Week 3: Ideal Gases and Ideal Gas Laws: Objectives

UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Week 3: Ideal Gases and Ideal Gas Laws

Objectives:
1. Describe the hypothetical substance “ideal gas” and the ideal-gas equation of state.
2. Apply the ideal gas equation of state and ideal gas law to situations involving the pressure,
volume, temperature, and the number of molecules of a gas
3. Define heat capacity of an ideal gas for a specific process.
4. Relate specific heat capacities with ideal gas constant and specific heat ratio.
5. Calculate the specific heat of an ideal gas for either constant volume or constant pressure
process.
VIII. Introduction
Gases are literally all around us—the air that we breathe is a mixture of gases. Other gases include
those that make breads and cakes soft, those that make drinks fizzy, and those that burn to heat many
homes. Engines and refrigerators depend on the behaviors of gases, as we will see in later chapters.
Many chemists had dreamed of having an equation that describes relation of a gas molecule to its
environment such as pressure or temperature. However, they had encountered many difficulties because
of the fact that there always are other affecting factors such as intermolecular forces. Despite this fact,
chemists came up with a simple gas equation to study gas behavior while putting a blind eye to minor
factors.
When dealing with gas, a famous equation was used to relate all of the factors needed in order to solve
a gas problem. This equation is known as the Ideal Gas Equation. As we have always known, anything ideal
does not exist. In this issue, two well-known assumptions should have been made beforehand:
1. the particles have no forces acting among them, and
2. these particles do not take up any space, meaning their atomic volume is completely ignored.
An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas dreamed by chemists and students because it would be much easier if
things like intermolecular forces do not exist to complicate the simple Ideal Gas Law. Ideal gases are
essentially point masses moving in constant, random, straight-line motion. An ideal gas is a working
substance which remain in gaseous state during its operating cycle.
IX. Ideal Gas Equation of State

- It defines the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature of a particular
substance or mixture of substances.
- Equation of state express in terms of mass,
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒎𝑹𝑻
- Equation of state express in terms of moles,
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻
Where: P = absolute pressure of the gas R = ideal gas constant
V = volume of the gas 𝑅 = universal gas constant
n = number of moles of gas T = absolute temperature
THERMODYNAMICS 1 BY: JOSE ANTONIO E. RODAVIA JR.

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X. Gas Constant
 Universal Gas Constant, 𝑅
𝑘𝐽
𝑅 = 8.314
𝑘𝑔 −𝐾
𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏
𝑅 = 1545
𝑙𝑏 − °𝑅
 The Ideal Gas Constant or the Specific Gas Constant, R
R=
Where: R – Ideal Gas Constant

𝑅 − Universal Gas Constant
MW – Molecular Weight
Example 3.1
5.0 g of neon is at 256 mm Hg and at a temperature of 35º C. What is the volume in Liters?
Given:
P = 256 mmHg
m = 5.0 g
t = 35oC
MWNe = 20
Required:
Volume in Liters, V
Solution:
1. Convert to standard units.
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = 256 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 = 34.13 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 34.13
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑚
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 =5𝑔 = 0.005 𝑘𝑔
1000 𝑔
𝑇 = 35 + 273 = 308 𝐾
2. Solve for the ideal gas constant of Neon,
R=
.
R= 𝑘𝑔
20𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙
R= 0.4157
3. Isolate the volume on the ideal gas equation of state
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑉=
𝑃
4. Plug in all the given values on the ideal gas equation of state,
𝑘𝐽 1𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
(0.005 𝑘𝑔) 0.4157 (308𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾 1𝑘𝐽
𝑉=
𝑘𝑁
34.13
𝑚

34
1000𝐿
𝑉 = 0.01876 𝑚
1
𝑉 = 18.76 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Learning Activity 3.1
1. Air in a 10 m3 tank has a pressure of 500 kPa and temperature of 40 oC. Determine the mass of air in the
tank.
2. The pressure and temperature of the vessel is 380 kPa and 60 oC, what is the density of air in kg/m3?
3. What is the specific volume of air at 15 psia and 90 oF in ft3/lb?
XI. Ideal Gas Laws

 Charles’s Law
- If the pressure remained constant within a closed system, the volume of the gas
varies directly with the temperature during the change of state.
𝑉∝𝑇
Or express from two volume/temperature points:
𝑉 𝑇
=
𝑉 𝑇
 Boyle’s Law
- if the temperature remained constant within a closed system, the volume of the
gas varies inversely with the pressure during the change of state.
1
𝑉∝
𝑃
Or expressed from two pressure/volume points:
𝑉 𝑃
=
𝑉 𝑃
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
- The pressure of an ideal gas if held at a constant volume is directly proportional to
its temperature at any change of state.
𝑃∝𝑇
Or expressed from two pressure/temperature points:
𝑃 𝑇
=
𝑃 𝑇
 Combined Gas Law
= = mR = constant

35
 Avogadro’s Law
- The principle that states 1 mole of any ideal gas always occupies the same volume
at a constant pressure and temperature.
𝑉 𝑛
=
𝑉 𝑛
Example 3.2
The pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 200 kpa(gage) before the trip and 220
kpa(gage) after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 90 kpa. If the temperature of the
air in the tire before the trip is 25oC, the air temperature after the trip is:
Given:
𝑃 = 200 𝑘𝑝𝑎𝑔
𝑃 = 220 𝑘𝑝𝑎𝑔
𝑃 = 90 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑡 = 25℃
Required:
The air temperature in the tire after the trip, 𝑡
Solution:
1. Both pressure and temperature should be converted to absolute.
𝑃 = 200 + 90 = 290 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (𝑎𝑏𝑠)
𝑃 = 220 + 90 = 310 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (𝑎𝑏𝑠)
𝑇 = 25 + 273 = 298 𝐾
2. Apply the Gay-Lussac’s Law assuming that the automobile tire is rigid or its volume remains
constant.
𝑃 𝑇
=
𝑃 𝑇
3. Plug in all the given values
290 𝑘𝑃𝑎 298𝐾
=
310 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑇
4. Solve for 𝑇
𝑇 = 318.55 𝐾
𝑇 = 45.55 ℃
Example 3.3
If the final volume of an ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume and to twice its
temperature, what will happen to its pressure?
Given:
𝑉 = 𝑉
𝑇 = 2𝑇
Required:
The ratio between the initial and final pressure,
Solution:
1. Apply the combine gas law
𝑃𝑉 𝑃𝑉
=
𝑇 𝑇

36
2. Equate the given expressions of volume and temperature to combine gas law equation.
1
𝑃𝑉 𝑃 𝑉
= 2
𝑇 2𝑇
3. V1 and T1 cancels out and simplify the equation,
𝑃 = 4𝑃
4. Based from the resulting equation, the final pressure quadrupled its value.
Learning activity 3.1
1. The temperature of an ideal gas remains constant while the pressure changes from 15 psia to 150 psia.
(a) If the initial volume is 2.8 ft3, what is the final volume?
2. An automobile tire contains a certain volume of air at 30 psig and 70 oF. The barometric pressure is 29.50
in. Hg. If, due to running conditions, the temperature of the air in the tire rises to 160 oF, what will be the
gage pressure? Assume that the air is an ideal gas and that the tire does not stretch.
3. The temperature of 4.82 lb of oxygen occupying 8 ft3 is changed from 110 oF to 200oF while the pressure
remains constant at 115 psia. Determine (a) the final volume and (b) the change in density expressed as a
percentage of the initial density. (c) Now with the pressure varying, but with the volume constant,
determine the final pressure if the absolute temperature is quadrupled.
XII. Specific Heats of Ideal Gas

- Specific heat is a thermal property that measure the heat required to increase the
temperature of one unit of thermodynamic substance by one degree.
 Specific heat at constant volume
- The specific heat at constant volume is given by,
𝑑𝑢
𝑐 =
𝑑𝑇
Integrating the internal energy and the absolute temperature, the resulting
equation will be,
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐 ∆𝑇
Where:
ΔU = Change in Internal Energy, kJ
T = absolute temperature, K
m = mass, kg
cv = specific heat at constant volume, kJ/kg-K
 Specific heat at constant pressure
- Specific heat at constant pressure is given by,
𝑑ℎ
𝑐 =
𝑑𝑇
Integrating the enthalpy energy and the absolute temperature, the resulting
equation will be,
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐 ∆𝑇

37
Where:
ΔU = Change in Enthalpy, kJ
T = absolute temperature, K
m = mass, kg
cp = specific heat at constant pressure, kJ/kg-K
 Specific Heat Ratio
- Is the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure cp to the specific heat at
constant volume cv.
k=

38
Table 3.1: Ideal gas specific heats of various common gases

39
XIII. Relation among Cp, Cv, k, and R

 From the equation for the change in Enthalpy,
∆𝐻 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑃𝑉
Substitute the formulas for ∆𝐻, ∆𝑈, and ∆𝑃𝑉 to the equation,
𝑚𝑐 ∆𝑇 = 𝑚𝑐 ∆𝑇 + 𝑚𝑅∆𝑇
Common terms cancels out, the resulting equation becomes,
𝒄𝒑 = 𝒄𝒗 + 𝑹
𝒄𝒑
 𝑘= can be express as 𝒄𝒑 = 𝑘𝒄𝒗 so that 𝒄𝒑 = 𝒄𝒗 + 𝑅 becomes
𝒄𝒗
𝑘𝑐 = 𝑐 + 𝑅
Isolate 𝑐 ,
𝑹
𝒄𝒗 =
𝒌−𝟏
𝒄𝒑 𝒄𝒑
 𝑘= can be express as 𝒄𝒗 = so that 𝑐 = 𝑐 + 𝑅 becomes
𝒄𝒗
𝑐
𝑐 = + 𝑅
𝑘
Multiply both sides of the equation by k,
𝑘𝑐 = 𝑐 + 𝑘𝑅
Isolate 𝑐 ,
𝑹𝒌
𝒄𝒑 =
𝒌−𝟏
Example 3.4
For a certain ideal gas, 𝑅 = 0.277 and 𝑘 = 1.384. (a) What are the values of 𝑐 and 𝑐 ? (b)
What mass of this gas would occupy a volume of 0.425 m3 at 517.11 kPaa and 26.7oC? (c) If 31.65 kJ are
transferred to this gas at constant volume in (b), what are the resulting temperature and pressure?
Given:
𝑅 = 0.277 𝑃 = 517.11 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑘 = 1.384 𝑡 = 26.7℃
𝑉 = 0.425 𝑚 𝑄 = 31.65 𝑘𝐽
Required:
a. 𝑐 and 𝑐
b. 𝑚
c. 𝑃 and 𝑡
Solution:
1. Apply the formula for 𝑐 ,
𝑅𝑘
𝑐 =
𝑘−1
2. Substitute the given values of 𝑅 and 𝑘,
𝑘𝐽
0.277 (1.384)
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑐 =
1.384 − 1

40
3. Then,
𝒌𝑱
𝒄𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟒
𝒌𝒈 𝑲
For 𝒄𝒗
1. Apply the formula for 𝑐 ,
𝑅
𝑐 =
𝑘−1
2. Substitute the given values of 𝑅 and 𝑘,
𝑘𝐽
0.277
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑐 =
1.384 − 1
3. Then,
𝑐 = 0.7214
(b) For mass, m
1. Apply the ideal gas equation of state,
2. Substitute the given values and maintain consistency of units
517.11 (0.425 𝑚 ) = 𝑚 0.277 [(26.7 + 273)𝐾]
3. Solve for m,
𝑚 = 2.65 𝑘𝑔
(c) For the resulting pressure and temperature, 𝑃 and 𝑡
1. The heat transferred at constant volume is given by,
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 ∆𝑇 = 𝑚𝑐 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
2. Substitute the given values and maintain consistency of units
𝑘𝐽
31.65 𝑘𝐽 = (2.65 𝑘𝑔) 0.7214 [(𝑇 − 26.7)𝐾]
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
3. Solve for 𝑡 ,
𝑡 = 43.25 ℃
4. Apply ideal gas equation of state to determine the final pressure,
5. Substitute the given values and maintain consistency of units,
𝑘𝐽
(𝑃 )(0.425 𝑚 ) = (2.65 𝑘𝑔) 0.277 [(43.25 + 273)𝐾]
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
6. Solve for 𝑃 ,
𝑃 = 546.22 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Learning activity 3.3

1. Provide 4 kg of a gaseous substance with 300 kJ of heat at constant volume so that it undergoes
temperature change of 80 K. (a) Find the average specific heat 𝑐 of the substance during this process. (b)
if 𝑘 = 1.55 for this gas, find 𝑐 and 𝑅.
2. For a constant pressure system whose mass is 80 lb, 1 hp-min is required to raise its temperature 1 oF.
Determine the specific heat for the system in Btu/lb-oF.
3. A 1-kg gasoues system enclosed in a piston-and-cylinder arrangement receives heat while its pressure
remains constant at 345 kPaa. The internal energy increases 211 kJ and the temperature increases 70 K. If
the work done is 105 kJ, Find (a) 𝑐 , (b) the change in volume, (c) 𝑐 , 𝑅, and 𝑘.

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UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Week 3: Ideal Gases and Ideal Gas Laws

IX. Ideal Gas Equation of State

THERMODYNAMICS 1 BY: JOSE ANTONIO E. RODAVIA JR.

Where: R – Ideal Gas Constant

THERMODYNAMICS 1 BY: JOSE ANTONIO E. RODAVIA JR.

Learning Activity 3.1

XI. Ideal Gas Laws

THERMODYNAMICS 1 BY: JOSE ANTONIO E. RODAVIA JR.

THERMODYNAMICS 1 BY: JOSE ANTONIO E. RODAVIA JR.

Learning activity 3.1

XII. Specific Heats of Ideal Gas

THERMODYNAMICS 1 BY: JOSE ANTONIO E. RODAVIA JR.

THERMODYNAMICS 1 BY: JOSE ANTONIO E. RODAVIA JR.

Table 3.1: Ideal gas specific heats of various common gases

THERMODYNAMICS 1 BY: JOSE ANTONIO E. RODAVIA JR.

XIII. Relation among Cp, Cv, k, and R

THERMODYNAMICS 1 BY: JOSE ANTONIO E. RODAVIA JR.

Learning activity 3.3

THERMODYNAMICS 1 BY: JOSE ANTONIO E. RODAVIA JR.

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