ASYNCHRONOUS AND

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
EXPERIMENT 5 & 6: REPORT

ABDUL QADIR JEELANI

Roll No: 2K19/EE/004
Email: abdulqadirjeelani_2k19ee004@dtu.ac.in
DATE: 30/03/2021
AIM:
1. To Study Short Circuit Test on Three Phase Alternator
2. To Study Open Circuit Test on Three Phase Alternator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
● Virtual Lab Simulator

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

S.NO TOPIC
1 Theory of Short Circuit Test
2 Simulation and Observations of Short Circuit Test
3 Graphs of Short Circuit Test
5 Conclusion of Short Circuit Test
6 Theory of Open Circuit Test
7 Simulation and Observations of Open Circuit Test
8 Graphs of Open Circuit Test
10 Conclusion of Open Circuit Test
 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
THEORY:
The most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power
for commercial purpose is the synchronous generator or alternator.
An alternator works as a generator when its rotor carrying the field
system is rotated by a prime-mover which in this case is DC shunt
motor. The terminal voltage of an alternator changes with load.
Alternators are by far the most important source of electric energy.
Alternators generate an AC voltage whose frequency depends
entirely upon the speed of rotation.

The generated voltage value depends upon the speed, the dc field
excitation and the power factor of the load. As the DC field excitation
of an alternator is increased, its speed being held constant, the
magnetic flux, and hence, the output voltage, will also increase in
direct proportion to the current. However, with progressive increases
in DC field current, the flux will eventually reach a high enough
value to saturate the iron in the alternator. Saturation in the iron
means that there will be a smaller increase in flux for a given
increase in DC field current. Because the generated voltage is directly
related to the magnetic flux intensity, it can be used as a measure of
the degree of saturation.

When an alternator delivering full rated output voltage is suddenly

subjected to a short-circuit, very large currents will initially flow.
However, these large short-circuit currents drop off rapidly to safe
values if the short-circuit is maintained. The output voltage of an
alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in the air-gap. At no
load this flux is established and determined exclusively by the DC
field excitation. Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined
by the ampere-turns of the rotor and the ampere-turns of the stator.

The latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magnetomotive force) of the
 rotor depending upon the power factor of the load. Leading power
factors assist the rotor, and lagging power factors oppose it.

The short-circuit test provides information about the current

capabilities of a synchronous generator. It is performed by driving
the generator at its rated speed when the terminals of the armature
winding are shorted. An ammeter is placed in series with one of the
three shorted lines.

The field current is gradually increased and the corresponding value

of the armature current is recorded. When the per phase
short-circuit current is plotted as a function of the field current, the
graph is called the short circuit characteristic of a generator.

Simulation and Observations of Short - Circuit Test:

Graphs of Short - Circuit Test:

1. IFA Vs ISC:
2. IFA Vs Speed:

3. IASH Vs Mot O/P:

 4. VFA Vs IFA:

Conclusion of Short Circuit Test:

From the above graph,

1. We observe that during the short circuit test, the air gap
generated EMF Er is only 0.15 pu which means that air gap
flux must also be 0.15 pu.
2. As the resultant air gap flux is only 0.15 of its rated value
under normal voltage condition, such a low value of air gap
flux does not saturate the iron parts of the synchronous
machine and hence the short circuit characteristics is a
straight line.
3. In case of short circuit tests the armature mmf is almost
entirely demagnetizing in nature which results in very low
value of air gap flux.
 OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
Theory:
The most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for
commercial purpose is the synchronous generator or alternator. An
alternator works as a generator when its rotor carrying the field system
is rotated by a prime-mover which in this case is DC shunt motor.

The terminal voltage of an alternator changes with load. Alternators are

by far the most important source of electric energy. Alternators generate
an AC voltage whose frequency depends entirely upon the speed of
rotation. The generated voltage value depends upon the speed, the dc
field excitation and the power factor of the load. As the DC field
excitation of an alternator is increased, its speed being held constant,
the magnetic flux, and hence, the output voltage, will also increase in
direct proportion to the current. However, with progressive increases in
DC field current, the flux will eventually reach a high enough value to
saturate the iron in the alternator.

Saturation in the iron means that there will be a smaller increase in flux
for a given increase in DC field current. Because the generated voltage is
directly related to the magnetic flux intensity, it can be used as a
measure of the degree of saturation. When an alternator delivering full
rated output voltage is suddenly subjected to a short-circuit, very large
currents will initially flow. However, these large short-circuit currents
drop off rapidly to safe values if the short-circuit is maintained. The
output voltage of an alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in
the air-gap.

At no load this flux is established and determined exclusively by the DC

field excitation. Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined by
the ampere-turns of the rotor and the ampere-turns of the stator. The
latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magnetomotive force) of the rotor
 depending upon the power factor of the load.

Leading power factors assist the rotor, and lagging power factors oppose
it. The open-circuit test or the no-load test, is performed by driving the
generator at its rated speed while the armature winding is left open. The
field current is varied in suitable steps and the corresponding values of
the open-circuit voltage varied in suitable steps and corresponding
values of the open-circuit voltage between any two pairs of terminals of
the armature windings are recorded.

The OCC follows a straight-line relation as long as the magnetic circuit of

the synchronous generator does not saturate. In the linear region, most
of the applied mmf is consumed by the air-gap; the straight line is
appropriately called the air-gap line. As the saturation sets in, the OCC
starts deviating from the air-gap line.

Simulation and Observations of Open Circuit Test:

Graphs of Open Circuit Test:
1. IFA Vs VOC:
2. IFA Vs Alt Core Loss:

3. IASH Vs Mot O/P:

4. IFA Vs Speed:

5. VFA Vs IFA:
Conclusions of Short Circuit Test:

From the above graph,

1. For getting the Open Circuit Characteristics of Synchronous
Machine, the alternator is first driven at its rated speed and
the open terminal voltage i.e. voltage across the armature
terminal is noted by varying the field current.
2. Thus Open Circuit Characteristic or OCC is basically the plot
between the armature terminal voltage Ef versus field
Current If while keeping the speed of rotor at rated value.
3. It shall be noted that for OCC, the final value of Ef shall be
125% of the rated voltage.

THE END