ACTIVITY 1: Three Phase Alternator: Open- and Short-Circuit Characteristics

Name: Kenneth T. Kilakiga

Date: 26 May 2021
Score: ________
1. From the plot of Table 1.1
1. Up to what voltage is the curve a reasonably straight line? (10 points) 235.7V
2. Where would you say is the knee of the saturation curve? (10 points) 220 V

3. Explain why the voltage increases less rapidly as the DC current increases. (30
points)
As discussed in the lecture, it is known that alternators produce an AC voltage
whose frequency is determined by the rotational speed, DC field excitation, and
load power factor. It can be observed that if the DC field excitation is increased
assumed with a constant speed, the magnetic flux increases and the output
voltage rises in direct proportion to the current however there are a smaller
increased in flux for a given increase in DC field current. As a result, the voltage
increases less rapidly as the DC current increases.
2. Explain why synchronous generators would be advantageous to connect its stator
windings wye with regard to the voltage output. (20 points)
Since the output power increases, the phase voltage in a wye-connected stator
rises line-to-line, resulting in the highest (maximum) voltage achievable between
neutral or ground and the line voltage conductor.
3. An alternator is much less likely to burn out on a sustained short-circuit than a
separately excited DC shunt generator. Explain. (30 points)

The alternator is less likely to burn out because an alternator has not that much
eddy currents and losses. Furthermore, the majority of alternators have a large
impedance, which implies that when the load increase, the voltage drops
dramatically without the regulator correcting by increasing the field current. The
source voltage and field winding resistance limit how much the field current may
be raised.
ACTIVITY 2: Three Phase Alternator: Under Load

Name: Kenneth T. Kilakiga

Date: June 2, 2021
Score: ________

1. Why did the alternator output voltage decrease with resistive

load? (20 points)

The armature reaction between the main rotor field and the
armature field is cross-magnetizing when a resistive load is
connected to the alternator. This implies that the primary
field set up in the air gap by the field excitation in the
rotor is distorted by the field developed by the current
flowing through the armature. The armature reaction caused by
the resistive load causes a drop in the alternator's
equivalent circuit. Drops in the total terminal voltage of an
alternator with a given connected load are also influenced by
armature resistance and synchronous reactance. As a result,
the line-to-line emf at full-load in three-phase is
substantially lower than the excitation emf at no-load. As a
result, the voltage regulation could provide a positive
percentage value.
2. Comment on the full-load rotor currents measured at inductive
loading compared to a resistive and capacitive loading. Comment
on the basis that at each loading type, a terminal voltage of
208 Volts is maintained. (30 points)
Since the rated voltage of 208V was established and
maintained at the alternator output terminals, the measured
current for each kind of balanced load showed no significant
change in magnitude. If phase is taken into account, however,
inductive load current will clearly lag full-load terminal
voltage since the alternator has a lagging power factor.
Meanwhile, the resistive load current will be in phase with
the rated full-load voltage, but the capacitive load current
will be leading ahead of it. The total output terminal
voltage under each type of loading is determined by the
effect of armature response caused by the alternator's load
current and field excitation, as well as internal drops.

3. Why is it dangerous to connect an alternator to a long

transmission line that behaves like a capacitor? (20 points)
 Because of the increase in the line voltage differential
between the rating and the actual supply, connecting an
alternator to a long transmission line that is capacitive in
nature and runs at leading power factor is risky. As a result,
the alternator will fail to meet the parallel operating
requirement of having the same voltage rating at the load end
of the transmission.

4. The rotor of an alternator, at rated power, dissipates more

heat at a low lagging power factor load than at a high power
factor load. Explain. (30 points)
A high power factor requires less excitation current and, as
a result, less heat loss. Low power factor, especially if it's
lagging, demands more excitation at the rotor to maintain the
alternator's rated output voltage and load current. As the
power factor decreases and lags, the total current in the
circuit increases.
ACTIVITY 3: Three Phase Alternator: Synchronization
Name: Kenneth T. Kilakiga
Date: June 9, 2021
Score: ________
1. What conditions must be met to synchronize an alternator to an
active three-phase power grid? (40 points)
Synchronization is the process of harmonizing the frequency
of a generator or other source to a running network in an
alternating current electric power system. If an alternator
isn't running at the same frequency as the network, it won't
be able to supply electricity to it. If two disconnected grid
segments are joined, they will not be able to interchange AC
power until they are brought back into perfect
synchronization. It must have the same line voltage,
frequency, phase sequence, phase angle, and waveform as the
system it is synchronizing with. Electrical and mechanical
transients due to poor synchronization can harm the
generator, transformers, and other power system components.
2. An alternator could severely damage mechanically in attempting
to synchronize it with an active power grid. Under what two
conditions could this happen? (30 points)
An alternator could be severely damage mechanically when it
is attempted to synchronize in a power grid that has a
different phase sequence and different frequency. A wrong
phase sequence between an alternator and power grid would be
the same as short circuiting two leads and would set up
dangerous circulating currents and magnetic disturbances
within the alternator system, which could overheat the
conductors and loosen the coil windings. In addition, the
frequency must also be the same between the power grid and
the alternator because the frequency of an alternator is
directly proportional to its speed. This means that the speed
of the alternator being connected to the power grid must equal
the speed of the alternators already connected.
3. An alternator generating a different value of voltage may
not be exactly in phase with an active power line, but one
condition must be met for it to deliver power. What is that
condition? (30 points)
It is required that the voltage of the alternator that will
be connected to the power grid must match the voltage of the
bus. Terminal voltage can be altered to match the bus or grid
by adjusting the field excitation. The RMS voltage of the
incoming alternator should be same as the RMS voltage of the
bus bar or electric grid. If the incoming alternator voltage
is more than the bus bar voltage, there will be a high
reactive power that flows from the generator into the grid.
If the incoming alternator voltage is lower than the bus bar
voltage, generator absorbs the high reactive power from the
bus bar.
 EXPERIMENT 4 (FA)

WOUND ROTOR
INDUCTION
MOTOR
JUNE 16 2021

POWERED BY SUBMITTED BY
KENNETH KILAKIGA

LVSIM - EMS
SUBMITTED TO
IMAGE SOURCED FROM
ENGR. VLADIMIR LUCERO
 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (EE0041L)

[Laboratory]

Experiment Number FA4

ACTIVITY 4: The Wound
Experiment Title
Rotor Induction Motor

Group No.:
Section: TL31

Name Grade Remarks

KILAKIGA, Kenneth T.

June 16, 2020

Date Performed

Engr. Vladimir D. Lucero

Instructor
ACTIVITY 4: The Wound Rotor Induction Motor
Name: Kenneth T. Kilakiga
Date: June 16, 2021
1. Knowing that the voltage induced in the rotor winding is zero
when it is turning at synchronous speed, what is the
synchronous speed of your motor? (5 points)
Synchronous speed = 1500 rpm
2. Knowing that the equation for synchronous speed is Ns = 120f/
P where:
Ns = synchronous speed (rpm)
f = power line frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
Determine the number of poles in your motor. Show complete
solution. (10 points)
Solution:
120𝑓
𝑁𝑠 =
𝑃
Given: f= 60 Hz, Ns = 1500 rpm
120𝑓 120(60)
𝑃= =
𝑁𝑠 1500
𝑷 = 𝟒. 𝟖 ≅ 𝟒 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔

3. Calculate the rotor slip (in rpm) in procedures 6, 8, 9,

10, and 11. (25 points)
(Slip in rpm = synchronous speed – rotor speed)

Procedure 6:
(DC Motor is not turned on, hence rotor velocity = 0)
Slip in rpm = 1500 rpm – 0 rpm
Slip in rpm = 1500 rpm
 Procedure 8:
Slip in rpm = 1500 rpm – 900 rpm
Slip in rpm = 600 rpm

Procedure 9:
Slip in rpm = 1500 rpm – 1800 rpm
Slip in rpm = -300 rpm

Procedure 10:
Slip in rpm = 1500 rpm - 900 rpm
Slip in rpm = 600 rpm

Procedure 11:
Slip in rpm = 1500 rpm – 1800 rpm
Slip in rpm = -300 rpm

4. Calculate the percent slip in procedures 6, 8, 9, 10, and

11. (25 points)
Slip in rpm = Synchronous Speed – Rotor Speed

Procedure 6

𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 1500 𝑟𝑝𝑚

𝑛𝑠 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100
𝑛𝑠
1500
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
1500

Procedure 8

𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 600 𝑟𝑝𝑚

 𝑛𝑠 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100
𝑛𝑠
600
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100 = 𝟒𝟎%
1500

Procedure 9

𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = −300 𝑟𝑝𝑚

𝑛𝑠 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100
𝑛𝑠
−300
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100 = −𝟐𝟎%
1500

Procedure 10

𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 600 𝑟𝑝𝑚

𝑛𝑠 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100
𝑛𝑠
600
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100 = 𝟒𝟎%
1500

Procedure 11

𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = −300 𝑟𝑝𝑚

𝑛𝑠 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100
𝑛𝑠
−300
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = × 100 = −𝟐𝟎%
1500

5. How much power is needed to produce the magnetic field in

your motor? Show your complete solution. (10 points)
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 60 𝑊
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ = =
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 176.8 𝑉𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ = 0.3394 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ = 0.9406
∴ 𝑉 × 𝐼 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅
 208 𝑉 × 0.85 𝐴 × 0.9406 = 𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟏 𝑽𝑨𝑹

6. How much power is needed to supply the losses associated

with the production of the magnetic field? Show your
complete solution. (10 points)

𝑉𝐼 = (𝐸1)(𝐸2) = (211𝑉)(0.82𝐴) = 173.02 𝑊

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 60
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ = = = 0.34678
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 173.02

(𝑉𝐼)𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = (173.02𝑊)(0.34678) = 60 𝑊

7. Plot the rotor speed versus rotor voltage. Show answer in a

graph. (15 points)

ROTOR SPEED VS ROTOR VOLTAGE IN FORWARD DIRECTION

ROTOR SPEED VS ROTOR VOLTAGE IN REVERSE DIRECTION
EXPERIMENT 5 - FA

SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
JUNE 23 2021

SUBMITTED BY
POWERED BY KENNETH KILAKIGA

SUBMITTED TO
LVSIM - EMS ENGR. VLADIMIR LUCERO
 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (EE0041L)

[Laboratory]

Experiment Number FA5

ACTIVITY 5: The
Experiment Title
Synchronous Motor

Group No.:
Section: TL31

Name Grade Remarks

KILAKIGA, Kenneth T.

June 16, 2020

Date Performed

Engr. Vladimir D. Lucero

Instructor
ACTIVITY 4: The Wound Rotor Induction Motor
Name: Kenneth T. Kilakiga
Date: June 16, 2021
1. What precaution should be taken during the start-up period of
a synchronous motor? (30 points)
In starting a synchronous motor, the field winding must be
sorted through a suitable resistance so that the induced
voltage is distributed throughout the whole winding and no
part can be subjected to the high voltage induced in the
entire winding. Another method of eliminating the hazard of
breakdown of insulation of the field winding due to induced
high voltage in it is by means of dividing the field winding
into several sections during the starting period. While emf
is still induced in the field coils, the number of coils in
series is reduced, so that the magnitude of emf induced in
any section is kept within safe limits. Sectionalizing of
field winding may be accom-plished by a centrifugally
operated switch that keeps the field circuit sectionalized
until the rotor revolves at near synchro-nous speed.
2. If the squirrel cage winding were removed from a synchronous
motor, could it start by itself? (10 points)
Because synchronous motors generally have a wound rotor with
an external resistance that is reduced to increase the rotor
current to bring the motor up to slip speed, then DC is
applied to the rotor windings to 'Lock' onto the rotating
field to bring it up to synchronous speed, the synchronous
motor would not be able to start on its own if the squirrel
cage winding was removed. It is difficult to bring a
synchronous motor up to slip speed if the squirrel cage
winding is removed. If DC is provided, the motor will stall,
but it will not revolve.
3. State two reasons why the rotor winding of a synchronous
motor usually connected to an external resistance during
start-up. (30 points)
-To reduce the current so that E2 will decrease.
-To increase the torque.
4. Compare the starting characteristics of the synchronous
motor with those of the three-phase squirrel cage induction
motor. (30 points)
When compared to synchronous motors, the three-phase squirrel
cage induction motor has a lower beginning torque but a
greater starting current. As a result, the synchronous motor
outperforms the squirrel cage induction motor in terms of
beginning torque and starting current, resulting in higher
power efficiency.