single phase motors work on the same principle as 3 phase motors except they
are only run off one phase. A single phase sets up an oscillating magnetic field that
goes back and forth rather than a rotating magnetic field. Because of this a true
single-phase motor has zero starting torque.
Starting the Single Phase AC motor
From the theory of the polyphase induction motor, we know that in order to
have a rotating magnetic field, we must have at least two mmrs which are
displaced from each other in space and carry currents having different time
phases.
Split-Phase Motors
This type of motor is represented schematically, where the main winding has a
relatively low resistance and a high reactance. The starting winding, however, has
a high resistance and a low reactance, and a centrifugal switch as shown.
Capacitor start Motors
By connecting a capacitor in series with the starting winding, the angle can be
increased. The motor will develop a higher starting torque by doing this.
The total capacitance needed or required may be computed as:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑐 𝑉 2 𝑓𝐶 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = = = −−−→ 𝐶 = 𝑥1000
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉 2𝑓
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑓 = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑧
Shaded-Pole Motors
Another method of starting very small single-phase induction motors is to use
a shading band on the poles as shown in the figure below, where the main single-
phase winding is also wound on the salient poles. The shading band is simply a
short-circuited copper Strap wound on a portion of the pole. Such a motor is known
as a shaded-pole motor.
Permanent Magnet Machines
Permanent magnet (PM) machines compose a well-known class of machines
used in both the motoring and generating modes. PM machines have been used for
many years in applications where simplicity of structure and a low initial cost were
of primary importance. PM machines have also been applied to more demanding
applications, primarily as the result of the availability of low-cost power electronic
control devices and the improvement of permanent magnet characteristics.

1. Conventional (commutator) dc motor/generator

2. Synchronous alternator
3. Brushless dc motor
4. Digital machines
Features of Permanent Magnet Machines
 PM machines fall into a generalized classification known as "doubly excited"
machines, which two sources of excitation—usually known as the armature and
the field (or excitation).
 In conventional synchronous and dc-commutator machines, both of these
excitation sources are electrical windings to an external source of electrical
energy.
 In PM machines, the excitation or field winding is replaced by permanent
magnet and, of course, no external source of electrical energy is required.
 There is no comparison or analogy between PM machines and singly excited
machines such as the induction motor or hysteresis machines.
Permanent Magnet Materials

A great many types of PM materials have been developed in the twentieth

century, particularly in the latter half of this century, and there are many trends
and indications that new PM materials will continue to be developed in the years
ahead. As a result, the PM machine designer has a large choice of PM materials for
consideration in most designs and often has the ability to optimize a design for
minimum size, weight, cost, or other design specification by means of PM material
selection. This type of materials that are commonly used are:

1. Alnico Magnets
2. Ceramic Magnets
3. Samarium Cobalt Magnets
4. Neodymium-iron-boron Magnets
Alnico Magnets
Alnico PM materials are metallic alloys of aluminum, nickel, cobalt, and iron,
and were among the first high-energy PMS to be developed. Alnico magnets (Figure
below) are, generally, characterized by relatively high residual flux density (Bf)
and relatively low coercive force (He). The latter characteristic is undesirable
from the electric machine standpoint.
Ceramic Magnets
Ceramic magnets are similar to other types of materials we commonly refer to
as ceramics in physical properties. However, ceramic PMS are properly defined as
ferrite oxides of barium or strontium and exhibit the property known as
ferromagnetism. Due to the types of materials and manufacturing processes used,
ceramic magnets are generally the lowest cost magnets available in terms of cost
per unit of energy product.
Samarium Cobalt Magnets
Samarium-cobalt magnets gave an "order-of-magnitude leap" in energy
product over ceramic magnets and most other types of magnets. Samarium-cobalt
magnets have residual flux densities comparable with Alnicos and coercive forces
three to five times those of ceramic magnets as shown in its demagnetization
curve.
Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) Magnets

Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) PM materials appear to Offer the greatest

promise for a PM material with greatly improved characteristics over those of
ceramic magnets. This material has been shown in the laboratory to have the
highest energy product of any PM material, and commercial versions of these
laboratory samples are available with energy products above those of samarium
cobalt. Perhaps more importantly, NdFeB magnets hold the promise of relatively
low cost in production quantities.
Hysteresis Motors
It is defined as a synchronous motor that is having cylindrical rotor and works
on hysteresis losses induced in the rotor of hardened steel with high retentivity.
It’s has a ring of special magnetic material, such as chrome, steel, or cobalt,
mounted on a cylinder of aluminum or some other nonmagnetic material. The
stator of the motor is similar to that of an induction motor, and the hysteresis
motor is started as an induction motor. To understand the operation of the
hysteresis motor, we may consider the hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the
rotor.
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A ½ hp shaded pole motor (230 V, 4 pole) has an effective DC stator resistance of 45
ohms (effective AC resistance is 20% more of that value of DC), no load current of 1.5
A, rotor speed of 1700 rpm and developed mechanical power of 400 W. Determine its
efficiency.
Solution:
1
𝑃𝑓𝑤 = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 400 − 746 = 27 𝑊
2
2
𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑟 = 𝐼𝑛𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑐 = 1.52 45 1.2 = 121.5 𝑊
1
746
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 2 𝑥100 = 71.524%
1
2 746 + 27 + 121.5
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. Using the data of number 1, determine its equivalent slip.
Solution:
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑚 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑟 = 400 + 121.5 = 521.5 𝑊
𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑟 121.5
𝑠= = = 0.233
𝑃𝑟 521.5
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A 350 W,60 Hz, 230 V single phase motor has an equivalent frequency of 80%.
Determine its needed capacitor for starting.
Solution:
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 350 80
𝐶= 𝑥1000 = 𝑥1000 = 8.822 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑉 2𝑓 (2302 )(60)
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. If the starting capacitor of the previous problem is connected in starting resistance
of 15 ohm resistance, what will be the starting current at 4 ms instant?
Solution:
𝑉 −𝑡 230 − 0.004
𝑖= 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑒 15 8.822𝑥10−6 = 1.1429 𝑥 10−12 𝐴
𝑅 15
Objectives
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
 Describe single phase motors and its operation
 Understand split phase and capacitor start motor and its operation
 Describe the operation features of a Permanent magnet machines
 Determine the different magnet materials that is used to construct
permanent magnet machines