Energy Conversion Principles in DC Motors

Brushless DC Motors

Brushed DC Motors

DC Machines 1
F.D. Milan
DC Motor

• A direct current (DC) motor is a

type of electric machine that
converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
• DC motors take electrical power
through direct current, and convert
this energy into mechanical
rotation.
DC Motor

• DC motors use magnetic fields that occur

from the electrical currents generated,
which powers the movement of a rotor
fixed within the output shaft.
• The output torque and speed depends
upon both the electrical input and the
design of the motor.
Working Principles

• DC motors include two key

components: a stator and
an armature.
• The stator is the stationary part of a
motor, while the armature rotates.
• In a DC motor, the stator provides a
rotating magnetic field that drives
the armature to rotate.
Working Principles

• The windings of insulated wire are

connected to a commutator (a
rotary electrical switch), that
applies an electrical current to the
windings.
• The commutator allows each
armature coil to be energized in
turn, creating a steady rotating
force known as torque.
Key Operating Principles

• When the coils are turned on

and off in sequence, a rotating
magnetic field is created that
interacts with the differing
fields of the stationary magnets
in the stator to create torque,
which causes it to rotate.
DC Motor Toque

• The torque developed in the

armature is also calculated based on
the magnetic field (Ø) and the
armature current (Ia) at a given
proportionality constant (K), hence,

T = 7.04 K Ø Ia
Key Operating Principles

• These key operating principles of DC

motors allow them to convert the
electrical energy from direct current
into mechanical energy through the
rotating movement, which can then
be used for the propulsion of
objects.
Types of DC Motors

• So far, this presentation materials has broadly explained

how DC motors work, the history of these mechanisms,
and what they actually look like.
• While the principles are the same across variants, there
are actually several different types of DC motors, which
offer specific advantages and disadvantages over each
other.
• This presentation materials will discuss the types of DC
motor - brushless, brushed, shunt, series, compound.
Brushless DC Motor (Servo Motor)
Brushless DC motors are also known as
electronically commutated motors, or
synchronous DC motors, and differ to the
brushed motor. This involved to the development
of solid state electronics.

The key differences between brushless DC

motors and other varieties is that they do not
have a commutator, which is replaced by an
electronic servomechanism that is able to
detect and adjust the angle of the rotor.
Advantages of Brushless DC Motor
• The brushless DC motor has
several advantages. Commutators
use soft contacts called ‘brushes’
which wear down over time.
• A brushless DC motor is therefore
more durable, and also safer than
the more classical design.
Brushless DC motor (Servo)
Brushless DC Motor (Servo Motor)
Brushless DC Motor (Stepper Motor)
Application of Servo (DC) Motor

• In modern cars, servo motors are

used to control its speed.
• When stepping on the gas pedal, it
sends electrical signals to the car's
computer.
• The computer then processes that
information and sends a signal to the
servo attached to the throttle to
adjust the engine speed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hg3TIFIxWCo
Brushed DC Motor

• The brushed motor is one of the

earliest and simplest type of dc
motors.
• Brushed DC motors are used widely
and frequently in home appliances
and in automobiles ranging from
toys to push-button for adjusting
seats in cars.
• They are inexpensive, easy to use,
and have different shapes and sizes.
Brushed DC Motor

• This motor provides exact control of speed, driven by

a direct current.
• This type of motor can supply three to four times
more torque than it’s rated torque and If needed, it
even has the potential to supply up to five times
more, without stalling. 
• A BDC Motors by using rings to power a magnetic
drive that conducts the motor’s armature, provide
stable and continuous current.
• This kind of motor is one of the earliest used motors
and is commonly used because of the ability to vary
the speed-torque ratio in almost any way.
Working Principles of BDCM

• A BDC Motor is made up of two magnets

facing the same direction, surrounding two
coils of wire that lie in the middle of the
Motor and around a rotor.

• The coils are set to face the magnets which

causes electricity to flow to them. This builds
a magnetic field, ultimately pushing the coils
away from the magnets they are
encountering which finally makes the rotor
turn.
Working Principles of BDCM

• The current cut off at the rotor makes a

turn of 180 degrees.
• This makes each rotor to face the
opposite magnet. once the current
starts over again, the electricity flows
oppositely and sends another pulse
having the rotor turned once again.
• By transferring the electricity from the
rotor, brushes that exist within the
motor turn it off and on.
Characteristics of Brushed Type DC Motors
• When a power supply voltage is applied
to a motor, a current flows and the
motor rotates; but the characteristics
of the power supply voltage, the
rotation rate, the torque, and other
quantities are all interrelated.
• This presentation materials explain
these relations using an equivalent
circuit and equations for a brushed
motor.
Back or Counter EMF

• Back EMF is the induced voltage at

the armature of the dc motor.
• During starting, the back EMF is 0
making the current in the
armature is at maximum level (This
can cause potential damage to the
armature windings)
• After a while, Eb induced
momentarily making Ia drops to a V = Eb + (Ia) (Ra), volts
minimum level.
Back or Counter EMF

• The motor induced voltage

is directly proportional to
magnetic flux (Ø) and
speed (N) and it is
calculated using the
equation below:

Eb = KØ N, volts
Torque-Current Characteristics

• The above relations are summarized in the diagram on the right. The torque-rotation
rate (T-N) characteristic is such that when a torque is applied, the rotation rate falls by
a fixed amount, that is, the relationship is inverse proportionality.
• And, when the power supply voltage is raised, the voltage applied to the motor rises,
so that the rotation rate increases.
• The maximum torque occurs when the rotation rate is zero. The torque (T) is inversely
proportional with the speed (N)
• Hence if N approaching to zero then the torque increases until reaching at maximum
level.
• This condition of the motor is when the armature rotation suddenly stop while the
motor is still applied with supply voltage.
Torque-Current Characteristics

• The torque-current (T-I)

characteristic indicates that when a
torque is applied, the motor
current increases by a constant
amount, that is, increases
proportionally.

• At maximum torque, which occurs

at zero rotation rate, the motor
current is maximum.
Application of BDCM
Category of Brushed Type DC Motor and Catalogue for Automotive
Application (Current and Voltage Rating)
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Assignment 2:
• Differentiate brushed and brushless type DC motors.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of Stepper Motors ?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of Servo Motors ?