University Of Warwick

Second Year Laboratory

Report ES2B1- Electric
Motors Lab L2
Cezar Talambuta (1521987)

4th of May 2017

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Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
Aims .................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
Theory ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
Experiment ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Data.................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Graphs .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Error Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 10

Introduction
For majority of practical applications the most important characteristic of a motor is the
output speed, torque, power and the efficiency. The output power is determined by the
speed of the output shaft and the torque made available through it. The electrical power
input is determined by the voltage of the supply, the current taken from it and for an ac
motor, the power factor. The efficiency is the mechanical power output divided by the
electrical power input.

Aims
• Measuring electrical and mechanical quantities in power systems
• Operating an alternating current (AC) induction motor and separately excited direct
current (DC) motor
• Investigating the characteristics of these motors
• Presenting the test results
• Understanding the results and draw a conclusion

Apparatus
For most practical applications the most important characteristics of a motor are the output
speed, torque, power and the efficiency.

Fig.1 DC Motor Laboratory Setup

The output power is determined by the speed of the output shaft and the torque available
from it.

Fig. 2 Dynamometer control box

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The electrical power input is determined by the voltage of the supply, the current taken from
it and (for an ac motor) the power factor. The efficiency is the mechanical power output
divided by the electrical power input.

Fig. 3 Electric Motor Readings- DC Motor, Induction Motor

The Induction Motor

This is designed for connection to a three-phase supply of 380 Volts, 50 Hertz and to give a
maximum output power of 300 Watts at a speed of 1440 rev/min.

AC Machines (Rotating Magnetic Fields)

• Rotating magnetic fields are essential to the operation of electrical machines
• We know that current carrying conductors have magnetic fields around them with flux
densities proportional to the current in the conductor
• A 3 phase stator is a hollow cylindrical structure with electrical windings arranged as
shown in the diagram to the left
• When the stator is connected to a 3 phase power supply, a 3 phase stator current
flows such that a rotating magnetic field is set up
• The stator is an electromagnet that produces a magnetic field of constant magnitude
and rotates about the central axis
 Nameplate

Fig. 4 AC Induction Motor

Fig.5 Test on an Inductor Motor

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Fig.6 Test on a DC Motor

Theory
4 Important Principles that underpin all electrical machines:

1. A current carrying conductor has a magnetic field around it. The magnitude of the flux
density is proportional to the current in the conductor and its direction follows the right
hand grip rule

2. A time varying flux density (current) induces an EMF. The magnitude of the EMF is
proportional to the rate of change of flux density and its direction is in opposition to
the change. (Transformer action)

3. A current carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force. The force is

proportional to the current, the flux density and the length of the conductor. (Motor
action)

4. A conductor moved at a constant velocity through a magnetic field has an EMF

induced in it. (Generator action)
DC Machines
In a DC Machine, the electrical DC mains are connected to the rotating electromagnet
(Rotors) unlike in AC machines where the electrical AC mains are connected to the
stationary electromagnet (stator)

The armature circuit consists of an ideal voltage source E and a resistor R. The Thevenin
equivalent circuit of the rotor structure includes rotor coils, interpoles and compensating
windings. The field coils producing the magnetic flux in the generator are represented by an
inductor L and a resistor R.
There is an external adjustable resistor in the field circuit that controls the amount of current
in the circuit. This has been lumped into the field resistor.

Fig.7 Equivalent DC Motor Circuit

AC Machines
Armature windings on the stator of a 3 phase AC machine. The stator windings are spaced
by 120º apart. Supplying a 3 phase current into the stator windings of a 3-phase machine
produces a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude that rotates at synchronous
speed. The synchronous speed will depend on the frequency of the EMF in the stator coils as
well as the number of poles on the rotor of the machine

Experiment
The Induction Motor
1. Increased the voltage until it reached 385 Volts. The motor was running at rated
voltage but was not driving a load. We then recorded the voltage, current, electrical
input power, and power factor as shown on the energy analyser. Recorded the output
torque, power and speed on the dynamometer. The output torque was zero and the
power was near zero.

2. Had to turn the ‘manu’ knob on the dynamometer to increase the load torque to 0.2
Nm. After doing so, we recorded the voltage, current, electrical input power, and
power factor displayed on the energy analyser as well as the output torque, power
and speed on the dynamometer. Repeated the procedure at intervals of 0.2 Nm until
the motor reached its rated power output (305 Watts).
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3. We then Increased the load but in larger steps of 0.4 Nm.

4. Plotted graphs of torque versus speed and efficiency versus power output.

DC Motor
1. This had separate connections for the armature (the rotating part) and the field (the
stationary part). The armature was designed for connection to 270 Volts dc and the
field for 240 Volts dc. The maximum power output was 180 Watts at a speed of 1500
rev/min. For the dc motor tests we supplied the field at a voltage of 220 Volts but this
did not affect the performance dramatically.

2. At 270 Volts we also recorded the output torque and power on the dynamometer. The
output torque was 0 and the power near 0 (-2 Watts). Turned the ‘manu’ knob on the
dynamometer to increase the load torque to 0.1 Nm, then again recorded the
voltage, current and power. Lastly, we recorded the output torque, power and speed
on the dynamometer. The readings were repeated at intervals of 0.1 Nm until the
motor reached its rated power output (180 W).

3. The motor may safely be operated at higher loads for periods of a few minutes. Carry
out the following task quickly: continue increasing the load torque but in larger steps of
0.2 Nm until the motor current reaches 2A. Record the values mentioned in 3.5.

4. Reduce the load to zero and then inform the demonstrator that you have completed
the above tasks.

5. Plot graphs of torque versus speed and efficiency versus power output. Remember to
include the field power in your calculations.

Data
Voltage Current (A) Motor Speed Torque Power
(V) (1/min)
30 0,18 196 0 -0,16
60 0,21 397 0 -0,6
90 0,23 576 0 0,5
120 0,23 760 0 1,2
150 0,23 947 0 1,2
180 0,23 1157 0 1,5
210 0,23 1342 0 1,8
240 0,23 1534 0 2,4
270 0,23 1734 0 3,7

Torque Voltage Current Power

0,1 270 0,28 17
0,2 270 0,35 36
0,3 270 0,42 51
0,4 270 0,51 70
0,5 270 0,6 92
0,6 270 0,64 100
0,7 270 0,74 123
0,8 270 0,82 135
0,9 270 0,88 151
1 270 0,96 166
1,1 270 1,03 180
1,3 270 1,15 203
1,5 270 1,33 237
1,7 270 1,51 266
1,9 270 1,68 290
2,1 270 2,07 320

Torque Voltage Current Electrical Power Speed

Power Fctor
0,2 385 0,6 22,9 0,25 1472
0,4 385 0,611 61,9 0,35 1465
0,6 385 0,632 92,2 0,42 1461
0,8 385 0,652 114,5 0,47 1455
1 385 0,692 142,4 0,54 1449
1,2 385 0,711 166 0,57 1444
1,4 385 0,753 196 0,61 1437
1,6 385 0,792 226 0,66 1429
1,8 385 0,846 260 0,7 1421
2 385 0,904 290 0,73 1410
2,1 385 0,93 304 0,74 1405
2,5 385 1,04 353 0,78 1386
2,9 385 1,19 405 0,82 1361
3,3 385 1,36 433 0,84 1342
3,7 385 1,55 460 0,87 1322
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Graphs

Speed/Torque
1480
1460
1440
1420
1400
1380 Speed
1360
1340
1320
1300
0 1 2 3 4

Efficiency/Electrical Power
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
Efficiency
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Error Analysis
When Torque was gone Back to 0 it did not go all the way back. The module leader spotted the problem.
Faulty dynamometer on Motor No. 3.