Chapter 4

SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS, DRIVES

AND ELECTRICAL HEATING
Syllabus
SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS:
A. BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

 A brushless DC motor (also known as a BLDC motor or BL motor) is an

electronically commuted DC motor which does not have brushes. The
controller provides pulses of current to the motor windings which control
the speed and torque of the synchronous motor.
 These types of motors are highly efficient in producing a large amount of
torque over a vast speed range. In brushless motors, permanent magnets
rotate around a fixed armature and overcome the problem of connecting
current to the armature. Commutation with electronics has a large scope of
capabilities and flexibility. They are known for smooth operation and
holding torque when stationary.
HOW DOES A BRUSHLESS MOTOR WORK

 Before explaining the working of a brushless DC motor, it is better to understand the

function of a brushed motor. In brushes motors, there are permanent magnets on the
outside and a spinning armature which contains electromagnet is inside. These
electromagnets create a magnetic field in the armature when the power is switched
on and help to rotate the armature.
 The brushes change the polarity of the pole to keep the rotation on of the armature.
The basic working principle for the brushed DC motor and for brushless DC motor
are same i.e. internal shaft position feedback.
 Brushless DC motor has only two basic parts: rotor and the stator. The rotor is the
rotating part and has rotor magnets whereas stator is the stationary part and contains
stator windings. In BLDC permanent magnets are attached in the rotor and move the
electromagnets to the stator. The high power transistors are used to activate
electromagnets for the shaft turns. The controller performs power distribution by
using a solid-state circuit.
WORKING OF BLDC MOTOR
APPLICATION OF BLDC MOTOR

Brushless DC motors (BLDC) use for a wide variety of application requirements such as
varying loads, constant loads and positioning applications in the fields of industrial
control, automotive, aviation, automation systems, health care equipment etc.
• Computer hard drives and DVD/CD players
• Electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and electric bicycles
• Industrial robots, CNC machine tools, and simple belt driven systems
• Washing machines, compressors and dryers
• Fans, pumps and blowers.
SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS:
B. STEPPER MOTOR

 A step motor or stepping motor is called a stepper motor in which the single rotation
is divided into a number of steps. Each step is being calculated by an angle. The
step angle can be varied as per the design of the motor.
 It has a permanent magnetic rotating shaft called the rotor and stationary
electromagnets surrounding the rotor called the stator.
 Also, It has typically 100 electromagnet poles of north and south poles generated
either by a permanent magnet or an electric current.
 Each permanent magnetic pole is having a natural stopping point and the position of
the poles is placed in the stepper motor position itself accurately and precisely.
 This is the convenient features of the stepper motor in that the poles of the stepper
motor is allowed to position accurately without any positional feedback.
• The basic working principle of the stepper motor is the following: By energizing one or more of the
stator phases, a magnetic field is generated by the current flowing in the coil and the rotor aligns with
this field. By supplying different phases in sequence, the rotor can be rotated by a specific amount to
reach the desired final position. Figure shows a representation of the working principle.
• At the beginning, coil A is energized and the rotor is aligned with the magnetic field it produces.
• When coil B is energized, the rotor rotates clockwise by 60° to align with the new magnetic field.
• The same happens when coil C is energized. In the pictures, the colors of the stator teeth indicate the
direction of the magnetic field generated by the stator winding.
WORKING OF STEPPER MOTOR
APPLICATION OF STEPPER MOTOR

Stepper motors are diverse in their uses, but some of the most common include:
• 3D printing equipment
• Textile machines
• Printing presses
• Gaming machines
• Medical imaging machinery
• Small robotics
• CNC milling machines
• Welding equipment
SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS:
C. SERVO MOTOR

 A servo motor is an electromechanical device that produces

torque and velocity based on the supplied current and voltage.
A servo motor works as part of a closed loop system providing
torque and velocity as commanded from a servo controller
utilizing a feedback device to close the loop.
 The feedback device supplies information such as current,
velocity, or position to the servo controller, which adjusts the
motor action depending on the commanded parameters.
 WORKING
 A simple industrial servo motor consists of a permanent
magnet DC motor with an integral tachometer that
provides an output voltage proportional to speed.
 The drive electronics delivers the necessary voltage and
current to the motor based on the voltage fed back from
the tachometer.
 In this example, a commanded speed (represented as a
command reference voltage) is set in the driver, then
the circuitry in the driver compares the tachometer
feedback voltage and determines if the desired speed
has been accomplished - known as a closed velocity
loop.
 The velocity loop is monitoring the commanded velocity
and tachometer feedback, while the driver adjusts the
power to the motor to maintain the desired commanded
velocity.
WORKING OF SERVO MOTOR
APPLICATION OF SERVO MOTOR
SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS:
D. UNIVERSAL MOTOR

 A universal motor is a special type of motor which is designed to run on either DC or single
phase AC supply.
 These motors are generally series wound (armature and field winding are in series), and hence
produce high starting torque. That is why, universal motors generally comes built into the
device they are meant to drive.
 Most of the universal motors are designed to operate at higher speeds, exceeding 3500 RPM.
They run at lower speed on AC supply than they run on DC supply of same voltage, due to
the reactance voltage drop which is present in AC and not in DC.

 There are two basic types of universal motor :

(i) compensated type and
(ii) uncompensated type
 WORKING
 A universal motor works on either DC or single phase AC supply.
When the universal motor is fed with a DC supply, it works as a DC
series motor. (see working of a DC series motor here). When current
flows in the field winding, it produces an electromagnetic field. The
same current also flows from the armature conductors. When a
current carrying conductor is placed in an electromagnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force. Due to this mechanical force, or
torque, the rotor starts to rotate. The direction of this force is given by
Fleming's left hand rule.
 When fed with AC supply, it still produces unidirectional torque.
Because, armature winding and field winding are connected in series,
they are in same phase. Hence, as polarity of AC changes
periodically, the direction of current in armature and field winding
reverses at the same time.
 Thus, direction of magnetic field and the direction of armature current
reverses in such a way that the direction of force experienced by
armature conductors remains same. Thus, regardless of AC or DC
supply, universal motor works on the same principle that DC series
motor works.
WORKING OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR
 APPLICATION OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR

The Universal motor is used for purposes where speed control and high
values of speed are necessary. The various applications of the Universal
Motor are as follows:
• Portable drill machines.
• Used in hairdryers, grinders, and table fans.
• A universal motor is also used in blowers, polishers, and kitchen
appliances.
2. ELECTRICAL DRIVES

 Systems employed for motion control are called as Drive.

 Drives employing electric motors are called as Electrical Drives.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE DRIVES

 Positive Drive: A positive drive is one that can provide constant velocity ratio during
operation. Such drives are free from slip, creep, polygonal effect, leakage, etc. A gear drive is
one positive drive.
 Negative Drives: A negative drive is one that cannot provide constant velocity ratio during
operation. . Such drives are consist of slip, creep, polygonal effect, leakage, etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC DRIVES

 Generally classified into 3 categories:

• Group drive
• Individual Drive
• Multi-motor Drive
 1. Group Drive :
If several group of mechanisms or machines are organized on one shaft and driven or actuated by
one motor, the system is called a group drive or shaft drive.
Advantage :
Most Economical
Disadvantage :
• Any Fault that occurs in the driving motor renders all the driving equipment idle.
• Efficiency low because of losses occurring in the energy transmitting mechanisms (Power
loss).
• Not safe to operate. Also Noise level at the working spot is high.
2. INDIVIDUAL DRIVES:
 If a single motor is used to drive or actuate a given mechanism and it does all the jobs
connected with this load , the drive is called individual drive.
 Each motor is driven by its own separated motor with the help of gears, pulleys etc.

Disadvantage:
• Power loss occurs.
QUIZ

 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1t5oPqr4RhAgX0r6RHFVGFie4klQwaMRAVc53TjKHAZ4/
ELECTRIC HEATING