AC Drives

Dr. Adel A. El-Samahy

Electrical Department of
Engineering
University of Helwan

Facts in Electrical Machines

If an e.m.f. source is applied to closed
circuit, an electric current will pass through
the circuit
When electric current passes through a
conductor or coil, a magnetic field is
established (DC current produces DC
magnetic field while AC current produces
AC magnetic field). The direction of the
magnetic field is determined by Right Hand
Grip Rule .

Facts in Electrical Machines

When a magnetic field cuts a conductor/coil, an
e.m.f. is induced in that conductor/coil. The
magnitude of this e.m.f. proportional to the rate of
cutting. The rate of cutting may be produced due
to relative motion between conductors and
magnetic field (DC or AC generators), or AC
magnetic
field
and
stationary
winding
(transformer)
To produce electromagnetic torque, there must be
two magnetic fields. These fields must have no
relative speed and have an angle between them

Induction Motor Drives

Importance of Induction motors

The induction machine is used in a wide variety of

applications as a means of converting electric power
to mechanical work. It is without doubt the
workhorse of the electric power industry. Pump, steel
mill, and hoist drives are but a few applications of
large multiphase induction motors.
On a smaller scale, the 2-phase servomotor is used
extensively in position-follow-up control systems and
single-phase induction motors are widely used in
household appliances as well as in hand and bench
tools

Advantages of Induction motor

Drives

AC motor are less expensive

Ac motors have low maintenance
For the same rating, ac motors are higher in
weight as compared to dc motors.
AC motors can work in hazardous areas like
chemical, petrochemical etc. whereas dc
motors are unsuitable for such environments
because of commutator sparking

Disadvantages of Induction
motor Drives
Power converters for
1. the control of ac motors are more complex.

2. ac motors are more expensive

3. ac motors generate harmonics in the supply
system and load circuit. Hence AC motors gets
derated.

Induction Motor Drives?

Why does the rotor rotates?
When the stator winding is connected to 3 phase AC
supply, a resultant rotating
magnetic field with
constant magnitude is established. This field rotates
120
with synchronous speed =

Where: f is the supply frequency,

P is the number of poles
This field cuts the rotor winding which is short
circuited inducing an e.m.f. that causes current in the
rotor winding which in turns produces another rotating
magnetic fields.
The interaction between the two fields produces an
electromagnetic torque that forces the rotor to rotate

Induction Motor Drives?

Definitions
ns: Speed of rotating magnetic field (Synchronous speed) rpm

ws : Speed of rotating magnetic field (Synchronous speed) rad/s

n : motor speed rpm
w : rotor speed rad/s
f1: supply frequency
f2: frequency of the induced e.m.f in the rotor = sf1
s : slip
ns- n : Slip speed
s

w s w ns n

ws
ns

120 f1
ns
p

2 ns
ws
60

Induction Motor Drives?

Example 1: . Calculate the frequency of the rotor current to
produce an average torque at a speed of
(p=2 and f1 =50 Hz)
Solution

120 f1
ns
3000rpm
p
ns n 3000 (200)
s

1.0667
ns
3000
f2 = sf1 = 53.33 Hz

- 200 rpm.

Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit

Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit

Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit

I
`
2

V ph
2

tan-1 ((X1+X2)/R1+R2/s))

R
R1
X 1 X 2`
s

`
2

I1 =Io+ I2 Im + I2
Where: Io is no load current

Power Flow Graph

Input Power = Pin = 3VphIph cos f =3Vl Il cos f
Stator copper losses = Pst = 3Iph2 R1
Core losses = Pc = 3Vm2 /Rm
Air gap power = Pg = 3I22 R2/s
Mechanical Power (developed power) = Pm =Pg(1-s) = 3I22 R2/s(1-s)
Pf =friction losses
Output Power = P0 = Pm Pf
= Po/Pin

Power Flow Graph

Example 2: . Find the efficiency of 3-phase, 50 Hp, 60 Hz,
four-pole induction motor. The motor is star connected.
nf.l=1755 rpm, VL = 440 V, Io = 18 A. at 0.085 Power factor lag.
Also available from the manufacturers data sheet are the
following design data: R1=0.1,
R2' =0.12 , X1=0.35 , X2' = 0.4 , Pcore=1200 W, Prot=950 W.
Solution
120 f1 =1800 rpm
ns
p

ns n 1800 (1755)
s

0.025
ns
1800

Example 2:

Power Flow Graph

Io= Im+ Irot =18

-850

I2' = Vph/Z2

Im = 0.35 +j 17.95
I1= Im+ I2' = 57.35

Irot =950/(3 440)

-26.70

Pin = 3 440 57.35 cos (26.7) = 39046 W

Pg= 3 I2' 2 r2' /s =37896 W
Pout = Pm - Prot = Pg (1-s)-950 =36000 W

= Pout/ Pin = 92.2 %

Torque Speed Characteristics

T
T

`
g

ws

3I

` 2
2

ws s

`
2

3V ph2 R2`
` 2

R2
w s R1 X 1 X 2`
s

Torque Speed Characteristics

Regenerative
braking

Pluging

Torque Speed Characteristics

There are three region of operation:

1. Motoring (0s1)
The motor rotates in the same direction as
the field; as the slip increases, the torque
increases, while air gap flux remains constant.
Once the torque reaches its maximum value
(s = scr), the torque decreases with the increase in
the slip due to reduction in the air gap flux

Torque Speed Characteristics

There are three region of operation:
2. Regeneration (s0)
The speed is greater than the synchronous
speed, w and ws being in the same direction and
the slip is negative. Therefore R2/s is negative
which means the power is fed back from the shaft
to the supply. The torque speed characteristics is
similar to that of motoring, but having negative
value

Torque Speed Characteristics

There are three region of operation:
3. Plugging (1 s)
The speed is opposite to the direction of the
field, this may happen if the sequence of the
supply source is reversed, while motoring,
therefore the direction of the field and the
developed torque also reversed. The energy due to
plugging must be dissipated within the motor and
may cause excessive heating.

Torque Speed Characteristics

Condition for Maximum Torque

dT/ds = 0
scr
Tmm

R2`

R X1 X
2
1

3V

` 2
2

2
ph

2
` 2
2 w s R1 R1 X 1 X 2

Torque Speed Characteristics

The maximum regenerative torque
The maximum regenerative torque may be obtained from the
general torque equation by letting s= -scr

Tmr

3V

2
ph

2
` 2
2 w s R1 R1 X 1 X 2

Torque Speed Characteristics

2 Tmm 1 ascr
T
scr
s

2 a scr
scr
s
R1
a `
R2

2 Tmm 1 a scr scr

Tst
1 scr2 1 2a
Tmr Tmm

R1 R12 X cr2
R1 R12 X cr2

X cr X 1 X

2 Tmax
T
s scr

scr
s

`
2

Torque Speed Characteristics

R1 is small compared to the other circuit impedances for
motor with rating greater than 1 kW and my be
neglected.

In this case
`
2

R
scr
`
X1 X 2

Tmm Tmr

3V ph2

2 w s X 1 X 2`

2 Tmm
T
s scr

scr
s