DC MOTORS

BANOGBANOG, BARRIOS, BERCASIO, CACHUELA, CADELINA, CAMACHO

THE INVENTION OF DC MOTORS
1740S – INVENTIONS BEGAN

• Early incarnations of the electric motor first appeared in the

1740s through the work of Scottish Benedictine monk and
scientist, Andrew Gordon. Other scientists such as Michael
Faraday and Joseph Henry continued to develop early
electric motors, experimenting with electromagnetic fields
and discovering how to convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
1834 – THE FIRST ELECTRIC MOTOR IS
MADE

• History was made when Thomas Davenport of Vermont

invented the first official battery-powered electric motor in
1834. This was the first electric motor that had enough power
to perform a task and his invention was used to power a
small-scale printing press.
1886 – THE INVENTION OF THE DC MOTOR

• William Sturgeon invented the first DC motor that could

provide enough power to drive machinery but it wasn’t until
1886 that the first practical DC motor that could run at
constant speed under variable weight, was produced. Frank
Julian Sprague was its inventor and it was this motor that
provided the catalyst for the wider adoption of electric motors
in industrial applications.
INTRODUCTION TO DC MOTORS

• A DC motor is powered by direct

current, which converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy causes
rotational movement within the
motor, helping to power a vast
majority of industry applications.
INTRODUCTION TO DC MOTORS

• The most common type of DC motor is

operated by the generated magnetic
fields. Most of the types of DC motors
work with the principle of
electromechanical or electronic, to
produce changes of current in the
motor. As the name implies, this motor
is operated by DC voltage.
BASIC PARTS OF A DC MOTOR AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
ROTOR

• Rotor comes from the “rotate”

meaning it is the electrical
rotating part of a dc motor. Rotor
is the moving parts of a dc motor.
It dynamically moves when the
voltage is applied to the armature
winding. This will produce
mechanical movement for a dc
motor.
ROTOR IS BUILT FROM:

• Shaft
• Armature core
• Brush
• Commutator
• Armature windings
SHAFT

• The shaft in a motor is a

cylindrical component that
extrudes out from the motor and
its housing. The purpose of the
shaft is to convert energy from
the motor into the end use
application.
ARMATURE CORE

• It is cylindrical in shape with slots

to carry armature winding. The
armature is built up of thin
laminated circular steel disks for
reducing eddy current losses. It
may be provided with air ducts
for the axial air flow for cooling
purposes.
BRUSH

• Brushes are attached to the

commutator as a bridge to deliver
the electrical energy from the
supply circuit to the rotor.
Brushes are usually made from
Carbon or Graphite material.
ARMATURE WINDINGS

• Armature winding is used to

energize the static magnetic field
in the rotor. We install the
armature winding around the slot
of the armature core.
ARMATURE WINDINGS

Armature windings can be made

with:

• Lap winding construction

• Wave winding construction
COMMUTATOR

• The main purpose of the

commutator is to deliver the electric
current to the armature windings.
The main idea of how a dc motor
works is the interaction between
North and South poles produced by
armature windings and field
windings.
COMMUTATOR

• The generated north pole from the

armature will be attracted to the
south pole from the field winding
and vice versa, producing rotating
movement from the rotor. The
constant torque produced by this
rotor movement in one direction is
called commutation.
STATOR

• Stator comes from the

“stationary” meaning it is the
electrical stationary parts of a dc
motor. Stator does not move and
only produces a magnetic field
around the rotor to make the
rotor rotating when the voltage is
applied to it.
STATOR

Stator is built from:

• Yoke or frame
• Field windings
• Poles
YOKE OR FRAME

• Yoke is an iron frame as a

protective cover for both rotor
and stator. This part protects
everything inside it, supports the
armature, and the house of the
magnetic poles, field windings,
and the pole to provide magnetic
fields for the rotor.
FIELD WINDINGS

• The field windings are made from

copper wire and circle around the
Pole Shoes. Field winding is used
to energize the static magnetic
field in the stator. We install the
field windings around the slot of
the Pole Shoes. We do not need
field windings if we use permanent
magnets like in a Permanent
Magnet Motor or PMDC motor
POLES

• Poles in the stator are used to

energize a specific sequence of
magnetic poles to make sure the
rotor is rotating. It is divided into
Pole Core and Pole Shoes.
POLES

• For a dc motor we need the

magnetic fields to make the rotor
start rotating. In order to
generate magnetic fields, we put
field windings around the Pole
Shoe which is attached to the
Pole Core in the Yoke inner part.
POLES

• These Pole Shoe and Pole Core

parts are attached to each other
using hydraulic pressure. The
structure is the yoke holding the
Pole Core which carries the Pole
Shoes carrying field windings.
This pole unit generates flux
 spread out into the air gap
between rotor and stator.
HOW DC MOTOR WORKS
Types of DC Motor
1. SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR
In this case the supply is given separately to the field and armature winding.
The main distinguishing fact in these types of dc motor is that, the armature
current does not flow through the field winding, as the field winding is excited
from an external source of dc current as shown in the figure alongside.
2. SELF-EXCITED DC MOTOR

In this the shunt winding is connected partly or completely in series or parallel, to

the armature winding and so it can thus be subdivided as:

SERIES DC MOTOR
SHUNT DC MOTOR
What Is a Series DC Motor?
Series DC motors are a group of self-excited DC motors in which
the field coil is connected in series to the armature winding and
thus a higher current passes through it.
Different Parts of Series DC Motors
A series DC motor is very similar to other brushed DC motors in
case of structure and parts. It, too, consists of components like
stator, commutator, armature, axle, brushes, and field windings
that are typical components of such rotary electrical machines.
Thick Wires as Field Windings
As mentioned before, in series DC motors, the field
windings are connected in series to the armature windings
and thus an equal current passes through them from the
supply. As a result, field coils of such motors are made of
thick wires with low resistance and few turns to be able to
carry that heavy load of current.
How does a Series DC Motor Work?
A series DC motor converts electric energy to mechanic
energy based on the electromagnetic principle. In this type
of DC motor, a power supply terminal sits at one end of the
armature and field coils. By applying the voltage, power
starts in these terminals and passes through armature and
field windings.
As conductors in this windings are huge, they have
minimal resistance. As a result, the motor gets a huge
supply of power from the terminals. By the flow of this
large current in the armature and field coils, a strong
magnetic field is produced that creates a massive
torque in the shafts. This strong torque, in turn, spins
the armature and produces the target mechanic
energy.
What Are the Applications of SDC Motors?

Some of the important points we’ve learned so far

about series DC motors is that they produce high
starting torque and operate properly under heavy
load conditions. These features make SDC motors a
good choice for industrial applications.
SDC Motors Advantages: SDC Motors Disadvantages:

Producing a high starting Controlling their speed is

torque challenging,
Being cost-effective The increase in the speed
Easy assembly and design comes with a sharp decrease in
Easy maintenance. the torque, and
As the speed of the motor
depends on the load, they
cannot be used in many cases
at which the load is removed.
What Is a Shunt DC Motor?
A DC shunt motor is a type of self-excited DC motor where the
field windings are shunted to or are connected in parallel to the
armature winding of the motor. Since they are connected in
parallel, the armature and field windings are exposed to the same
supply voltage.
How Does a Shunt DC Motor Work?

The construction and design of shunt motors are the

same as other types of DC motors. The structure of this
motor is made up of the basic parts of other DC motors
such as field windings or the stator, a commutator, and an
armature or the rotor.
How Does a Shunt DC Motor Work?

As long as a shunt motor is turned on, a

direct current flows throughout the stator as
well as the rotor. This flowing current will
create two fields namely the pole and the
armature. There is an air gap between
armature and field windings which is filled
with two magnetic fields. Their job is to
respond with each other to turn and revolve
the armature.
Shunt DC Motors Speed Control

You can easily control the Speed of a Shunt motor. Despite the load
changes, Shunt motors can maintain their constant speed. As the load
increases the armature slows down its speed. This results in less back
electromagnetic force. This less back EMF accounts for less opposition
against the supplied voltage. So, the motor will draw more current. This
increase in current leads to an increase in torque to gain speed. so, if the
load increases, the net effect of load on speed in a Shunt motor is almost
zero. When the load decreases, the armature moves faster and creates more
back EMF because the polarity of the back EMF is against the supply voltage,
load reduction causes less current and hence the speed remains constant.
Advantages of DC Shunt Motor
• The speed of a dc shunt motor is sufficiently constant.
• Direct current machines can use for heavy industrial
applications where the torque and speed wider range.

Disadvantages of DC Shunt Motor

• Shunt motor is a constant speed motor, it would be
disadvantages where it's necessary to operate under variable
speed.
• For the same current input, its starting torque is not a high as
that of a DC series motor.
 COMPOUND DC MOTOR
• WHAT IS COMPOUND DC MOTOR?
• CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUND
DC MOTOR
• TYPES OF COMPOUND DC MOTOR
AND;
• APPLICATION OF COMPOUND DC
MOTOR
• SUMMARY
Compound DC Motor
- Is a type of self excited motor, a combination of both series and shunt
motor. It is consist of a Series field coil, which is connected in series with the
armature field winding, and a shunt field coil winding, which is connected in
parallel with the armature field winding. A shunt motor brings an
extremely efficient regulation for
speed, while a series motor has a
great and high starting torque.
Consequently, a compound DC
motor has a great compromise
on these features.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUND DC MOTOR
Compound motor characteristics basically depends on the fact whether the motor is
cumulatively compound or differential compound. All the characteristics of the
compound motor are the combination of the shunt and series characteristic.
Cumulative compound motor is capable of developing large amount of torque at
low speeds just like series motor. However it is not having a disadvantages of series
motor even at light or no load. The shunt field winding produces the definite flux and
series flux helps the shunt field flux to increase the total flux level.
In differential compound motor, as two fluxes oppose each other, the resultant flux
decreases as load increases, thus the machine runs at a higher speed with increase in the
load. This property is dangerous as on full load, the motor may try to run with
dangerously high speed. So differential compound motor is generally not used in practice.
 TYPES OF COMPOUND DC MOTOR
1. DC Long-Shunt Compound Motor :
In long-shunt compound motor, the shunt field is connected across both armature
and series field.
2. DC Short-Shunt Compound Motor :
In short-shunt compound motor, the shunt field is connected only across the
armature winding. And series field coil is exposed to the entire supply current, before
being split up into armature and shunt field current.
 ADVANTAGES

1. The compound motors are made up of the specifications of series and shunt motor
which means we face a motor that is capable of taking positives out of both of these
motors.
2. A shunt motor works at a constant speed.
3. The compound DC motors possess a very good speed control because of the
presence of a series magnetic field.
4. They can operate even at no load and the same time they can run at some speed
within the limits.
5. A compound motor can be used for approximately all the applications where both
series and shunt motor combined can be used. In some applications, the series motor will
fail but the shunt will be useful and in some cases, the shunt will fail but series will be able
to perform the task.
 DISADVANTAGES
Compound motors indeed have many advantages over other motors nevertheless, just
like all other types of motors, the compound motor has few disadvantages too.

1. A compound motor also needs frequent maintenance due to the aging of parts, and its
maintenance costs are relatively high.
2. Due to the spark happening at carbon brushes, this type of motor is not suitable for
the hazardous environment.
3. In comparison to the AC motors and because of the presence of components expiring
with age like brushes, the lifetime of compound DC motor is less.
4. In differential motor which is one the types of compound motors, the flux of series
field and shunt field oppose each other which causes lower flux and consequently low
torque. This characteristic makes the motor unstable even with a negligible change in load.
5. The differential compound motor cannot be used for any practical application due to
its unstable behavior with even a slight variation of the load.
Application of Compound DC Motor
Because of the capabilities of the compound motors to provide high starting
torque and also speed regulation and control it has many applications in
different areas. Below we listed some of the applications of a compound DC
motor:
1. Compound motors due to their ability to perform better on heavy load
changes are used in elevators.
2. Due to their high starting torque and
better speed control for pressure
variations, they are used in shears and
punches.

3. This kind of motors because of the

high starting torque and heavy-duty
load is used in steel rolling mills.

4. Again due to the capacity of driving

heavy loads, they are used in the printing
press and cutting machines.
5. They are also used in stamping presses to provide high starting
torque.

6. Their good speed control and high starting torque make them a great
choice to be used in mixers.
 SUMMARY OF COMPOUND DC
MOTOR
Compound DC motor is a compound of both shunt DC motor and the series
DC motor. It takes the benefits of both the motors and combines them. Compound
DC motor provides high starting torque and also provides good speed regulation.

However, it is a compromise between both types of motors, which means it has

good starting torque as compared to series DC motor but slightly lesser than shunt
DC motor. Similarly, it has good speed regulation as compared to shunt but not as
good as series DC motor due to different losses and distributions.
It has different types depending upon the connection of and polarity of
series field winding and shunt field winding. In cumulative compound DC type,
total flux is the addition of series field flux and shunt field flux. More flux
results in a more starting torque.
Due to these properties of high starting torque and speed regulation, compound
DC motor is been commonly used in many heavy-duty applications like an elevator,
heavy planers, printing press and cutting machine.
PERMANENT MAGNET
DC MOTOR
INTRODUCTION
• A Permanent Magnet DC motor (PMDC
motor) is a type of DC motor that uses a
permanent magnet to create the magnetic
field required for the operation of a DC
motor.
• They are commonly used as a starter motor
in automobiles, windshield wipers,
washers, blowers used in heaters and air
conditioners, to raise and lower windows –
and they are extensively used in toys.
• As the magnetic field strength of a
permanent magnet is fixed it cannot be
controlled externally, field control of this
type of DC motor cannot be possible.
• Thus permanent magnet DC motor is used
where there is no need to control the speed
of the motor (which is usually done by
controlling the magnetic field). Small
fractional and sub-fractional KW motors are
often constructed using a permanent
magnet.
CONSTRUCTION OF PMDC MOTOR
• A PMDC motor mainly consists of two
parts. A stator and an armature. Here the
stator which is a steel cylinder. The
magnets are mounted in the inner
periphery of this cylinder.
• The permanent magnets are mounted in
such a way that the N-pole and S-pole of
each magnet are alternatively faced
towards armature. That means, if N-pole
of one magnet is faced towards armature
then S-pole of very next magnet is faced
towards armature.
• The rotor of a PMDC motor is similar to other
DC motors. The rotor or armature of a
permanent magnet DC motor also consists of
a core, windings, and commutator. Armature
core is made of a number of varnishes
insulated, slotted circular lamination of steel
sheets.
• The end terminals of the winding are
connected to the commutator segments
placed on the motor shaft. Like other DC
motors, carbon or graphite brushes are placed
with spring pressure on the commutator
segments to supply current to the armature.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PMDC MOTOR
• As we said earlier the working principle of
PMDC motor is just similar to the general
working principle of DC motor. That is when
a carrying conductor comes inside a magnetic
field, a mechanical force will be experienced
by the conductor and the direction of this
force is governed by Fleming’s left hand rule.
• As in a permanent magnet DC motor, the
armature is placed inside the magnetic field
of a permanent magnet; the armature rotates
in the direction of the generated force.
ADVANTAGES OF PERMANENT MAGNET DC
MOTOR OR PMDC MOTOR

The advantages of a PMDC motor are:

1. No need of field excitation arrangement.
2. No input power in consumed for excitation which improve efficiency of
DC motor.
3. No field coil hence space for field coil is saved which reduces the
overall size of the motor.
4. Cheaper and economical for fractional kW rated applications.
DISADVANTAGES OF PERMANENT MAGNET DC
MOTOR OR PMDC MOTOR

The disadvantages of a PMDC motor are:

1. The armature reaction of DC motor cannot be compensated hence the magnetic
strength of the field may get weak due to the demagnetizing effect of the
armature reaction.
2. There is a chance of getting the poles permanently demagnetized (partial) due to
excessive armature current during the starting, reversal, and overloading
conditions of the motor.
3. The field in the air gap is fixed and limited – it cannot be controlled externally.
This makes it difficult for this type of motor to achieve efficient 
speed control of DC motor in this type of motor is difficult.
APPLICATIONS OF PERMANENT MAGNET DC MOTOR OR
PMDC MOTOR

• PMDC motor is extensively used where small DC

motors are required and also very effective control is
not required, such as in automobiles starter, toys,
wipers, washers, hot blowers, air conditioners,
computer disc drives and in many more.
APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTOR
APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTOR

DC motors are important in many applications. In portable

applications using battery power, DC motors are a natural
choice. DC machines are also used in applications where
high starting torque and accurate speed control over a
wide range are important.
Application of DC Series motor
DC series motor is suitable for both high and low power drives,
for fixed and variable speed electric drives. This type of motor
has simple construction. Also, it is easy for design and
maintenance. Because of its high starting torque, this motor
uses in the cheap toys and automotive applications such as,
•Cranes •Hair drier
•Air compressor •Vacuum cleaner
•Lifts/Elevators •Power tools
•Winching system •Sewing machine
•Electric traction •Electric footing
Application of DC Series Motor
Application of DC Shunt Motor
DC shunt motor provides the constant speed. This type of
motor mostly uses in the constant speed application from
no load to full load. The applications are,

•Wiper •Boring mills

•Automatic windscreen •Shapers
•Drills •Blowers
•Conveyors •Spinning and weighing machine
•Fans •Centrifugal pumps
Application of DC Shunt Motor
Application of Compound DC Motor
Application of Compound DC Motor
There are two types of Compound DC motor. One is Differential and other is
Cumulative compound motor. The differential compound motor has poor torque
characteristics because the motor increases the speed with increase in load. so
this motor is not suitable for any practical application.
On the other hand, the cumulative compound motor has high starting torque
characteristic. Also, it has good speed regulation at high speed so it uses in,

•Presses •Elevators
•Electric shovels •Compressors
•Reciprocating machine •Rolling mills
•Conveyors •Heavy planners
•Stamping machine
Application of Permanent Magnet DC Motor
The permanent magnet DC motor is the special type of motor
where we use a permanent magnet to create the required
magnetic field. As this motor does not need to control the
speed, it uses in the applications like,

•Washer •Toys
•Windshield wiper •Wheelchairs
•Automobiles as a starter motor •Blowers in heater and air conditioners.
•Personal computer disc drives