FINAL CORRECTING DEVICES

AND AMPLIFIERS
10-1 SOLENOID VALVES

Hyacinth Bren F. Salazar

In the absence of current through the solenoid coil:
• There will be no magnetic field to pull the armature up
• The valve plug blocks the flow of fluid between the inlet and outlet
ports

With current through the solenoid coil:

• Solenoid coil is energized and the coil conductors are carrying current
• A magnetic field is established which pulls the armature up together
with the valve plug
• This allows the flow of fluid between the inlet and outlet ports
The force created by the spring on the rod
is what makes the solenoid useful in
devices that rely on a number of different
parts that must be activated quickly in
succession.
Solenoid coils can be designed to
operate on ac voltage or dc voltage,
but the ac design is much more
common.
 AC solenoid vs DC solenoid

• DC solenoids are quieter and function more slowly than AC solenoid

• DC solenoids are less powerful than AC solenoid
• DC circuits can utilize AC solenoids without a problem, but DC solenoids cannot be used
on other circuits without becoming noisy and overheated.
• AC solenoids can run the risk of burning out
-Burn-out is more common on valves with AC coils than on those with DC coils
because of the high inrush current.
10-2 TWO-POSITION ELECTRIC
MOTOR DRIVEN VALVES

Hyacinth Bren F. Salazar

•In situations where the valve is large or
where it must operate against a high
fluid pressure, it is better to actuate the
valve by an electric motor than by a
solenoid coil.
•Most two-position valves of this type are
operated by a unidirectional split-phase
induction motor.
 Unidirectional Split-phase Induction Motor

• Stem attached to a mechanical linkage, stroked by electric motor

• Motor is geared down to provide slow output shaft speed and high
torque
• Shaft rotates from 0˚ to 180 ˚, linkage open valve
• Shaft rotates from 180 ˚ to 360 ˚, close valve
 Three Position Controller

• Floating control
• Measured value is too low, valve is open
• Measured value is too high, valve is closed
• Measured value is between differential gap, valve not driven and
same position
10-3 PROPORTIONAL-POSITION
ELECTRIC MOTOR-DRIVEN
VALVES

Hyacinth Bren F. Salazar

• In proportional control, there must be a method of positioning a
control valve at any intermediate position
• The usual method is to connect the valve to a reversible slow-speed
induction motor
Electropneumatic Valve
Janus Rau B. Cunanan
Electropneumatic Valve Operator
• final position of valve is determined by magnitude of electrical input
current
Electropneumatic Valve Operator
Electrohydraulic Valve
Janus Rau B. Cunanan
Electrohydraulic Valve Positioner
Valve Flow Characteristics
Janus Rau B. Cunanan
Ideal Flow Characteristic
Flow Characteristic Curves of Real Systems
10.7 RELAYS AND
CONTACTORS

Shane M. Acana
10.7.1 On-Off Control of Current to a Load
• The only difference between a relay and a contactor is in the current-
carrying and interrupting capability of the contacts.
• Contactors are capable of handling large currents , whereas relays
can handle only relatively small currents.
10.7.2 Relay Hysteresis
10.7.3 A Three-Phase Contactor Switching between Delta
and Wye
To prove that the delta configuration delivers more power to the three
phase heating element than that of the wye configuration…..
10.8 thyristors

Shane M. Acana
• In modern control systems, power thyristors, namely
SCRs and triacs, are used as final correcting devices.
• Thyristors lend themselves quite well to proportional
control of temperature.
• In a thyristor open-loop system, current to the load is
continuously variable, but there is no built-in
comparison between measured value and set point to
bring about automatic adjustment of current.
• For example,
• The most important use of thyristor is in varying the
current through a motor winding to adjust the speed
of the motor.
SPLIT-PHASE AC
MOTORS April Rose P. Siton
➢Split-phase motors are motors for opening and closing
flow-control valves.

➢Not only do split-phase motors handle positioning of

valves, but they also perform most positioning jobs in
servo systems.

➢Most servo systems have what is called an ac servo

motor as their final correcting device.
In any ac induction motor, ac power is applied to the field
winding on the stationary part of the motor (the stator).
Current is then induced in the armature winding on the
rotating part of the motor (the rotor) by transformer action.
The interaction of the magnetic field created by the field
winding with the current carrying conductors of the armature
winding creates mechanical forces which cause the rotor to
spin.
➢ The Rotating Field

• If V1 is positive, current will flow through

winding 1 from top to bottom, thereby
creating a magnetic field pointing from top to
bottom.

• If V2 is positive, a current will flow through

winding 2 from left to right, thereby creating a
magnetic field pointing from left to right.

• If V1 and V2 are both positive at the same

time, currents will flow in both windings. With
each winding creating an individual field, the
net magnetic field will be a compromise
between the individual flelds.
➢ The Armature Conductors

• When a rotor is inserted into our split-phase motor, forces will be exerted on
it to make it follow the rotating field. If the field rotates clockwise, the rotor
will rotate clockwise. If the field rotates counterclockwise, the rotor will
rotate counterclockwise.
➢ Creating the Phase Difference between the Two Winding Currents