The title page:

Report Title Electrical Motor & Speed Control

Course name Electrical Machines

Student name Student ID

Mohamed Yahia Mohamed Hassan 7162
Experiment (1):
Speed Control Methods

Objective:
To distinguish between different speed control methods and how they are
utilized.

Introduction:
The speed control mechanism is applicable in many cases like controlling the
movement of robotic vehicles, movement of motors in paper mills and the
movement of motors in elevators where different types of DC motors are
used. Speed control of DC motor is one of the most useful features of the
motor.

Speed Control of DC motor:

Often, we want to control the speed of a DC motor on demand. This
intentional change of drive speed is known as speed control of a DC motor.

We can control the speed of DC motor manually or through an automatic

control device. This is different to speed regulation – where the speed can
regulate against the natural change in speed due to a change in the load on the
shaft.

The speed of a DC motor (N) is equal to

N = K (V – IaRa)/ ø Where, K is a constant.

This implies three things:

1. Speed of the motor is directly proportional to supply voltage.

2. The Speed of the motor is inversely proportional to armature voltage drop.
3. The motor speed is inversely proportional to the flux due to the field findings

Thus, the speed of a DC motor can control in three ways:

1. By varying the flux, and by varying the current through field winding
2. By varying the armature voltage, and the armature resistance
 3. Through the supply voltage

1. Flux Control Method

Due to the field winding, the magnetic flux varies in order to vary the speed of
the motor. As the magnetic flux depends on the current flowing through the
field winding, it changes by varying the current through the field winding. This
can achieve using a variable resistor in a series with the field winding resistor.

Initially, when the variable resistor keeps at its minimum position, the rated
current flows through the field winding due to a rated supply voltage, and as a
result, the speed is kept normal. When the resistance increases gradually, the
current through the field winding decreases. This in turn decreases the flux
produced. Thus, the speed of the motor increases beyond its normal value.

2. Armature Control Method

The controlling of armature resistance controls the voltage drop across the
armature. With this method, the speed of the DC motor can control. This
method also uses a variable resistor in series with the armature.
When the variable resistor reaches its minimum value, the armature resistance
is at normal one. Therefore, the armature voltage drops. When the resistance
value gradually increases, the voltage across the armature decreases. This in
turn leads to decrease in the speed of the motor. In this way, this method
achieves the speed of the motor below its normal range.

3. Voltage Control Method

Both the above-mentioned methods cannot provide speed control in the
desirable range. Moreover, the flux control method can affect commutation.
Whereas the armature control method involves huge power loss due to its
usage of resistor in series with the armature. Therefore, a different method is
often desirable – the one that controls the supply voltage to control the motor
speed.

In such a method, the field winding receives a fixed voltage, and the armature
gets a variable voltage. One such technique of voltage control method involves
the use of a switch gear mechanism to provide a variable voltage to the
armature. Another one uses an AC motor driven Generator to provide variable
voltage to the armature (named as Ward-Leonard System).
Experiment (2):
Types of Motors

Objective:
To distinguish between different types of motors, their Torque-Speed
characteristics, and their applications.

Introduction:
A DC motor (direct current motor) has a lot of applications in today’s field of
engineering and technology. From electric shavers to automobiles – DC motors
are everywhere. To cater to this wide range of applications – different types of
DC motors are used depending on the applications.

Separately Excited DC Motor

As the name suggests, in case of a separately excited DC motor the supply is

given separately to the field and armature windings. The main distinguishing
fact in these types of DC motor is that, the armature current does not flow
through the field windings, as the field winding is energized from a separate
external source of DC current as shown in the figure beside.
From the torque equation of DC motor we know Tg = Ka φ Ia So the torque in
this case can be varied by varying field flux φ, independent of the armature
current Ia
Shunt Wound DC Motor

In case of a shunt wound DC motor or more specifically shunt wound self-

excited DC motor, the field windings are exposed to the entire terminal voltage
as they are connected in parallel to the armature winding.
To understand the characteristic of these types of DC motor, let’s consider the
basic voltage equation given by,

[Where, E, Eb, Ia, Ra are the supply voltage, back emf, armature current and
armature resistance respectively]

Now substituting Eb from equation (2) to equation (1) we get,

The torque equation of a DC motor resembles,

This is like the equation of a straight line, and we can graphically represent the
torque speed characteristic of a shunt wound self-excited DC. The shunt
wound DC motor is a constant speed motor, as the speed does not vary here
with the variation of mechanical load on the output.
Series Wound DC Motor
In case of a series wound self-excited DC motor or simply series-wound DC
motor, the entire armature current flows through the field winding as its
connected in series to the armature winding. The series wound self-excited DC
motor is diagrammatically represented below for clear understanding.

Now to determine the torque speed characteristic of these types of DC motor,

let’s get to the torque speed equation.
From the circuit diagram we can see that the voltage equation gets modified to

Whereas back emf remains Eb = kaφω Neglecting saturation we get,

[since field current = armature current]

From equation (5) and (6)

Applications:
Separately excited DC motors are often used as actuators in trains and
automotive traction applications. For their constant speed characteristics,
shunt DC motors are used in fixed speed applications such as fans. square of
armature current), they can be used in applications that require high starting
torque.