Lab # 3a: DC Machines Part 1

The DC shunt Motor

Lab # 3a: DC Machines Part 2
The DC Series Motor
Step Module percentage Score
A detailed written explanation for the particular
Lab Report 60%
experiment
Individual
In lab evaluation & Moodle activity 40%
Evaluation
Total 100%

Semester: Fall Year: 2021

Course Title: Electromechanical Motion Devices & Systems
Course Code: EE 323
Instructor: Dhimiter Collaku

STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

FALL 2021

1. ABSTRACT:
The DC shunt motor and DC series motor efficiency were estimated in this experiment. The
torque verse speed of the DC motor was also analyzed. In the DC shunt motor case, the voltages
of the shunt filed, series field, and armature was measured by 179.8 V, 1.45 V, and 6.95 V,
respectively. The DC shunt motor starting characteristics like voltages and torque was measured
by 86.8 V and 0.132 N.m correspondingly. Furthermore, in case of DC series motor the starting
characteristics like torque and voltages was recorded by 2.388 N.m and 79.80 V, respectively.
For the both DC motors the current and speed was also measured corresponding to the voltages
and torque.

2. OBJECTIVES:

For Experiment number 3a and 3b major objective are as given below.

Lab#3a:

 To estimate the DC motor efficiency.

 To analyzed DC shunt motor torque verse speed characteristics

Lab#3b:

 To calculate the DC motor efficiency.

 To examined DC series motor torque verse speed characteristics

3. THEORY:

A direct current machine, also a direct current motor, or commutator machine, is a rotating

electrical machine that is operated with direct current or generates direct current. Depending on
the direction of the power flow, a distinction is made between the direct current motor
(an electric motor to which electrical energy is supplied and mechanical energy is withdrawn)
and the direct current generator (an electrical generator from which mechanical energy is
supplied and electrical energy is withdrawn). DC machines can start under load and their speed
can easily be changed.
A characteristic of the classic DC machines is a mechanical inverter known as a commutator or
pole inverter. With its help, a speed-dependent alternating current is generated in
the rotor when the motor is in operation. In generator mode, it converts the alternating voltage
supplied by the rotor into a pulsating direct voltage (Brown, 2002). There are also applications in
which the same DC machine is used at times as a motor and at times as a generator. A special
form is the unipolar machine , with which direct current can be generated without using a
commutator.
In 1832, the French Hippolyte Pixii built the first direct current generator. Antonio Pacinotti built
a DC motor with a multi-part commutator around 1860. Friedrich von Hefner-
Alteneck developed the drum armature in 1872 , which with the work of Werner von Siemens on
the dynamo-electric principleopened up the possibility of self-excitation and industrial use in the
field of large machine construction (Moseler et al., 2000).
Structures:
The machine has an immovable part, the stator . It consists of a yoke in the form of a hollow
cylinder. The main poles and, in the case of larger machines, also the reversing poles are
attached to it. The stator is not laminated , but consists of solid material, since there is no
alternating magnetic field and therefore no eddy currents occur. The main pole core either carries
the main pole or excitation winding , or permanent magnets generate the necessary main pole
flux (permanently excited machine). In the case of larger machines, the compensation winding is
located in the pole pieces . The rotatably mounted part of the DC machine is called the rotor or,
in conventional machines, the armature . The rotor is laminated, as otherwise major eddy current
losses would occur due to the reversal of magnetization that occurs. Most DC machines are
designed as internal rotors: the rotor is the inner part, the stator the outer part. In the case
of external runners , it is the other way round.
Development scheme for a drum armature with wave winding and magnetization by the current
One or more coils on the armature are placed in a magnetic field of the stator in such a way that
the Lorentz force and partly also the reluctance force generate a torque. For this purpose, the
windings of the armature are connected via a commutator (pole inverter). The sliding contacts on
the commutator (metal brushes or “brushing” carbon) change the polarity of the armature
windings during rotation so that current in the corresponding direction always flows through
those windings that move across the excitation field. A pulsating DC voltage can be tapped at the
brushes. Several spatially offset winding loops (windings) smooth the voltage curve.
The brushes are made of a material that offers good, low- wear contact (often self-lubricating
graphite, sometimes mixed with copper powder (see carbon brush ); with small motors, e.g., for
cassette tape recorders, also precious metal brushes).
By reversing the principle (the armature is moved from the outside) you get a generator . Almost
only permanent or externally excited construction methods are used to generate electricity. The
commutator converts the generated alternating current into direct current.
The general motor behavior is determined by the field strength of the field winding and the
properties of the armature winding (number of turns, number of poles).

DC Shunt Motor:
In shunt machine, the exciter and armature windings are linked through parallel. The excitation
current is only limited by the ohmic resistance of the excitation winding, which has a high
number of turns and inductance . AC voltage operation is not possible because the
excitation would lag far behind the armature current. The speed of large shunt machines is
almost independent of the torque, which is why it is particularly suitable for applications in
which the load torque fluctuates, but the speed should be as constant as possible, e.g. on
conveyor belts and hoists where asynchronous motors are used.
Shunt motors can in case of interruption of the excitation circuit to go through, since the speed
and power consumption at the decay of the excitation field to rise dramatically.
Shunt motors can work as a generator (e.g., for braking) if an auxiliary voltage source or residual
magnetization ensures that an excitation is present when the braking process is started. With
increasing excitation or speed, the generated voltage also increases - it is the voltage that
counteracts the feeding current even when the motor is running and ensures a constant speed. It
is therefore also called back EMF . The increase in the back EMF with the excitation, i.e. with
shunt motors with the supply voltage, means that their speed depends little on the voltage as long
as no magnetic saturation occurs. As the voltage decreases, the speed stiffness also decreases. In
the case of an externally excited DC motor with an independently supplied, constant excitation
field, on the other hand, the idling speed is proportional to the armature voltage (Fam, et
al.,1988).
The connections of the armature are designated with A1 and A2, those of the field winding with
E1 and E2. In the wiring shown, the motor rotates to the right (clockwise), recognizable by the
arrow drawn in the armature. The maximum achievable torque is limited by the permissible
armature current, which is mainly dependent on the cooling measures taken. Large bypass
machines in rolling mills are externally ventilated in order to enable a high armature current and
thus a high torque even at low speeds (Metwally, et al.,1996).

Figure 1: DC shunt Motor

If the nominal operating voltage is suddenly applied to a shunt machine, a very high inrush
current flows through the armature, which can trigger protective circuits. Large machines must
therefore be started with a lower voltage. As a result, the characteristic curve is shifted parallel to
low speeds so that it intersects the torque axis in an area outside the overload. The starting torque
and the armature current at standstill are then limited. Along with the subsequent increase in the
drive speed, the voltage can also be increased. Alternatively, series resistors can be used in the
armature circuit to start up; this makes the characteristic curve flatter so that it in turn intersects
the axis in an area outside of the overload. The disadvantage of this is the power loss at the
resistor (Deshpande, 985).
Equivalent circuit diagram of the shunt motor
DC motor calculation" and "separately excited DC motor" you have already got to know
equivalent circuit diagrams and know how to interpret them. The equivalent circuit diagram of
the shunt motor is shown in figure 2.
 Figure 2: Equivalent circuit DC shunt Motor

The specialty is that the excitation circuit is connected in parallel to the armature circuit . Both
circuits are supplied with the same constant voltage source .
Speed of the shunt motor

If the armature reaction is neglected, the excitation currents and the magnetic flux φ (Phi) are
constant. The armature reaction is the phenomenon that the course of the excitation field is
influenced by the armature current. This is always the case with a loaded machine. The following
formula results from the constancy of the magnetic flux for the speed n:

In the equivalent circuit diagram, variable series resistors are introduced in both branch. Control
via the terminal voltage or the field weakening is not possible because the excitation and
armature circuit are supplied with the same voltage source. If the speed is set by the armature
series resistor, this is lossy. In contrast to this, the speed can be controlled via the exciter series
resistor with almost no losses, since the current flow in the exciter branch is significantly lower
(Singh, 1974).
Shunt motor characteristic Torque

As with the distinctly excited DC motor, the torque-speed characteristic is a straight line, but
with a comparatively smaller gradient. The torque of the shunt motor results from the motor
constant,  the magnetic flux  and the armature current   .

The magnetic flux is constant. This makes the torque proportionate to the armature current.
Generator operation of the shunt motor

The generator operation of the shunt motor is based on the principle of self-excitation. If the
generator is operated at a constant speed, a voltage is induced by the residual magnetism. This
brings an excitation current with it. The current strengthens the existing field and the induced
voltage increases until it is equal to the voltage drop across the excitation circuit resistors.

DC SERIES MOTOR:
The series winding machine is also called the main winding machine; the field winding and
armature winding are linked in series. The excitation winding must be low-resistance. When
supplied with AC voltage, both the excitation field and the armature current change direction
after each half-wave, so that the resulting torque continues to act in the same direction even if the
direction of the current is reversed. A series motor can therefore also be operated with alternating
current. In this case, the iron core of the stator must be a laminated core so that eddy currents are
avoided.
With single-phase AC power motors ( single-phase series motors ) are in older electric
locomotives (hence the frequency 16.7 Hz compromise in traction network ) as well
as tram - railcars to find. They are also found under the term universal motor or all-current
motor in many household machines ( vacuum cleaners , kitchen machines ) and hand-held
electrical devices ( drills ). The starters of large internal combustion engines (for example
in trucks) are series motors.
A series motor as a generator to (z. B. during electronic braking trams) run, his needs field
winding be reversed, otherwise the generated, flowing through the field winding stream lifts the
excitation field on.
The torque of a series machine is strongly dependent on the speed ( series connection
behavior ). At low speed, the mutual induction voltage of the armature winding is
low. Therefore, a large current flow through the armature and the excitation winding, and a large
torque can be applied. The mutual induction voltage increases with the speed. Current and
excitation decrease and with it the torque of the machine (Source: electrical4u.com).

Figure 3: DC Series Motor

Series motors, especially with AC voltage operation (" universal motor ", e.g. in vacuum
cleaners), nevertheless have a significantly lower inrush current than shunt or permanently
excited motors. They nevertheless deliver a very high starting torque for a short time, which is
why they are used in starters, tram vehicles and electric locomotives, where they can be
extremely overloaded in short-term operation. When operating with alternating current, the
torque is pulsating at twice the mains frequency, so that compensating elements must be
interposed in the case of large motors. This also applies to single-phase synchronous machines .
The connections of the armature are designated A1 and A2, those of the field winding D1 and
D2. In the circuit shown, the motor rotates clockwise, recognizable by the arrow drawn in the
armature (Dubey, et al., 1975).

Figure 4: Equivalent circuit DC series Motor

4. PROCEDURE:
ATTENTION!!

 Herein during the lab, do not make any joining with cables when the power is on, because
much high voltages are existing.
 After completing the Lab, the power must be turn off.
A. Part I: Measuring the Armature resistance and winding
1. Make the connections according to figure below
 a. DC voltages increasing slowly until the 0.25A current of the shunt files is carried which
shown on DC meter.
b. Across the shunt field winding the voltage was measured.
E (shunt filed) = 179.8 V dc
c. Set the power supply off, and return back the voltage to zero.

2. Make the cnnections according to figurre below.

a. Put the power supply to off, and set DC voltages increasing slowly until the 0.25A
current of the shunt files is carried which shown on DC meter.
b. Across the series field winding the voltage was measured.
E (series filed) = 1.45 V dc
d. Set the power supply off, and return back the voltage to zero.
3. Make the cnnections according to figurre below.
 a. Put the power supply to off, and set DC voltages increasing slowly until the 0.25A
current carrying the armature winding.
b. Across the armature winding the voltage was measured.
E (armature) = 6.95 V dc
e. Set the power supply off, and return back the voltage to zero.

B. Part II: Load Characteristics

DC shunt motor

1. Make the connection for DC shunt motor according to the given figure below.

2. Set the brushes in neutral position. And set the complete cw position of the shunt filed
rheostat control knob.
3. By putting complete cw position to the dynamometer control knob.
4. Putting the power supply turn on, and set the output variable voltages by 220 V dc.
 Note: If the direction is not cw turn off the power supply and exchange the shunt file
contacts.
5. From the dynamometer set for no load motor speed of 1500 rev/min for the shunt filed
rheostat.
Note: to make sure on the voltmeter the voltages are 220 V dc
6. For the motor speed of 1500 rev/min from the ammeter measured the line current which
is shown in table 1-1.

7. a. applying a load of 0.3 Nm on DC motor through a dynamometer control knob.

b. Measured the motor speed and line current, which is shown in table 1-1.
c. Repeated for each torque the same procedure.
d. Turn off the power supply and return back the voltage to zero.
8. By putting complete cw position postion to the dynamometer control knob.
9. a. Turns on the electricity and slowly increase the DC voltages until the DC motor is
drawing 3A of the line current.
b. The DC voltage and torque was measured.
E = 86.8 v
Torque = 0.132 N.m
c. Set the power supply off, and return back the voltage to zero.
DC Series motor

1. Through DC motor, Electrodynamometer, power supply make the connections as shown

below.

a. Set the torque by 1.25 Nm by changing the dynamometer control knob.

Turn on the electricity supply, untill the motor start to turn by slowly increasing the DC
voltages. Note: If the direction is not cw turn off the power supply and exchange the
shunt file contacts.
b. To set the voltmeter voltages are 220 V dc exactly.
c. Measured the motor speed and line current, which is shown in table 1-2.
d. Repeated for each torque the same procedure, while input voltages set by constant 220V
dc.
e. Set the power supply off, and return back the voltage to zero.
 2. By putting complete cw position to the dynamometer control knob.
3. a. Turn on the electricity and slowly increase the DC voltages until the DC motor is
drawing 2A of the line current.
b. The DC voltage and torque was measured.
E = 79.80 V
Torque = 2.388 N.m
c. Set the power supply off, and return back the voltage to zero.

Conclusion:

The fundamental objective of the current experiment (Lab #3a) was to evaluate the DC motor
efficiency, and analyzed DC shunt motor torque verse speed characteristics. Furthermore, in Lab
3b calculated the DC motor efficiency, and examined DC series motor torque verse speed
characteristics. In DC series motor the starting characteristics like torque and voltages was
recorded by 2.388 N.m and 79.80 V, respectively. In DC shunt motor, the starting characteristics
of the motor like voltages and torque was measured by 86.8 V and 0.132 N.m respectively. And
the voltages of the shunt filed, series field, and armature was measured by 179.8 V, 1.45 V, and
6.95 V, respectively.

Refrences:

1. Brown, W. (2002). Brushless dc motor control made easy. Microchip Technology Inc, 1-48.
2. Moseler, O., & Isermann, R. (2000). Application of model-based fault detection to a
brushless DC motor. IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, 47(5), 1015-1020.
3. Fam, W. Z., & Balachander, M. K. (1988). Dynamic performance of a DC shunt motor
connected to a photovoltaic array. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 3(3), 613-617
4. Metwally, H. M., & Anis, W. R. (1996). Dynamic performance of directly coupled
photovoltaic water pumping system using DC shunt motor. Energy conversion and
management, 37(9), 1407-1416.
5. Deshpande, M. V. (1985). Electric Motors: Application and Control. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
6. Singh, V. (1974). Series Operation of a DC Shunt Motor. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics and Control Instrumentation, (3), 205-205.
7. https://www.electrical4u.com/series-wound-dc-motor-or-dc-series-motor/
8. Dubey, G. K., & Shepherd, W. (1975, December). Analysis of dc series motor controlled by
power pulses. In Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (Vol. 122, No. 12, pp.
1397-1398). IET Digital Library.

Q1. Resistance of series Filed

E (series filed) = 1.45 V

I = 0.25 A
E 1.45
R= = =5.8 Ω
I 0.25

Q2. Power losses in shunt field

E (shunt filed) = 179.8 V

 I = 0.25 A
P=IV =0.25 ( 179.8 )=44.95 W

Q3.

Speed (r/min) T (Nm)

1450 0
1433 0.25
1388 0.5
1350 0.75
1318 1
1295 1.25

1.4
1.2
1
Torque (N.m)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
Speed (r/min)

Figure 1: Torque Vs speed

Speed (r/min) T (Nm)

2200 0.25
1798 0.5
1557 0.75
1398 1
1278 1.25
 1.4
1.2
1

Torque (N.m)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Speed (r/min)

Figure 2: Torque Vs speed

Comment: from the figure 1 the maximum torque is 1.25 N.m at speed of 1295 r/min. in the
figure 2 the maximum torque is 1.25 N.m at motor speed of 1278 r/min.