Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Course No: EEE 2302

Course Title: Electrical Machines II Sessional
2nd year 1st semester

List of Experiments:

Sl. No. Name of the experiment

1 Performance analysis of shunt, series, and compound DC generator.
2 Performance analysis of torque-speed characteristics of shunt, series, and compound
DC motors.
3 Determination of voltage regulation of a single-phase transformer under different
loading conditions.
4 Determination of equivalent circuit parameters of a single-phase transformer by the
open circuit and short circuit test.
5 Analysis of the torque-speed characteristics of a 3-phase Wound-rotor induction motor
by varying rotor resistance and determination of equivalent circuit parameters of a
single-phase induction motor.
 Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Course No: EEE 2302
Course Title: Electrical Machines II Sessional
2nd year 1st semester
............................................................................................................................................................
Experiment No: 01
Name of Experiment: Performance analysis of shunt, series, and compound DC generator.

Objective:
(i) To learn how to connect the shunt, compound and series generators.
(ii) To obtain the armature voltage Vs load current curve of the generators.

Learning Outcome:
Explain the operation and characteristics of dc generator; distinguish different types of dc
generator, make clear about loaded behavior of dc generator.

Theory:
In a self-excited generator, the field winding is connected to the generator output. It may be
connected across the output, in series with the output or a combination of the two. The way in
which the generator is connected (shunt, series or compound) determines many of the generator’s
characteristics. All the above generators can have identical construction. Self-excitation is
possible because of the residual magnetism in the stator pole pieces. As the armature rotates a
small voltage is induced across its winding. When the field winding is connected in parallel with
the armature a small field current will flow. If this small field current is flowing in the proper
direction, the residual magnetism will be reinforced which further increases the armature voltage
and thus a rapid voltage build up occurs. If the field current flows in the wrong direction, the
residual magnetism will be reduced, and voltage build up does not occur.
In a cumulative compound generator, the shunt and series field winding are connected so that
their magnetic fields aid each other. Thus, when the load current increases, the current through
the shunt field winding decreases, reducing the strength of the magnetic field. But if the same
increase in load current is mode to flow through the series field winding, it will increase the
strength of the magnetic field. With the proper turn in the series winding, the increase in
magnetic strength will compensate for the decrease caused by shunt winding. The combined
magnetic field strength remains almost unchanged and little change in output voltage will take
place as the load goes from no load to full load.
When the field winding is connected in series with the armature winding, the generator is called
a series generator. The current through the series winding is the same current the generator
delivers to the load. On an open circuit, the generator will only have a output voltage due to its
residual magnetism. If the load draws current, the excitation current increases, the magnetic field
becomes stronger, and generator delivers an output voltage.
In a series generator, changes in the load current greatly affect the generator output voltage. A
series generator has very poor voltage regulation and is not recommended for use as a power
source.

Equipment:
DC generator/Motor, Ammeter (0-1.5A dc), Voltmeter (0-400V dc), Variable resistance
modules, DC Power supply.

Procedure:
1. (a) Using the DC Motor/Generator, DC voltmeter/ Ammeter and resistance load, connect
the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.
(b) Couple the synchronous motor and the DC generator.
(c) Adjust the load resistance to obtain each of the values listed in the Table 01.

2. (a) Using DC Motor/Generator, DC Voltmeter/Ammeter and resistive load, connect the

circuit shown in Fig. 2.
(b) Run the synchronous coupled with DC generator.
(c) Adjust the load resistance to obtain each of values listed in Table 02.

3. (a) Connect the equipment as shown in Fig. 3 and repeat the procedures discussed from
2(b) to 2(c).
(b) Change the series field connection of the circuit shown in Fig. 3 and repeat the
procedures as discussed from 2(b) to 2(c)

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 1: Series generator Fig. 2: Shunt generator

 Fig3: Compound generator

Data Table:

Table 01
RL () IA(A) EA(V) Power (W)


1200
600
400
229

Table 02
RL () IA(A) EA(V) Power (W)


2400
1200
960
600
480
400
343
300
Report:
1. Plot EA Vs IA for all cases in a single graph using MATLAB.
2. From your plotted graph, compare the characteristics of dc generators.

Answer the following questions:

1. If the self-excited generator has lost all of its residual magnetism, can it build up an
output voltage?
2. How would you get a generator to work after it had lost all of its residual magnetism?
3. Consider the full load current is 0.5 A. Calculate the regulation from no-load to full load
for series, shunt, cumulative and differential compound generator using MATLAB.
Which generator is better in terms of voltage regulation and why?
4. Explain briefly why the voltage does not drop with increasing load for cumulative
compound generator.

Prepared and revised by:

Dr. S. M. Mahfuz Alam
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE,
DUET, Gazipur.
 Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Course No: EEE 2302
Course Title: Electrical Machines II Sessional
2nd year 1st semester
............................................................................................................................................................

Experiment No: 02
Name of Experiment: Performance analysis of torque-speed characteristics of shunt, series, and
compound DC motors.

Objective:
(i) To study the torque vs speed characteristics of DC shunt, series and compound
motors.
(ii) To calculate efficiency of DC shunt, series and compound motors.

Theory:
The speed of any motor depends mainly upon its armature voltage, and the strength of the magnetic
field. In a shunt motor, the field winding as well as armature winding is connected in parallel (shunt)
directly to the DC supply lines. If the DC line voltage is constant, then the armature voltage and the
field strength will be constant. The speed does tend to drop with an increase in load on the motor.
Shunt motors with low armature winding resistance run at nearly constant speeds.

In series motor, the magnetic field is produced by the current which flows through the armature
winding, with the result that the magnetic field is weak when the motor load is light. The magnetic
field is strong when the load is heavy (the armature winding draws maximum current). The speed of
the series motor is entirely determined by the load current. The speed is low at heavy loads and very
high at no load. The torque of any DC motor depends upon the product of the armature current and
the magnetic field. For series motor this relationship implies that the torque will be very large for
high armature current.

The high torque capability of the series motor is somewhat compromised by its tendency to over
speed at light loads. This disadvantage can be overcome by adding a shunt field, connected in such a
way to aid the series field. The motor then becomes cumulative compound machines. The motor
speed drops significantly with an increase in load.

The series field can also be connected so that it produces a magnetic field opposing to that of shunt
field. This produces differential compound motor. In this motor as the load increases, the armature
current increases which increases the series field. Since it acts in opposition to the shunt field, the
total flux is reduced, with the result that speed increases.

Equipment:
Electro dynamometer, Generator / Motor module, Ammeter (0-1.5A dc), Voltmeter (0-400V dc),
Power supply unit.
Circuit diagram:

Fig. 1: Shunt motor

Fig. 2: Series motor

Fig. 3: Compound motor

Procedure:

1. (a) Using the power supply, DC Motor/Generator, DC voltmeter/ Ammeter and

electrodynamometer, connect the circuit shown in Fig. 1.
(b) Set the dynamometer control knob at its full ccw position (to provide a minimum
starting load for DC motor).
(c) Turn on the power supply. Adjust variable output voltage to 240 V dc as indicated by
the meter. Note the direction of rotation; if it is not clockwise, turn off the power
supply and interchange the shunt field connections.
(d) Apply a load to your DC motor by varying the dynamometer control knob. Measure
the line current and speed (Readjust the power supply, if necessary, to maintain
exactly 240 V dc). record these values in the Table 01.

2. (a) Using the power supply, DC Motor/Generator, DC voltmeter/ Ammeter, connect the
circuit as shown in Fig. 2.
(b) Set the dynamometer control knob at its mid-range position (to provide a starting load
for the motor.)
(c) Repeat the procedure discussed above and record the values in the Table 02.

3. (a) Using the power supply, DC Motor/Generator, DC Voltmeter/ Ammeter and

electrodynamometer, connect the circuit shown in Fig. 3.
(b) Repeat the procedures discussed above record the values in the Table 03. (Note:
After turning on the power supply; if the motor is running at an excessive high speed,
then it is in the differential compound mode. If this is the case, return the voltage to
zero and turn off the power supply. Inter change the shunt field connections to
terminal 1 and 4 to obtain the cumulative compound mode of operation).

Data Table:
Table 01
E Armature current, Ia Speed Torque
(volts) (A) (r/min) (Nm)
240 0
240 .3
240 .6
240 .9
240 1.2
 Table 02
E Armature current, Ia Speed Torque
(volts) (A) (r/min) (Nm)
240 0
240 .3
240 .6
240 .9
240 1.2

Table 03
E Armature current, Ia Speed Torque
(volts) (A) (r/min) (Nm)
240 0
240 .3
240 .6
240 .9
240 1.2

Report:
1. Plot using the data in the table above in MATLAB:
a) torque Vs Armature current,
b) speed Vs armature current and
c) speed Vs torque curve
2. Calculate the speed regulation Vs torque (considering full load = 0.4 N-m) using the
equation:
𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 − 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
%𝑆𝑅 = ( ) × 100%
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

3. Calculate the mechanical output and input power of the DC motor when the torque is
for all loading conditions using the following equations:

2𝜋𝑁𝜏
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
60

and 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝐼𝑎

 where symbols have their usual meaning. Then calculate the efficiency and losses.
Plot, these data keeping different torque condition in x axis in MATLAB.

Review question:
1. From your plotted graph, compare the characteristics of dc motors. Explain whether
your obtained results are satisfactory or not.
2. Explain how you can change the direction of rotation for shunt, series and compound
motors.
3. Explain how you can differentiate between a cumulative compound and differential
motor. How can you make a cumulative compound motor run as a differential
compound motor.
4. Explain with equations why series motor should never be start at no-load conditions.

Prepared and revised by:

Dr. S. M. Mahfuz Alam
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE,
DUET, Gazipur.
 Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Course No: EEE 2302
Course Title: Electrical Machines II Sessional
2nd year 1st semester
............................................................................................................................................................
Experiment No: 03
Name of Experiment: Determination of the regulation of a single-phase transformer under
different loading conditions.
Objective:
1. To study the voltage regulation of the transformer with varying loads.
2. To study transformer regulation with resistive, inductive and capacitive loading.

Theory:
The load on a large power transformer in a sub-station will vary from a very small value in the
early hours of the morning to a very high value during the heavy peaks of maximum industrial
and commercial activity. The transformer secondary voltage will vary somewhat with the load.
The transformer secondary voltage is also dependent upon whether the power factor of the load
is leading, lagging or unity.

If a transformer is ideal, its windings would have no resistance. Furthermore, it would require no
reactive power to set up the magnetic field within it. Such a transformer would have perfect
regulation under all load conditions and the secondary voltage would remain absolutely constant.
But, practical transformers do have winding resistance and they do require reactive power to
produce their magnetic field.

Equipment:
Single phase transformer, Power supply unit, Voltmeter (0-250V AC), Ammeter (0-0.25 A AC)

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 1: Single phase transformer

Procedure:
1. Using your single-phase transformer, power supply, Resistive load, AC Ammeter and AC
Voltmeter connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.

2. (a) Place all the resistive load switches in their open position for zero load current.
(b) Turn on the power supply and adjust for exactly 240 V AC as indicated by voltmeter
E1.
(c) Measure and record in Table-01 the input current I1, the output current I2 and the
output voltage E2 .
(d) Adjust the load resistance ZL to 4800 Ω. Make sure the input voltage remains at
exactly 240 V AC. Measure and record I1, I2 and E2.
(e) Repeat step (d) for each of the listed values in Table 01.
(f) Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.

3. Repeat procedure 2 using inductive load in place instead of the resistance load and record
your measurement in Table 02.

4. Repeat procedure 2 using capacitive load in place of the resistance load and record your
measurement in Table 03.

Data Table:

Table 01
ZL (R) I2 E2 I1
(Ω) (mA AC) (V AC) (mA AC)
∞
4800
2400
1600
1200
960

Table 02
ZL (XL) I2 E2 I1
(Ω) (mA AC) (V AC) (mA AC)
∞
4800
2400
1600
1200
960
 Table 03:
ZL (XC) I2 E2 I1
(Ω) (mA AC) (V AC) (mA AC)
∞
4800
2400
1600
1200
960

Report:
1. (a) Calculate the transformer regulation using the no load and full load output voltage
from Table 01 to Table 03 using the following equation:

𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

%𝑉𝑅 = ( ) × 100%
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

(b) Construct an output voltage E2 Vs output current I2 curve for each type of transformer
load.

Review Questions:
1. Does the primary winding VA equal the secondary winding VA for every value of load
resistance in the Table 01? Explain.
2. Explain why the output voltage increases when capacitive load is decreased.
3. Will transformer heating be approximately the same for resistive, inductive or capacitive
loads of the same VA rating? Explain.

Prepared and revised by:

Dr. S. M. Mahfuz Alam
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE,
DUET, Gazipur.